1、Unit 5 First aid 5.3 Grammar & WritingGrammar: 省略為了避免重復(fù)或?yàn)榱耸咕渥痈?jiǎn)練，在一些句子中常常省去某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)成分，這種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象在英語(yǔ)中叫省略。省略是避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接的一種語(yǔ)法手段。運(yùn)用修辭手段的目的之一就是節(jié)約用詞、避免重復(fù)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，只要不會(huì)損害結(jié)構(gòu)或引起歧義，能省略的地方就應(yīng)省略。省略的結(jié)果，不但使句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得緊湊，而且句子中幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞的意義也更突顯出來(lái)。一、介詞的省略1在英語(yǔ)中一些與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞搭配的介詞常被省略，而只保留后面的動(dòng)名詞。spend time/money(in)doing sth.have

2、difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.；prevent/stop sb.(from)doing sth.We spends half an hour(in)doing some reading every day. 我們每天花半小時(shí)讀書(shū)。He has some trouble(in)learning English. 他學(xué)英語(yǔ)有困難。What prevented you(from)going there? 什么事阻止了你去那里？2表示時(shí)間的介詞at，on和in用在next，last，this，each，these，yesterday，every，tomorrow等詞之

3、前，一般可省略。We have a final exam(in)every term. 每學(xué)期我們都舉行一次期末考試。二、使用so，not等的省略英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)句中有think，believe，hope，expect，suppose，guess，afraid等詞時(shí)可以使用so，not或其他手段來(lái)省略上文或問(wèn)句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子。Do you think our team will win?你認(rèn)為我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏嗎？ I think so.我認(rèn)為是這樣。It is said that tomorrow is a fine day.據(jù)說(shuō)明天天氣很好。 I hope so.我希望是真的。三、簡(jiǎn)單句的省略1感

4、嘆句的省略。目的是突出感嘆的部分。What a beautiful girl(she is)!(她是)多么漂亮的女孩呀！2疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)省略。為避免重復(fù)而省略疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)，這也是常見(jiàn)的一種句式省略。Are you a student?你是一名學(xué)生嗎？ Yes，I am(a student)是的，我是(一名學(xué)生)。3There be句型的省略。 (Is there)Anything wrong?發(fā)生了什么事嗎？4名詞所有格修飾的名詞若表示店鋪、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過(guò)的事物時(shí)可省略名詞。I go to the supermarket instead of the butchers(sh

5、op)to buy meat. 我去超市而不是去肉鋪買肉。5主語(yǔ)的省略 在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧義的情況下，特別是在口語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)常常省略。常見(jiàn)的為祈使句中的you和I，疑問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)。Beg your pardon. (我)請(qǐng)你原諒。(beg前省略了主語(yǔ)I)Take care! 保重！(take前省略了主語(yǔ)you)Looks as if it will rain.看起來(lái)象要下雨。(looks前省略了主語(yǔ)it)6謂語(yǔ)的省略有些結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免與前面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞重復(fù)，常省略后面的謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的一部分。Well do the best we can.我們將盡力而為。(can后面省略了動(dòng)詞do)7表語(yǔ)的省

6、略在有些句子中，為了避免與前面的表語(yǔ)重復(fù)，常省略后面的表語(yǔ)。He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他還是像年輕時(shí)那樣，是一位運(yùn)動(dòng)愛(ài)好者。(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)8賓語(yǔ)的省略當(dāng)同一主語(yǔ)的并列謂語(yǔ)不同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，省略最后一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)以外的所有賓語(yǔ)。有些雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如ask，owe，pay，teach，tell，show等的直接或間接賓語(yǔ)都可以省略掉一個(gè)。Lets do the dishes.Ill wash and youll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧，我來(lái)洗，你來(lái)揩干。(wash和dry后面省略了

7、賓語(yǔ)dishes)四、比較結(jié)構(gòu)的省略在“the比較級(jí)，the比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)中和由than和as引導(dǎo)的比較句式中，常會(huì)有一些成分在上下文清楚的情況下被省略。The sooner(you do it)，the better(it will be)(你做得)越快，(結(jié)果就會(huì))越好。He is cleverer than any other boy(is)他比其他男孩聰明。The higher(you stand)，the farther(you can see)站得高，看得遠(yuǎn)。五、并列句中的省略在由and或but連接的并列句中，常省略一些重復(fù)的詞或詞組。I am a teacher and my hu

8、sband(is)a doctor.我是個(gè)老師，我丈夫是個(gè)醫(yī)生。The news made me angry，but(the news made)her happy.這條消息使我生氣，但卻讓她高興。六、主從復(fù)合句中的省略1. 賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that常省略，但當(dāng)有多個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能省略第一個(gè)that。I know(that)he is an actor and that he is a singer. 我知道他是一名演員，也是一位歌唱家。2表示條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或讓步等的狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)含有be動(dòng)詞，且從句的主語(yǔ)又和主句中的主 語(yǔ)一致，或者主語(yǔ)是it時(shí)，常把從句中的主語(yǔ)連同be動(dòng)詞一起

9、省略。If(it is)necessary，Ill go with you.如果有必要的話，我和你一起去。Be careful when(you are)crossing the street.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要當(dāng)心。3賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略。若引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，該關(guān)系代詞一般可省略；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從 句的關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和后面的be動(dòng)詞同時(shí)省略。The question(that/which)the teacher asked was very difficult.老師問(wèn)的問(wèn)題很難。The boy(who is)standing by the door is my little brothe

10、r. 站在門(mén)那兒的男孩是我弟弟。The building(which/that is)being built is our library. 正在建的樓是我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。七、動(dòng)詞不定式的省略1. 在動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，為了避免重復(fù)，常常省略不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞原形，只保留to。但不定式中的have 和be不能省略。Would you like to go with us? 你愿意和我們一起去嗎？ Im glad to，but I have to finish my homework. 我很樂(lè)意去，但是我得完成作業(yè)。She has succeeded in the final examination

11、but in fact，she ought to have(succeeded in the final examination)她在期末考試中取得了成功，而實(shí)際上，她本就該獲得成功。He is a writer now as he used to be.他像從前一樣還是一位作家。2在used to，ought to，have to，would like/love to，wish to，be going to等結(jié)構(gòu)中，常常省略to后面的動(dòng) 詞原形。Ill hand it in if I have to.如果必須要交的話，我會(huì)交上的。3感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞的后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式要省略to；但此類動(dòng)詞

12、的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的to不可省略。I saw him enter the classroom just now. He was seen to enter the classroom just now.我剛才看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)了教室。4介詞but，except(除了)前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的具體形式時(shí)，后面的不定式不帶to。All he could do was nothing but wait and see.他所能做的只有等著瞧。八、虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的省略1虛擬條件句常省略if，而將were，had，should提前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。Had you come here yesterday，you would have

13、 met him. If you had come here yesterday，you would have met him.如果你昨天來(lái)這兒的話，你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到他了。2動(dòng)詞advise，suggest(建議)，propose，demand，insist(堅(jiān)持要求)，require，command，recommend，order 等后的賓語(yǔ)從句及It is.that.主語(yǔ)從句中常省略表虛擬語(yǔ)氣的should。We insisted that he(should)go with us.我們堅(jiān)持要求他和我們一起走。It is necessary that a child(should)learn m

14、ore words by heart.孩子有必要多記一些單詞/字。It is suggested that we(should)go to see the film.有人建議我們?nèi)タ催@部電影。1.（2017江蘇） _ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it2. (2016浙江) Had the governments and scientists not worked together,

15、 AIDS-related deaths _ since their highest in 2005.A. had not fallen B. would not fall C. did not fall D. would not have fallen3. （2016浙江）The movie starts at 8:30,and we can have a quick bite before we go. _.See you at 8:10A. So long B. Sounds great C. Good luck D. Have a good time 4.（2015江蘇）It is s

16、o cold that you cant go outside _ fully covered in thick clothes.A. if B. unless C. once D. when5. (2015北京) If _for the job, youll be informed soon.A .to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted 6. (2014福建) no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the wo

17、rld.A. Were there B. Had there been C .If there are D. If there have been7. (2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _A. not to do B. not toC. not do D. do not. 單項(xiàng)填空1Whats the matter with Della? Well，her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party，

18、but she still _.Ahopes to Bhopes so Chopes not Dhopes for2Some of you may have finished Unit one._，you can go on to Unit two.AIf you may BIf you do CIf not DIf so3Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday? Yes._，Im going to visit some homes for the old in the city.AIf ever BIf busy CI

19、f anything DIf possible4The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.Ain it Bin Cin that Din which5Will the Smiths leave for Australia this spring? No，they finally decided _.Anot to leave Bnot leaving Cnot to Dnot to be leaving6He decided not to say anything at the me

20、eting unless _.Aasking to Bto ask to Casked to Dask to7Have you watered the flowers? No，but _.AI am BIm going CIm just going to DI will go8_ he come tomorrow，I would let you know.AWould BShould CShall DIf9Did you have a good time in Thailand last week? _.It was too hot.ANot really BYeah，why notCOh，g

21、reat DYoure right10I listen to English every day over the radio. _interesting.ASounds BSounding CIt is sounded DSound11Do you think we will have a long holiday next month? _.AI believe not BI believe not soCI dont believe it DI dont believe12One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow，and

22、 _.Athe other is white Banother whiteCthe other white Danother is white13If the food tastes nice，well buy some；if _，_.Ano；no Bnot；not Cnot；no Dno；not14Who should be responsible for the accident? The boss，not the workers.They just carried out the order _.Aas told Bas are told Cas telling Das they tol

23、d15My mother is preparing my favorite dishes.Go with me and have a taste，okay?_.And Ill be glad to meet your parents.AI think so BId love to CIm sure DI hope so.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(使用省略來(lái)改寫(xiě)句子) 1She works hard.It is no wonder that she passed the exam. She works hard._ _ _ _ _ _.2They havent completed the project，but

24、 they ought to have completed it. They havent completed the project，_ _ _ _ _.3It is well done. _ _.4Errors，if there are any，should be corrected. Errors，_ _，should be corrected.5If we had gone to the party，we would have known the fact. _ _ _ _ _ _，we would have known the fact. 單句改錯(cuò)1. In our class bo

25、ys like sports, while girls do not like. 2. If is possible, discuss what kind of first aid you should give in these situations. 3. Unless inviting to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.4. Will you go with me? Well, Id like. 5. Are you a farmer? No, but I used to. 6. He could do nothin

26、g but to wait and see. 7. Can you put it off?I am afraid not so. 8. What has made him upset recently?Left alone to face a troublesome milk case. . 用省略句完成句子1. _ (必要時(shí))，you can send me an e-mail.2. _ (不管是真是假), the story is interesting.3. He gave _ (和從前一樣的回答).4. _(為什么不) go and help him at once?5. Arent

27、you the manager? No, and I _ (不想當(dāng)).6. The patient feels better than yesterday. I know _(他好多了).7. He opened his mouth _(好像要說(shuō)話).8. He may not stay at home. _(如果那樣的話), leave him a message.9. Ill try my best to read more books _ (如果可能的話).10. Will you join us in the discussion? _(非常高興).K真題1. B【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣和

28、倒裝。虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，be動(dòng)詞統(tǒng)一用were；虛擬語(yǔ)氣的省略形式主要是把if省略，同時(shí)把were/should/had提前，即Were /Should/ Had I.，故選B。句意：要不是老師們的支持，該生是無(wú)法克服她自己的困難的。4. B【解析】句意：外面太冷了，你不要出去，除非用厚衣服完全裹起來(lái)。unless fully covered為連詞+省略結(jié)構(gòu)，補(bǔ)充完整為unless you are。故選B。5. D【解析】句意：如果錄用你了，我們將很快通知你。本句條件狀語(yǔ)從句中省略了主語(yǔ)you，與accept構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過(guò)去分詞accepted。故選D。6. A【解析】對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，條件句中

29、用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用“ would/ should/ might/ could +動(dòng)詞原形。虛擬條件句中有had, should, were時(shí)，可以將if去掉，然后把had, should, were提到主語(yǔ)前面。所以選A。句意：如果沒(méi)有現(xiàn)代的通信，我們將會(huì)等上幾周的時(shí)間才能得到來(lái)自世界的新聞。7. B【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞不定式的省略。根據(jù)句意可知，警察要求司機(jī)不要把車停在路邊?！耙竽橙俗瞿呈隆庇胊sk sb to do sth；“被要求做某事”用be asked to do sth。 but后的完整表達(dá)應(yīng)該是：The driver was asked by the police not t

30、o park his car near the roadside.為避免重復(fù)，題干中的空缺處是一個(gè)省略了的動(dòng)詞不定式。故選B。句意：司機(jī)想把車停在路邊，但警察要求他不要這樣做。K好題. 單項(xiàng)填空1. A根據(jù)語(yǔ)境知道，Della很希望去參加這次聚會(huì)。所以hope后應(yīng)接to go to the party。但為了避免重復(fù)，常省去不定式動(dòng)詞，僅留下符號(hào)to來(lái)代替不定式。2. D句意為：你們當(dāng)中可能有些人已經(jīng)結(jié)束了第一單元。如果這樣的話，可以開(kāi)始第二單元。so代替前句意思的肯定情況，而not代替前面意思的否定情況。6. C考查動(dòng)詞不定式的省略。句意為：他決定在會(huì)上什么也不說(shuō)，除非被請(qǐng)求。unless

31、asked to相當(dāng)于unless he was asked to say something。7. C句意為：你澆花了嗎？沒(méi)有，不過(guò)我正打算澆。Im just going to.相當(dāng)于Im just going to water the flowers。8. B此處是對(duì)將來(lái)情況的假設(shè)。虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)部分有should，had或were時(shí)，可把if省去，而把should，had或were放在從句的主語(yǔ)之前，構(gòu)成主謂部分倒裝。9. A由“it was too hot”可知A項(xiàng)正確。該對(duì)話的答語(yǔ)是省略形式，完整形式為：I didnt really have a good time in Thai

32、land last week。10. A將答語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充完整為：It sounds interesting.其中sound是系動(dòng)詞，意思是“聽(tīng)起來(lái)”，無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。11. A句意為：你認(rèn)為下個(gè)月我們會(huì)有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)假期嗎？我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。I believe not.I dont believe so.(Idont believe we will have a long holiday next month.)15. B考查口語(yǔ)中省略形式的含義。句意為我媽媽在準(zhǔn)備我最愛(ài)吃的菜。和我一起去嘗嘗，好嗎？我愿意去。我也很想見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你的父母。I think so意為“我認(rèn)為是這樣”；Id love to意為“我愿意去”；Im

33、 sure意為“我確信”；I hope so意為“我希望是這樣”。.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(使用省略來(lái)改寫(xiě)句子) 1.No；wonder；she；passed；the；exam 2.but；they；ought；to；have3.Well；done 4.if；any 5.Had；we；gone；to；the；party. 單句改錯(cuò)1. 去掉第二個(gè)like 2.去掉is (或在is前加it) 3.inviting改為 invited 4.like 后加to 5.to后加be 6.去掉to 7.去掉so 8.Left 改為Being left. 用省略句完成句子1. When necessary 2. Whet

34、her true or false 3. the same answer as before 4. Why not 5. dont want to be 6. he does 7. as if to say something 8. If so 9. if possible 10. Ill be glad toWriting：如何寫(xiě)指導(dǎo)性說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文是以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式，對(duì)事物的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、功能等進(jìn)行介紹，或是闡明事理，給人提供知識(shí)的一種文體。知識(shí)性、科學(xué)性是說(shuō)明文的主要特點(diǎn)。指導(dǎo)性說(shuō)明文屬于說(shuō)明事理類文體，它旨在為讀者提供未知的知識(shí)和原理，使讀者閱讀后對(duì)文章所寫(xiě)事物有所了解，或掌握解決問(wèn)題

35、的方法，是一種實(shí)用性很強(qiáng)的文體。要寫(xiě)好這類文章，需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1時(shí)態(tài)：說(shuō)明文的時(shí)態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2語(yǔ)言：語(yǔ)言要準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、周密。語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格可以生動(dòng)活潑，也可以平實(shí)簡(jiǎn)明，但必須以準(zhǔn)確為前提。3結(jié)構(gòu)：先對(duì)需要說(shuō)明的對(duì)象作總的概括介紹，然后導(dǎo)入具體的說(shuō)明，也就是在文章開(kāi)頭提出需要說(shuō)明的事物或觀點(diǎn)，然后加以列舉說(shuō)明，使文章表達(dá)清晰、條理清楚、層次分明。介紹時(shí)首先我們要保證自己所介紹的方法是正確的，是科學(xué)的。沒(méi)有知識(shí)性錯(cuò)誤，也不能有邏輯上的矛盾。不清楚的地方要核查，不可想當(dāng)然。4為了保證句子簡(jiǎn)練可以多用祈使句(如Do.或Dont.)或表示建議的句型(We/You should/had better.等

36、)當(dāng)涉及對(duì)讀者不利或使讀者感到不快的事情時(shí)，也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，使語(yǔ)氣緩和，以顯婉轉(zhuǎn)。1. 下列這些表達(dá)可以使你的說(shuō)明更有條理：First，second，third，at last.First，next，then，finally.Firstly/First of all/To begin with.Secondly.Besides，In addition.Last but not least.2. 下列句子可幫你用于寫(xiě)急救說(shuō)明文We should check whether she/he is conscious or not.We should cheek whether the person can breathe or not.Use the mouthtomouth method within five minutes.Dont move him/her；leave him/her where he/she is.Lay the patient down on a coat or sleeping bag if possible.Raise his/her feet higher than his/her head and take his/ her pulse.Cover the wound with a b