1、Module7 Unit4 Public transport Grammar 1v-ing形式作定語 1. 單個(gè)的v-ing形式可以作前置定語，表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。developing countries = countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子2. 作定語的v-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。The bottle cont

2、aining vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 裝著醋的那個(gè)瓶子應(yīng)送到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去They lived in _。他們住在一所朝南的房子里。3. 某些情況下，定語不能用v-ing形式，必須用定語從句。 作定語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作要與主句謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，如兩者不能同時(shí)發(fā)生的話，則需使用定語從句。昨天來的教授將要給我們作一個(gè)講座?！?】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【 】The professor who came here yesterday will

3、 give us a lecture. v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作狀語，不作定語。被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要重建了。【 】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【 】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.1.reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in yo

4、ur mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B form C forming D having formed v-ed形式作定語 1. 單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。A watched pot never boils. 心急鍋不開。All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的壞門窗都修好了。提示：如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，單個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。2. 帶有修飾語

5、或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定語，在語法上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。We have read many novels written by this author. (=that are written by this author) 我們讀過這個(gè)作家寫的許多小說。Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. (= who had been invited to the reception) 被邀請(qǐng)到招待會(huì)上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。The meeting, attended by

6、one thousand students, was a success. (=_)這次會(huì)議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。v-ing 和v-ed形式作定語的區(qū)別 1及物動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語表示與被修飾名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，及物動(dòng)詞的-ed 形式表示與被修飾名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help the environment.2不及物動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行，而v-ed形式表

7、示動(dòng)作已完成。the rising sun正在升起的太陽the risen sun:_ boiling water_boiled water_ falling leaves正在飄落的葉子fallen leaves落葉 changing condition變化著的情況changed condition改變了的情況 不及物動(dòng)詞ed形式只表示完成的意義，并不帶有被動(dòng)的含義。an escaped prisoner = _ 逃犯a retired worker = a worker who _退休工人a newly arrived guest = _ 新來的客人v-ing形式作狀語動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作

8、狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞，其動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者與句子主語是主動(dòng)一致。在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語時(shí)多位于句首；作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語時(shí)常位于句末。1 表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.(= After we have made full preparations.)2 表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。 _, he didnt go to school yesterday. (= Since he was i

9、ll.)3 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)4 表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons.5 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Although they knew all this

10、.6 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。 He lay on the grass, _ at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time v-ed形式作狀語 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語和動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。但其動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者與句子主語是被動(dòng)一致。1. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. (= When the city is se

11、en from the tower.) Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.(= After he was completely examined.)有時(shí)動(dòng)詞-ed形式前可加連詞when, while等來強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.當(dāng)

12、被問到為什么上課又遲到時(shí)，她羞愧地低下了頭。Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會(huì)走半個(gè)月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。2. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying. (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .)Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.

13、(= As it was written in haste .)Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. (= Because we were excited by.)3. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。Heated, water changes into steam. (= If water is heated.)Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was given more time .)Compa

14、red with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.(= If she was compared with other professors.)4. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. (= Even if he was laughed by .)為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動(dòng)詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。Even if invited, I wont go.

15、即使受到邀請(qǐng)，我也不去。Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 5. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded )He went into the office, followed by some c

16、hildren. (= and he was followed by some children)【小試牛刀】用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：1. _ (give) more time, he will make a first class tennis player.2. _(hear) that Li Yuchun will give a performance in the city, he got very excited.3. My grandfather always tells me that the _ (labour) people are the wisest in the world.4. _ (be) a student in the new century, we should know what is honourable behavior in the world.5. He sent the company another e-mail, _(hope) to get further information about the job.6. U