1、理智與情感銜接手法英漢翻譯對比研究A Comparative Study of English-Chinese Translation of Substitution inSense and SensibilitySubmitted byStudent ID number W2006B210B0001 Supervised byA paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of thedegree of Bachelor of ArtsThe Institute of Online Education1Beijing

2、Foreign Studies University2摘要本文的理論基礎(chǔ)主要來自于三部相關(guān)論著:韓禮德和哈桑所著的英語的銜接、胡壯麟，語篇的銜接與連貫以及朱永生、鄭立信和苗興偉所編寫的英漢語篇銜接手段對比研究。英語的銜接介紹了語篇、銜接和連貫等概念,著重討論了五種英語銜接手段:照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接。英漢語篇銜接手段對比研究則通過大量的語料,認真描述了英漢兩種語篇銜接手段的異同,并對形成其異同的原因從語言系統(tǒng)和文化傳統(tǒng)兩個方面進行了探討。在英語的銜接一書中韓禮德和哈桑(1976:2)提出“任何一段能成為語篇的話語必須具有語篇性”。語篇性包括兩方面的特征:一是結(jié)構(gòu)性特征,指的是主位結(jié)構(gòu)

3、和信息結(jié)構(gòu)。二是非結(jié)構(gòu)性特征,指的是話語內(nèi)部的上下銜接。所謂銜接,說到底就是語篇內(nèi)部兩個不受句法結(jié)構(gòu)制約的成分在意義上相互關(guān)聯(lián),用韓禮德和哈桑(1976:1)的話來說,就是“一個成分的解釋取決于另一個成分的解釋”。銜接手段大致可分為語法銜接和詞匯銜接。前者包括照應(yīng)、省略、替代和連接, 替代手段是本文探討的重點。本文采取英國女作家簡.奧斯汀著的理智與情感和孫致禮及殷旭的漢語譯本為對比語料,對比了英漢語法銜接手段的差異,進而探討了其在翻譯實踐中的應(yīng)用。寫作目的主要是從翻譯角度對比英漢語篇中語法銜接手段的差異，希望能以本文的初步性研究對翻譯活動乃至跨文化交際提供有益的幫助。關(guān)鍵詞：銜接; 連貫; 替

4、代; 翻譯3AbstractText linguistics, contrastive linguistics and translation theory have been the focuses of linguistic research. While a lot of literature probes into these three fields respectively. As a result, the present study is a tentative attempt to conduct a comprehensive study. Three books comp

5、ose the theoretical basis for this thesis: a) Cohesion in English by Halliday & Hasan, which introduces such concepts as text, cohesion, coherence, etc., with the emphasis on five cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. b) Discourse Cohesion and Coheren

6、ce by Hu Zhuanglin. c) A Contrastive Study of Cohesion in English and Chinese by Zhu Yongsheng, Zheng Lixin and Miao Xingwei. Through a large number of examples, this book describes the differences between English and Chinese cohesive devices, and looks further into the reasons from language systems

7、 and culture backgrounds.In their book Cohesion in English, Halliday & Hasan(1976:2) argue that“A text has texture, and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text.” To put it simply, cohesion relations are relations between two or more elements in a text that are independent of

8、the structure.Cohesion roughly falls into two kinds: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The former, which includes reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. Substitution will be elaborated in this paper. As for the corpora in the paper, it is mainly from Pride and Prejudice by Jane

9、Austen, the translation versions by Sun Zhili and Yin Xu and some other translation materials.4As the development of linguistic research, language contrast is no longer confined to the lever of sentence or language units smaller than that. Based on such a theory, the thesis analyzes a lot of languag

10、e materials to study the differences of English and Chinese cohesive devices, and it further explores some laws in translationKey words: Cohesion; coherence; substitution; translationTable of ContentsPages1. Project Introduction2. Project Problem Identification and Analysis2.1 Project problem2.2 Pro

11、blem analysis2.3 Results of problem analysis3. Project Objective and Hypothesis3.1 Project objective3.2 Project hypothesis4. Project Rationale4.14.1.14.1.24.1.34.24.355. Project Design5.15.25.36. Project Implementation6.16.26.37. Results and Discussion7.17.27.1.17.1.27.1.37.38. Conclusion Bibliograp

12、hy Appendix I. Appendix II. Appendix III.61. IntroductionIn recent years, the development of text linguistics has greatly enriched translation theories. People begin to study translation from the perspective of text, rather than only concentrating on isolate words and sentences. The standard of tran

13、slation has changed from pursuing complete faithfulness to achieving cohesive and coherence equivalence between the source text and target text from the communicative aspect. In such a sense, translation is a kind of text-based activity, which requires the translator to be aware of the concept of te

14、xt and to pay attention to the wholeness and unity of the text in translation.Translation is based on the text. So cohesion is decisive to judge the quality of a translation. A cohesive text is fluent and smooth while the text lacking cohesion will be ambiguous and hard to understand. Due to differe

15、nt textual structures, different languages will have distinct usage of cohesive devices. Consequently, a translator has to have a good knowledge of the cohesive devices in both the source text and the target text, and has to be skillful to transfer the devices to achieve an idiomatic translation. Co

16、hesion in English by Halliday & Hasan, which introduces such concepts as text, cohesion, coherence, etc., with the emphasis on five cohesive devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Based on such a theory, the thesis analyzes a lot of language materials to study

17、the differences of English and Chinese cohesive devices, and it further explores some laws in translation. As for the corpora in the paper, it is mainly from sense and sensibility by Jane Austen, the translation versions by Sun Zhili7and YinXu. This essay has only scratched the surface of the proble

18、m of substitution cohesion, a very small section of the field of comparative linguistics. It is open to criticism and suggestions.This book describes the differences between English and Chinese cohesive devices, and looks further into the reasons from language systems and culture backgrounds. Since

19、cohesion plays an important role in the study of text, the contrast of cohesive devices should by all means be regarded as an indispensable component in the contrastive study of text. The paper aims to introduce the similarities and differences between them and the attempt is necessary in that cohes

20、ion is a major part of discourse analysis. Only with a comprehensive knowledge of cohesion can we make further progress in discourse analysis.2. Problem Identification and Analysis2.1 (其他層次標(biāo)題采用 Arial 10 號黑體)2.23. Project Objective and Hypothesis3.184. Project RationaleAs the development of text ling

21、uistics has greatly enriched translation theories. People begin to study translation from the perspective of text, rather than only concentrating on isolate words and sentences. The standard of translation has changed from pursuing complete faithfulness to achieving cohesive and coherence equivalenc

22、e between the source text and target text from the communicative aspect.De Beaugrande and Dressler put forth the concept of textuality in 1981, including seven standards: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, situationality, informativity, and intertextuality, among which cohesion and

23、coherence are the most important ones. Cohesion and coherence are the two different concepts but related to each other in text. “Cohesion is an actual network which functions on the surface level, while coherence is the invisible network, which exists under the surface level.”(Fang Mengzhi, 2001:326

24、). So cohesion is decisive to judge the quality of a translation. A cohesive text is fluent and smooth while the text lacking cohesion will be ambiguous and hard to understand.Due to different textual structures, different languages will have distinct usage of cohesive devices. Consequently, a trans

25、lator has to have a good knowledge of the cohesive devices in both the source text and the target text, and has to be skillful to transfer the devices to achieve an idiomatic translation. Halliday and Hasan(1976) classify the cohesive devices in English into five types: reference, substitution, elli

26、psis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.94.1 The Analysis of SubstitutionSubstitution as the replacement of one item by another. The distinction between substitution and reference is that substitution is a relation in the wording rather than in the meaning. It has been emphasized already that the cla

27、ssification of cohesive relation into different types should not be seen as implying a rigid division into watertight compartments.The principle distinguishing reference from substitution is reasonably clear. Substitution is a relation between linguistic item, such as words or phrases;whereas refere

28、nce is a relation between meanings. It follows that, as a general rule, the substitute item has the same structural function as that for which it substitutes.4.2 Types of substitutionIn English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. To these correspond the three types of

29、substitution: nominal, verbal, and clausal. These will be discussed in turn: nominal substitution in 4.3, verbal substitution in 4.4and clausal substitution in 4.5. There are many instances of cohesive forms which lie on.4.3 Nominal substitutionThe substitute one/ones always functions as Head of a n

30、ominal group, and can substitute only for an item which is itself Head of a nominal group.For example: There are some people who cannot bear a party of pleasure. Brandon isone of them.10有些人總是不肯與大伙兒一塊玩樂。布蘭登就是其中的一個。（孫：62）有些人受不了愉快的聚會，布蘭頓就是這種人之一。（殷：59）Here one is a substitution, mean some people who can

31、not bear a party of pleasure.4.3.1 The meaning of substitution one/onesThe substitution one/ones presupposes some noun that is to function as Head in the nominal group. It is a substitution counter put in to fill the Head slot. The meaning is the noun to fill this slot will be found in the preceding

32、 text. So for example inthe use of one as substitute specifically excludes the defining modifier before; one replaces a people who cannot bear a party of pleasure and that is all.It is this differentiation which is a characteristic of the use of substitutes in general. A substitute is carrier of som

33、e information which differentiates the instance in which it occurs from the other instance to which it relates by cohesion. In the case of a nominal substitute, this means that it is the carrier of some modifying element which has this differential function: so.For some reason, one can never substit

34、ute for a proper name: a proper name is already fully defined as unique, and there is no way of adding to or altering the definition.4.3.2 Nominal substitution sameThe same presupposes an entire nominal group including any modifying elements. For example:11She had nothing to say one day that she had

35、 not said the day before. Her insipidity was invariable, for even her spirits were always the sameDifference between the same and one(s) as nominal substitutes4.4 Verbal substitutionThe Verbal substitute in English is do. This operates as head of verbal group, in the place that is occupied by the le

36、xical verb; and its position is always final in the group.4.4.1The meaning of the Verbal substitute doIn many ways the verbal substitute do is parallel to the nominal substitute one, and it is likely that its evolution in English has followed the analogy of one rather closely.There are striking para

37、llels between the structure of the verbal group and the nominal group, although superficially they are very different from each other. P113There is a difference between one and do in their potential domains, the extent of the items that they can presuppose. Whereas one always substitutes for a noun,

38、 do may substitute either for a verb, or for a verb plus certain other elements in the clause.4.5 Clausal substitutionThere is one further type of substitution in which what is presupposed is not an element within the clause but an entire clause. The words used as substitutes are so and not. For exa

39、mple:- Oh! he must and shall come back, cried Sir John. If he is not here by the end of the12week, I shall go after him.- Ay, so do, Sir John, cried Mrs. Jennings, and then perhaps you may find out what his business is.-“哦！他一定得回來，”約翰爵士大聲說道，“他如果到周末還沒回來，我就去找他?！?“對，去找他，約翰爵士，”詹寧斯太太嚷道，“到時候，你也許會發(fā)現(xiàn)他在干什么事呢。

40、” (孫：78)-“??！他必須回來，”約翰爵士喊道，“要是他這個周末還不回到這里來，我去追他回來?！?“對，就這樣辦吧，約翰爵士，”詹寧斯太太喊道，“這樣你或許還能發(fā)現(xiàn)他究竟去倫敦干什么了?！?（殷：59）5. Project Design5.16. Project Implementation136.17. Results and Discussion7.18. ConclusionThis book describes the differences between English and Chinese cohesive devices, and looks further into t

41、he reasons from language systems and culture backgrounds. Since cohesion plays an important role in the study of text, the contrast of cohesive devices should by all means be regarded as an indispensable component in the contrastive study of text.The paper aims to introduce the similarities and diff

42、erences between them and the attempt is necessary in that cohesion is a major part of discourse analysis. Only with a comprehensive knowledge of cohesion can we make further progress in discourse analysis. This essay has only scratched the surface of the problem of substitution cohesion, a very smal

43、l section of the field of comparative linguistics. It is open to criticism and suggestions.BibliographyHalliday, M.A.K. & R. Hasan. (1976).Cohesion in English.London: Longman,胡壯麟（1994）.語篇的銜接與連貫. 上海：上海外語教育出版社.苗興偉 (1998 ). 論銜接與連貫的關(guān)系.上海：上海外語教育出版社.14朱永生,鄭立信,苗興偉(2001). 英漢語篇銜接手段對比研究上海：上海外語教育出版社.張德祿 (1999)

44、. 語篇連貫研究縱橫談. 上海：上海外語教育出版社.Appendix I.1.No taste for drawing! replied Elinor, why shouldyou think so?“不愛好繪畫？”埃麗諾答道?！澳阍趺茨苓@樣看？“對繪畫不感興趣？”埃麗諾回答道，“你怎么這樣看問題呢？（殷：16）2.When you tell me to love him as a brother,I shall no more see imperfection in his face, than I now doin his heart.既然你叫我愛他如愛兄長，我將看不到他外貌上的缺欠，就像

45、我現(xiàn)在看不出他內(nèi)心里有什么缺欠一樣。”當(dāng)你告訴我要像愛一個兄長那樣愛他時，我就不會再認為他的外表有什么缺陷了，就像我現(xiàn)在認為他的內(nèi)心沒有缺陷一樣。（殷：17）153.-he has told you, that in the East Indies the climate is hot, and the mosquitoes are troublesome.- He WOULD have told me so, I doubt not, had I made any such inquiries,-他告訴過你，東印度群島氣候炎熱，蚊子令人討厭啦?！?“我不懷疑，假如我問到他這些問題的話，他會這

46、么告訴我的。-他告訴過你東印度群島氣候炎熱，蚊子特別討厭?！?“我一點也不懷疑，我要是問他那樣問題的話，他是會這樣回答我的。（殷： 46）4. Elinor needed little observation to perceive that her reserve was a mere calmness of manner with which sense had nothing to do. Towards her husband and mother she was the same as to them.埃麗諾不用仔細觀察就能發(fā)現(xiàn)，她之所以少言寡語，只是因為她性情穩(wěn)靜，和理智毫無關(guān)系。

47、她對她丈夫、母親和別人一樣，都是這副樣子。埃莉諾無須多作觀察就能發(fā)現(xiàn)，她的沉默寡言是一種習(xí)慣，而絕非理智作用。她對丈夫和母親也和對達希伍德家的人一樣沉默寡言。（殷：49）165. While they were at breakfast the letters were brought in. Among the rest there was onefor Colonel Brandon.正當(dāng)吃早飯的時候，郵差送信來了，其中有一封是給布蘭登上校的。當(dāng)他們正在吃早飯時，信差帶來了信件，其中有布蘭登上校的一封信。（殷：57）6.There are some people who cannot be

48、ar a party of pleasure. Brandon is one of them.有些人總是不肯與大伙兒一塊玩樂。布蘭登就是其中的一個。有些人受不了愉快的聚會，布蘭頓就是這種人之一。（殷：59）7. - Oh! he must and shall come back, cried Sir John. If he is not here by the end of the week, I shall go after him.- Ay, so do, Sir John, cried Mrs. Jennings, and then perhaps you may find out wh

49、at his business is.-“哦！他一定得回來，”約翰爵士大聲說道，“他如果到周末還沒回來，我就去找他?！?“對，去找他，約翰爵士，”詹寧斯太太嚷道，“到時候，你也許會發(fā)現(xiàn)他在干什么事呢?！?7-“?。∷仨毣貋?，”約翰爵士喊道，“要是他這個周末還不回到這里來，我去追他回來。”-“對，就這樣辦吧，約翰爵士，”詹寧斯太太喊道，“這樣你或許還能發(fā)現(xiàn)他究竟去倫敦干什么了?！?（殷：59）8. I hope you like your house, Miss Marianne. It is a very large one.瑪麗安小姐，我希望你很喜歡自己的住宅。我知道這房子很大?，旣惗餍〗?/p>

50、，我希望你很喜歡你們的房子。我知道，那房子很大。（殷：61）9. We never could agree in our choice of a profession. I always preferred the church, as I still do.我們在選擇職業(yè)上從來達不成一致意見。我總是喜愛牧師這個職務(wù)，現(xiàn)在仍然如此。在選擇職業(yè)上我們的意見從來達不成一致。我喜愛做牧師，現(xiàn)在也是這樣。（殷：93）In the instance we know this is implied in the case of substitution. It would possible to repl

51、ace do by preferred the church.1810. as there was no necessity for my having any profession at all, as I might be as dashing and expensive without a red coat on my back as with one.因為沒有必要讓我非找個職業(yè)不可，因為我身上穿不穿紅制服都會同樣神氣，同樣奢華。因為完全沒有必要找個工作，因為我不穿紅色上衣也和穿紅色上衣可以打扮，可以奢侈揮霍。（殷：93）11. said Elinor, by these frequen

52、t invitations, than by those which we received from them a few weeks ago.“和幾周前我們接受他們的頻繁邀請相比，”埃麗諾說，“現(xiàn)在，他們不見得有什么不客氣、不友好的意圖?！艾F(xiàn)在他們邀請我們時的禮貌和好意并不比幾個星期前差?！卑＠蛑Z說，“如果他們的聚會總是那么單調(diào)乏味，他們自己是不會有什么變化的。（殷：10012. She had nothing to say one day that she had not said the day before.Her insipidity was invariable, for eve

53、n her spirits were always the same.她的漠然寡趣是無可改變的，因為即使她的心情也總是一成不變的。她那枯燥無味的氣質(zhì)永遠不會改變，因為她的情緒總是那樣。（殷：49）19Appendix II.ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST FOR TUTORSPlease mark the paper and write your overall comments in the box of “Tutors comments” below. In-text comments should also be offered if necessary.20北外網(wǎng)院學(xué)士論文評

54、分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(適用于翻譯方向論文終稿)BeiwaiOnlines BA Degree Paper Marking Criteria: Translation評分項目Marking Items評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說明Explanation of Criteria滿分Max. Points得分Given Points1.封面、目錄及整體格式CoverPage,TableofContents, Overall Format封面、目錄格式符合模版要求。論文整體格式整齊規(guī)范，符合模版要求:標(biāo)題、字體、行距等符合規(guī)范;頁碼標(biāo)注正確，從 “導(dǎo)言”開始標(biāo)注。The Cover Page and the Table of Con

55、tents conform to the Templates. The paper is professionally formatted, conforming to the Template. The pages are properly numbered, starting with the Introduction.102.中、英文摘要 Chinese Abstract, English Abstract概括研究目標(biāo)、過程、結(jié)果和意義。格式符合模版要求。 Each Abstract concisely describes the objective, process, result(s

56、) and significance of the research, and conforms to theTemplate.103.導(dǎo)言Introduction介紹研究背景、目標(biāo)、意義和論文結(jié)構(gòu)。The Introduction includes the background, objective and significance of the research, and the organization of the paper.104.文獻綜述Rationale描述與研究目標(biāo)相關(guān)的概念或理論。Related concepts or theories are referred to as the theoretical back-up