1、精品文檔 高考英語閱讀猜詞 高考閱讀理解訓(xùn)練之猜測(cè)語義 猜測(cè)語義題是近年的高考閱讀理解中比較常見的題型，通常在一套試題中有二至三個(gè)小題是直接考查語義猜測(cè)的.這種題主要考查考生根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞和短語的能力,突出考查大家對(duì)語境的分析和把握能力。如果考生具備了一定的猜詞能力，那么對(duì)于降低生詞率，排除閱讀理解中某些生詞的干擾和最終提高閱讀理解速度和閱讀能力都有極大幫助。因此，今天我們來談一談如何猜測(cè)語義的方法。常見的設(shè)問方式：1.Theunderlinedword“”probablyeans_.2.Theword“”usedinparagraph“”refersto/suggests_.3.Thep

2、hrase“”inthesentencecanbereplacedby_.4.Whichofthefollowingistheclosestineaningtotheword“”?5.Whatistheeaningoftheunderlinedwordinparagraph“”?6.Bysaying“”,weean_.7.Whatdoyouthinoftheexpression“”standsfor?8.Theeaningofword“”inthepassageisrelatedto_.猜詞規(guī)律探尋：一過定義或解釋推測(cè)語義有些概念性生詞出現(xiàn)后，作者會(huì)給出它的定義、同位語、修飾性從句或是定語。這

3、些修飾成分可以幫助我們推斷出生詞的語義。（1）定義句的謂語動(dòng)詞在文中多為：be,ean,dealwith,beconsideredtobe,referto,becalled,benownas,define（下定義）,represent,signify（表示，表明）,constitute（指。）等。（2）解釋則常用asyounow,tobecalled,toean,toreferto,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,naely等詞語以及同位語和定語從句來提示下文將前面的信息加以重復(fù)或解釋。（3）有時(shí)作者會(huì)用復(fù)述的形式來解釋語義，而復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語或從句。（4）還有下一

4、些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等都表示后文要繼續(xù)解釋說明前文。eg.1.Thepowerfulpoisonwasiperceptiblewhenixedinliquid,thatis,itcouldnotbetasted,seen,orselled.2.TheGreearriagewasonogaous-enandwoenwereallowedonlyonespouse(配偶)atatie. Exercises:1.Pantoiereferstoashortplayinwhichnowordsarespoen.2.Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofan.3.

5、Wewilleetyouinthefoyer,theentrancehallofthetheatre.4.Hebegantoshavehiswhisers,whichhadgrownthiconbothchees5.Soecoputerscientistsaredevelopingartificial-intelligenceachinesthattheysaywillthinliepeople. Test1ThereisnocureforAlzheiers.ButadrugcalledARIcEPThasbeenusedbyillionsofpeopletohelptheirsyptos(癥

6、狀).(NET2004湖北卷B篇)61.WhatisARIcEPT？A、AedicinetocureAlzheiers.B、Aedicinetodelaysignsofaging.c、AedicinetoreducethesyptosofAlzheiers.D、Aedicinetocurebraindaage. Test2HereisThePines,whosecoohasdevelopedaspecialwayofixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboarandreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.(2004福建卷E篇)(1)Accord

7、ingtothepassage,ThePinesisa_.A.placeinwhichyoucanseeanyobilehoesB.ountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyc.townwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParD.restaurantwhereyoucanasforsoespecialindsoffood二利用例證猜測(cè)語義某些閱讀文章為了證實(shí)或說明某一觀點(diǎn)，常會(huì)舉一些例子，而且時(shí)時(shí)會(huì)用一些標(biāo)志性語言或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)來引出，如：括號(hào)、破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)等或諸如forexaple,forinstance,suchas

8、,andsoon,justas,lie,siilarity等連接詞或詞組。eg.1.youayborrowfrothelibraryanyperiodicals:Nature,NewsWee,TiesandThelistener.2.Soeartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeoetricforsliesquares,circlesandtriangles.Exercises:1.Finallytheeneysurrendered.Theythrewdowntheirweaponsandwaledoutofthehoewiththeirhandsovertheirh

9、eads.2.Applyanantiseptic,suchasalcohol,onthesin.3.Inthecornerthereaybeachristastreewithitsbranchesdecoratedwithshiningornaentssuchascoloredlightsandglassballs,andsoetieshungwithgifts. TestThelargestplayerShanghaiBashiTouriscarRentaloffersawidevarietyofchoices-deluxesedans，inivans，stationwagons，coach

10、es，Santanasedansarethebigfavorite.(NET2001全國(guó)A篇)56Thewords“deluxesedans”，“inivans”and“stationwagons”usedinthetextrefersto_.A、carsintheaingB、carrentalfirsc、carsforrentD、caraers三利用反義關(guān)系或同義關(guān)系推測(cè)語義（1）利用反義關(guān)系推測(cè)語義有些生詞的后面往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)或幾個(gè)反義詞，或者表轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連詞，詞組等，抓住這些可以幫助我們推斷生詞語義。標(biāo)志詞有although,but,however,whereas(反之),neverth

11、eless(然而，不過)，onthecontrary,incontrast（相對(duì)）,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,foronething,foranother,instead(of),ratherthan等。（2）利用同義關(guān)系推測(cè)語義通常情況下，英語忌諱實(shí)詞重復(fù)。避免重復(fù)的方法之一是利用同義詞或近義詞加以代替。同義詞替換的修飾方法可以為我們推測(cè)詞義提供明顯的語境線索。標(biāo)志詞有：or,lie,siilarly等。eg.1.104studies,involving15,000peopleisprovingthatoptiis(樂觀主義)canhelpyoutobehapp

12、ier,healthierandoresuccessful.Pessiisleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicnessandfailure,andislinedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.2.r.Sithlovestotal,andhiswifeissiilarlyloquacious.Exercises:1.ThoughTosfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisnecreainsgrubby.2.UnlietheUnitedStates,whereanydifferentnati

13、onalitiesaeupthepopulation,japanspopulationisquitehoogeneous.3.Writtenlanguagetendstobestatic,whilespoenlanguageconstantlychanges.4.Herepliedquicly.Butafterheconsideredtheprobleorecarefully,heregrettedhavingadesuchahastydecision.5.Althoughpeopleinanycountriesconsiderraweatadelicacy(美味)，wechinesepeop

14、leseldoeatanyeatthatisuncooed. Test1Thegunnerslietodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butwenewthattowoundananialandwatchitgothroughtheagonyofdyingcanaenobodyhappy.(2004江蘇卷E篇)（1）Theunderlinedword“agony”inthelastparagraphprobablyeans_.A.forB.conditionc.painD.sadness Test2Thehot-airballoontoooff.It

15、wasbuoyantintheairasacor(軟木塞)inwater.（2）Theword“buoyant”inthissentenceostprobablyeans_.A.abletobeusedB.abletoovefrooneplacetoanotherc.abletofloatorrisetothesurfaceD.abletocarryanything四用語境猜測(cè)語義（1）利用“小”上下文推測(cè)詞義，即利用生詞附近的內(nèi)容推斷生詞詞義。如：Iaaresolutean.onceIsetupagoal,Iwontgiveupeasily.（2）利用“大”上下文推測(cè)詞義，即利用距離生詞較遠(yuǎn)

16、的內(nèi)容，如整個(gè)段落、篇章等來推斷生詞詞義。 eg.Zipwasstoppedduringthewarandonlyafterthewardiditbecoepopular.Whatadifferenceithasadetoourlives!Iteepspeopleathoeuchore.Ithasadethereotepartsoftheworldorerealtous.Photographsshowacountry,butonlyzipaesfeelthataforeigncountryisreal.Alsowecanseescenesinthestreet.Bigoccasionsarez

17、ipped,suchasthecoronation(加冕典禮)in1953andtheopeningofParliaent.Perhapsthesufferersfroziparethenotablepeople,who,astheystepoutofanairplane,havetofacethebatteryofzipcaerasandnowthateveryoveent,everygesturewillbeseenbya“zippersonality”.PerhapswecansypathizewhenebersofParliaentsaythattheydonotwantdebates

18、tobezipped. Exercises: 1.WhenIgottothetheatre,Iwasrelievedtoseethatnobodywaswaitinginline.IwasthefirsttogetthereandsurethatIcouldgettheticetwithoutanyproble. Question:Theunderlinedword“relieved”inthepassageaybestbereplaceby_. A.surprisedB.ducedD.sold 2.Appletreesaynotgrowastallastwelveet

19、res.Theydobestinareasthathaveverycoldwinters.Althoughnofruitisyieldedduringthewinter,thiscoldperiodisgoodforthetree. Question:Theunderlinedword“yielded”inthelastsentenceeans_. A.iprovedB.ducedD.sold Test Thesedaysagreenbuildingeansorethanjustthecolorofthepaint.Greenbuildingcanalsorefer

20、toenvironentallyfriendlyhouses,factories,andoffices. Greenbuildingeans,“reducingtheipactofthebuildingontheland”,TarynHolowaoftheU.S.GreenbuildingcouncilinWashington,D.c.said. 61.Inthesecondparagraph,theunderlinedphrase“thebuilding”ostprobablyrefersto_. A.anordinarybuildingB.anenergy-savingbuilding c

21、.agreen-coloredbuildingD.abuildinginWashington,D.c. 五利用構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)語義 掌握前后綴規(guī)律，如un-,i-,in-,dis-,il-等前綴與-less等后綴可構(gòu)成反義詞；后綴-ful,-ly,-is,-ness等可改換詞性。而合成詞要在正確理解兩詞的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合上下文把握兩詞之間的關(guān)系，猜測(cè)詞義；而對(duì)詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化，也要求結(jié)合上下文來猜測(cè)。 eg.1.carrentalsarebecoingoreandorepopularasaninexpensivewayoftaingtotheroad 2.“Evenwhenaanissaidtobeabest

22、friend,”Rubinwrites“thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnerostfeelings” 3.Ipressionisisaforofartwhichbeganinthe1870s.Whenyouloocloselyatanipressionistpainting,youseelittledotsofdifferentcoloredpaints.Whenyouoveawayfrothepicture,thedotsofcolorsblendsandthepaintingloolieithaslightplayingonthepeopleandobjects

23、inthepicture. TestWithoutexainations,eployerswilllooforeployeesfrothehighlyrespectedschoolsandfrofailiesnowntothe?Aforoffavoritiswillreplaceequality.(2004上海試c篇)（3）Theword“favoritis”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenoenonthat_.A.brightchildrenalsoneedcertificationtogetsatisfyingjobsB.childrenfrowell

24、-respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjobsc.poorchildrenwithcertificationarefavoredinjobaretsD.childrenattendingordinaryschoolsachievegreatsuccess六因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義常見的因果信號(hào)詞有：asaresult,for,thus,because,forthisreason,so,since,consequently,sothat,so/suchthat等。eg.Shewantedthehairdressertotriherhairabitbecauseitwastolon

25、g.Exercises:1.Theriverissoturbidthatitisipossibletoseethebottoevenwhenitisshallow.2.HedidnthearynocingatthedoorbecausehewascopletelyengrossedinTV.3.Itrained,sothefootballatchwaspostponed.4.Theyounganwassobashfulthathedidntspeatotheprettygirl.七.利用文化背景、生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力，結(jié)合社會(huì)文化背景和自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及生活常識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的

26、部分，可以下正確猜出語義。eg.1.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypicuptheirfoodsandtheneatthewiththeirbeasandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.2.ostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecoldweather.Exercises:1.Thedrivertriedtoaverttheaccidentbybringingthecartoasuddenstop.2.Ifaanfeelsver

27、ycold,healwayshuddleshiselfup.3.Whatcouldjohnexpect?Hehadlefthiswetswiingtruns(游泳褲)inthedarclosetforoverawee.ofcoursetheyhadbeguntoildew.4.Afishbreathesinwaterwithgills. Test1argotontheotorbie,Isatbehindhionthepillion,andweroaredoffintothenight.(1)Theword“pillion”inthissentenceprobablyeans_.A.anobje

28、ctusedforsleepingB.abayonwhichoncanrestc.aseatforsecondpersononaotorcycleD.aplaceforsitting Test2oneofBritainsbravestwoantoldyesterdayhowshehelpedtocatchsuspectedpoliceillerDavidBieberandwasthanedwithflowersbythepolice.Itwasalsosaidshecouldbeinlineforashareofupto30,000rewardoney.(2)Theunderlinedphra

29、se“beinlinefor”inparagraph1eans_.A.getB.bepaidc.asforD.own八熟詞生義猜測(cè)熟詞的陌生意義通常有三種情況：（1）該熟詞在新的具體語境中有了和原來考生所熟悉的意義不同的意思；（2）考查一些代詞的指代現(xiàn)象；（3）新詞在新的語境中變換了詞性。eg.1.Theajoraretforcerestsinthegrowingpopulationofwhite-collareployees,whocanaffordthenewservice.2.Whenenandwoenlivedbyhunting50,000yearsago,howcouldtheyev

30、enbegintopictureodernlife?3.anypeoplewortoeepanialsfrobeingilled.Soepeoplehelpanialsaspartoftheirjob,othersdoitjustbecausetheylieanials.Question:Inthisparagraph,theword“their”refersto_.A.soepeopleB.soeanialsc.anypeopleD.anyanials4Tieflieslieanarrow,fruitflieslieabanana.思考：延伸到完形填空Thingswereverybadtha

31、tparticularwinter.Thenalettercaefrowherehersewingachinewasbrought,announcingthattheywouldhavetopicupherachinethenextdayunlesspayentswerebroughtuptodate.IreeberthatwhenshereadtheletterIbecaefrightened.Icould_41_usstarvinggodeathandallsortsofthingsthatcouldcoetochildsind.41.A.supposeB.picturec.standD.

32、regret附錄：熟詞有新義1firevt.解雇2finevt.罰款3falln.秋天4windvt.使彎曲前進(jìn)或迂回、蜿蜒5layvt.下蛋、產(chǎn)卵6springn.泉水、彈簧、彈力；vt.跳躍7inen.礦山；vt.開采（礦物）8cann.罐頭9bearvt.忍受10standvt.忍受課后思考還有哪些熟詞生義的例子：高考實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練： 2003北京春招B篇Asyouovearoundyourhoe,taeagoodlooatthethingsyouhave.Itislielythatyourlivingroowillhaveatelevisionsetandavideo,andyouritch

33、enawashingachineandaicrowaveoven.yourbedroodrawerswillbefilledwithalostthreetiesasanyclothesasyouneed.youalostcertainlyownacarandpossiblyahoecoputer,holidayabroadatleastonceayearandeatoutatleastonceawee. Now,perhaps,orethaneverbefore,peoplearewonderingwhatlifeisallabout,andwhatitisfor.Seeingaterials

34、uccessisbeginningtotroublelargenubersofpeoplearoundtheworld.Theyfeelthatthelong-hoursworculturetoaeoreoneytobuyorethingsiseatinguptheirlives,leavingtheverylittletieorenergyforfailyorpasties.anyareturningtootherwaysoflivinganddownshiftingisoneofthe. SixpercentofworersinBritaintoothedecisiontodownshif

35、tlastyear.onecouplewhodownshiftedisDanielandLiz.TheyusedtoworincentralLondon.Hewasanewspaperreporterandsheusedtoworforaninternationalban.Theywouldgotoworbytraineverydayfrotheirlargehouseinthesuburbs(郊區(qū)),leavingtheirtwochildrenwithananny（保姆）.osteveningsDanielwouldntgethoeuntileightornineocloc,andnearlytwiceaonthhewouldhavetoflyto