1、精選文檔l Part A GRAMMARSubject- Verb AgreementSubject-verb agreement is a very complicated issue and it is not our intention to cover all the ground in this unit. What we attempt to do here is to bring students attention to some points particularly tricky and let them learn by practice. The method we u

2、se in the grammar section of this book is the discovery approach - to let students find out their own answers. We hope this can raise students interest in learning grammar and sharpen their inductive skills.The question of subject-verb agreement is very complicated. Generally speaking, there are thr

3、ee basic principles: grammatical agreement, notional agreement, and the principle of proximity. In his unit, we are going to approach this issue in four contexts:When the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom Activities Summary:1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most case

4、s, but when it expresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.2. After a compound subject with or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not but, the verb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3. Intervening phra

5、ses or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.When the subject

6、expresses quantityReference for the Classroom ActivitiesAll the sentences are correct.Summary:1. Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take a singular verb.2. Some words or phrases, such as all, most, half, the last, the rest, take a singular or plural verb, depending on th

7、e meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3. Phrases like lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of the nouns that follow.4. In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verb should take a singular form though it is plural i

8、n meaning.When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structureReference for the Classroom Activities1). He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges. He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges2

9、). What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents. What one thinks and says are not always the same.3). There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden. There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary:1. After a relative pronoun (who, which, that

10、), the verb has the same person and number as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)2. After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular,. But if the what-clause is in a compound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.

11、3. In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on the number of the subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.OthersReference for the Classroom Activities1). Nobody in town admits seeing him.2)

12、. Does anyone want to go with me?3). Are any of you going to the exhibition?4). None works/work so hard as he does.5). Books are her chief source of enjoyment.6). The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting7). The jury is finally complete.8). The jury were divided i

13、n their Opinions.9). New York Times is his bible.10). Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary:1. Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one, and somebody generally require a singular verb.2. The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3. The co

14、mplement of the verb be does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as a unit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5. Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take a s

15、ingular verb.6. Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take a singular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news, statistics, and whereabouts.l Part B Keys to the FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1. 1). The little boy was chicken-hearted.2). That statesman is a respectable

16、 figure in the political arena.3). We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake4). We need to drink the milk before it sours.5). The child had difficulty finding his way to school.6) The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.7). My father drew back the curtain a li

17、ttle lest I see him.8). Our university can accommodate 4,000 students.9). Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writers attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences 3. (1)experienced (2) elapsed (3)attempting (4) with(5)take up (6) made(7)endeavor (8) tru

18、e4. 1). The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.2). We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested3). Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.4). We must pursue this matter further.5). The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astou

19、nding success.6). Al1 the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.7). The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches8). The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.9). (correct)10). He was awaked to the risk

20、.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that sh

21、e would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of he

22、r poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her

23、 motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. 1). Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.2).

24、The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.3). Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.4). Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.5). Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.6). The instructor as

25、well as the students was at fault.7). He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.8). The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial9). Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display10). The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.11). He believes that athletics improves school morale.12). Up