1、趙文通學位英語解題方法指導閱讀理解閱讀理解試題的做題方法我們稱之為還原定位法，即把試題準確地在原文中進行定位，找到答案所在的句子。這種方法的運用有三個步驟：1. 先看試題，后讀原文。這樣做既節(jié)省了時間，又提高了做題的效率和準確度。2. 對試題在原文中的位置進行模糊定位。因為試題的出題順序和文章的敘述順序存在高度的一致性。3. 對試題在原文中的位置進行準確定位。對試題在原文中的位置進行準確定位的前提是抓住試題中的標志詞和關鍵詞。標志詞主要包括專有名詞，是指表示人名、地名和組織機構等的名詞，這樣的名詞在文章中一般都要大寫；表示時間或年代的詞；專業(yè)詞匯，這樣的詞匯一般都是比較難懂，一般是我們不認識的

2、詞匯。關鍵詞是指表達試題內(nèi)容的中心詞，一般是試題中的名詞和名詞詞組。應用舉例Scientists are racing to build the worlds first thinking robotThis is not science fiction：somesay they will have made it by the year 2020. Carol Packer reports.Machines that walk，speak and feel are no longer science fictionKismet is the name of an android(機器人)wh

3、ich scientists have built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT). (31)Kismet is different from the traditional robot because it Can show human emotionsIts eyes，ears and lips move to show when it feels happy, sad or boredKismet is one of the first of a new generation of androidsrobots that

4、 look like human beingswhich Can imitate human feelings(32) Cog，another android invented by the MIT, imitates the action of a motherHowever, scientists admit that So far Cog has the mental ability of a twoyearold(33)The optimists(樂觀主義者)say that by the year 2020 we will have created humanoids(機器人)wit

5、h brains similar to those of all adult human beingThese robots will be designed to look like people to make them more attractive and easier to sell to the publicWhat kind of jobs will they do? (34)In the future，robots like Robonaut，a humanoid invented by NASA，will be doing dangerous jobs，like repair

6、ing space stationsThey will also be doing more and mom of the household work for us In Japan，scientists are designing androids that will entertain us by dancing and playing the pianoSome people worry about what the future holds：will robots become monsters(怪物)?Will people themselves become increasing

7、ly like robots? Experts predict that more and more people will be wearing microcomputers，connected to the Internet，in the futurePeople will have microchips in various parts of their body，which will connect them to a wide variety of gadgets (小裝置)Perhaps we should not exaggerate(夸大)the importance of t

8、echnology，but one wonders whether，in years to come，we will still be falling in love，and whether we will still feel painWho knows?31. Kismet is different from traditional robots because A. it thinks for itself B. It is not like science fiction C. it can look after twoyear-old D. it seems to have huma

9、n feelings解：本題的標志詞是Kismet，關鍵詞組是different from traditional robots，我們在文章第二段的第二句話中找到了試題在文章中的位置，細細讀這句話。選項D和這句話的意思是最接近的，因為第二句話中有這樣一句it Can show human emotions，選項中的feelings和文章中的emotions是同義詞替換，這是閱讀理解正確項的一個出題原則。因此是正確答案。32. What makes Cog special? A. It looks like a mother B. It behaves like a child C. It ca

10、n imitate the behavior of a mother D. It has a huge brain解：本題的標志詞是Cog，接著讀文章，在文中尋找關于Cog的論述。關于Cog的論述出現(xiàn)在31題所對應的原文的后面，只有兩句話，仔細讀完這兩句話后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項C和原文是對應的，只是文中的單詞action被替換成了他的同義詞behavior，這是學位英語考試中閱讀理解選項設置的一個特點，即同義詞替換。33. In about 15 years time from now，robots A. will become space designers B. will look like m

11、onsters C. will behave like animals D. will think like humans解：本題的標志詞是表示時間的15 years time，在讀文章是要注意文章中時間詞出現(xiàn)的地方。我們接著度第三段，讀完以后，我們在文章中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)15 years time。但根據(jù)模糊定位的原則，第三題所對應的原文就出現(xiàn)在第二題所對應的原文的下面，我們再仔細讀第三段。在第一句話中，只出現(xiàn)了時間詞2020，題目問的是“從現(xiàn)在起15年以后，機器人會”，我們一經(jīng)算計，15年以后，那就是2020年了。所以題目是間接的提問，需要經(jīng)過我們的計算。那么這道試題所對應的原文就是第三段的前兩句

12、話，讀完后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項D. will think like humans和文章中的句子with brains similar to those of all adult human being是最接近的，選項D是對文章句子的同義改寫，這又是閱讀理解試題選項設置的一個原則。34. In the future robots will also A. explore space B. entertain people C. move much faster D. do all of the housework解：這道試題的標志詞是表示時間的詞組In the future。我們接著第三題所對應的原文接

13、著往下讀，發(fā)現(xiàn)下面一句話中出現(xiàn)了這個表示時間的詞組，因此我們認定正確答案就在這些句子之中。讀完這些句子后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項B在這些句子的最后一句話中出現(xiàn)了。選項D是不正確選項，一般說來如果選項中出現(xiàn)比較絕對化的單詞，如選項D中的all，以及every、each、the best等等，這個選項一般說來都是錯誤的，這是閱讀理解錯誤選項設置的一個原則。35. What is the writers attitude to robots in the future?A. Critical (批評的) B. Hostile (敵意的) C. Objective(客觀的) D. Enthusiastic (熱情

14、的，熱心的)解：這道提問的是作者對于將來計算機的態(tài)度。是最后一道試題，根據(jù)模糊定位的原則，我們應當根據(jù)最后一段來答題，因為文章中就剩下最后一段我們沒有讀。現(xiàn)在讀一下。從作者的敘述來看，并沒有對將來計算機的利弊做出評價，文章是以一個疑問句結尾的：who knows? 從這一點看來，作者的態(tài)度是客觀的、中性的。因此選項C是正確答案。A Good Couple Supports Each Other Rodney Mace, 35, is married with two young children, and is a part-time teacher of architectural hist

15、ory, “I am constantly surprised by other peoples surprise, when they come to the house and see me cleaning a floor or hanging out the washing. Their eyes open wide at the sight of it! Much of the comment comes from men. But I am even more surprised at the number of women who comment too.” His wife J

16、ane, an Oxford graduate in modern languages, has a demanding full-time job. She is director of the Cambridge House literacy scheme for adults in South London. Her working week involves several evenings and Saturdays, and at these times her husband is in sole charge of home and family. Apart from thi

17、s, they share household jobs and employ a child-minder for the afternoons. This enables him to teach two days a week and to do what he considers his principal work: writing. He has written several books and spends much of his time in British Museum Reading Room, cycling there from his home in Brixto

18、n. People ask the Maces if they think their children miss them. One can argue that satisfied parents generally have satisfied children, but in any case the Maces are careful to reserve time and energy to play with their children. “And they have now developed relationships with other adults and child

19、ren.” Previously, Rodney Mace worked full-time and Jane only part-time. Then 18 months ago, the director of the literacy scheme left. “It seems to me that Jane was very well suited to do this job. She was very doubtful about it. But I urged her to apply. She did and she got it.” Jane Mace confirms t

20、hat she needed this encouragement, as so many women initially do, Did his male ego(自我，自己)suffer from the change-over? Nothing like that occurred. But he still seems amazed at the way it changed his thinking. “I felt that we were finally going to be partners. I felt enormous relief, I wasnt avoiding

21、responsibility, but changing it. Our relationship is so much better now. It has been a change for the good for both of us in every aspect, I think it is fundamental that the woman works. The idea of equal partnership is an illusion if one partner doesnt work.”1. The article is about a couple whose m

22、arried life is happier because_.A. they have a truly equal partnershipB. the husband enjoy staying at homeC. they earn more moneyD. the wife has a full-time job2. Jane finally decided to apply for her present job because_.A. she thought she had better qualification than othersB. her husband persuade

23、d her to C. it was very well paidD. some of her friends encouraged her to 3. It is implied the passage that_.A. The Maces believe a good career is even more important than their family lifeB. Rodneys children are quite happy with their position in the familyC. Even capable women sometimes need encou

24、ragement from their familiesD. The practice of sharing household jobs between husband and wife is commonplace in London4. We can infer from this passage that a changeover of roles in the family _.A. is quite necessary in modern lifeB. is probably based on some practical reasonsC. aims solely at a co

25、mplete emancipation of womenD. shows women are not necessarily inferior to men5. Which of the following statements is true? A. Most Englishmen think that a husband should do more housework than a wife.B. In London the traditional idea about the sex role at home has been completely changed.C. Many En

26、glishmen and Englishwomen still take it for granted that women are mainly in charge of home and family.D. English people believe that men should take more responsibilities for housework.答案及分析：1 A 分析：該題考察考生理解主旨要義的能力。要想答好此題，必須對全文內(nèi)容有清晰的了解。2 B 分析：該題考察考生獲取具體信息的能力。答案可在倒數(shù)第二段中獲得。這是本講當中的重點，大家可以以此題為例體會一下這個題型。

27、只要沒有錯過具體信息，做到此題時準確找到問題的出處，出錯的可能性不大。3 C 分析：該題考察考生推理，判斷的能力。將在下一講中提到。推理的基礎是對全文的正確理解。4 B 分析：該題還是考察考生的推理判斷能力。5 C 分析：該題還是考察考生的推理判斷能力。Mary Katherine Goddard and Declaration of Independence If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of

28、 John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded(宣布，預示)the su

29、pport of all thirteen colonies. Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When her proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run

30、 the shop. In 1765 they began publishing The Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimores first newspaper, Th

31、e Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtors prison, Mary Katherine Goddards name appeared in the newspapers masthead (報頭) for the first time. When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissio

32、ned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies. During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimores only

33、 newspaper, which one historian claimed was “second to none among the colonies.” She was also the citys postmaster from 1775 to 1789 - appointed by Benjamin Franklin and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.46. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly conc

34、erned?A. The accomplishment of a female publisher.B. The weaknesses of the newspaper industry.C. The rights of a female publisher.D. The publishing system in colonial America.47. Mary Goddards name appears on the Declaration of Independence because_.A. She helped write the original documentB. She pu

35、blished the documentC. She paid to have the document printedD. Her brother was in prison48. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she _.A. was appointed by Benjamin FranklinB. signed the Declaration of IndependenceC. took over her brothers printing shopD. mo

36、ved to Baltimore49. The word “there” in paragraph 3 refers to_.A. the coloniesB. the print shopC. BaltimoreD. Providence50. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was _.A. an accomplished businesswomanB. extremely wealthyC. a member of the Continental CongressD. a famous writer內(nèi)容提示與分析

37、： 作為獨立宣言重簽名的唯一女性，瑪麗為美國的獨立做出了獨特的貢獻。本文敘述了她一生的經(jīng)歷從偶然進入出版界道到創(chuàng)辦巴爾的摩的第一份報紙，從勇敢的印刷第一份官方版本的獨立宣言到美國歷史上首位擁有聯(lián)邦公職的女性，這些無不顯示了她超人的能力與遠見，縱覽她一生的奮斗史，她的確無愧于“殖民地中第一人”的贊譽。答案與分析：56. A 分析：本題考察了對全文的理解。開始從獨立宣言的簽名引出了瑪麗的不平凡，然后介紹她創(chuàng)辦報紙，印刷獨立宣言，最后擔任市郵政局局長。文章并沒有介紹權力。出版系統(tǒng)的狀況，也沒有介紹出版工業(yè)的狀況，故答案為A.57. B 分析：本題有些隱蔽性。原文第二段最后說While he was

38、in debtors prison, Mary Katherine Goddards name appeared in the newspapers masthead (報頭) for the first time.這說明在弟弟入獄后，她代替他繼續(xù)經(jīng)營報業(yè)，所以應選B，文章根本沒有談到撰寫文章，付錢等事，所以A, C不符合題意，而D沒有發(fā)掘出背后的信息。故答案為B。58. C 分析：答案為第二段最后一句話，由for the first time可以知道答案，A, B所提到的事是在后期才做的，所以不合適，故答案為C。59. C 分析：由第一段可以知道，瑪麗印刷獨立宣言，由第二段可以知道，他的印刷

39、工作都在巴而的摩進行。A, B, D在文中都沒有提到。故答案為C。60. A 分析：第一段只是提到她是簽名人之一，并沒有說她是議員，所以C不對，也不能確定她是不是有錢，有名。從她的行為和成就看，可以肯定的是：她是一位取得了巨大成就的商業(yè)女性，故答案為A.Teach Your Child to Wonder Children start out as natural scientists, instinctively eager to investigate the world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easy, theres

40、 no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment. You only have to share your childrens curiosity. Firstly, listen to their questions. I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a career. The children asked me “textbook questions” about schooling, salary

41、and whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing one another in science. Finally I said, “Now that were finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?” After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “have you ever seen a grasshopper eat? When I try eating

42、leaves like that, I got a stomachache. Why? ” This began a series of questions that lasted nearly two hours. Secondly, give them time to think. Studies over the past three decades have shown that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for a response, no time for a ch

43、ild to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children respond with more logical, complete and creative answers. Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a child engaged in a science discussion, dont jump in with “Thats right” or “Very good.” These words work well

44、 when it comes to encouraging good behavior. But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going by saying, “Thats interesting” or “Id never thought of it that way before,” or coming up with more questions or ideas. Never urge a child to “Think”.

45、 It doesnt make sense, children are always thinking, without your telling them to. Whats more, this can turn a conversation into a performance. The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few as possible, so he will be a smaller target for your disapproval. Lastly, show, dont tell. Real-li

46、fe impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can extract from a book or a television program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass, and theyll understand why you want them to wash before dinner. Rather than saying that water evaporates, set a

47、pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop.46. In order to arouse childrens interest, the most important things for adults to do is _.A. to encourage them by saying “Thats right frequently ”B. to share their curiosityC. to explain difficult phrases about scienceD. to offer their ch

48、ildren lad devices47. The word “instinctively” in the first line can be replaced by _.A. activelyB. passionatelyC. impulsivelyD. interestingly48. According to the passage, children can give more logical, complete and creative answers n science discussion if adults _.A. give them some hintsB. encoura

49、ge them by giving them prizeC. urge them to thinkD. wait at least for three seconds after a question49. According to the fifth and sixth paragraphs, we may infer that _.A. to praise does good to a child engaged in a science discussionB. a child will not think unless you urge him to do soC. more ques

50、tions or ideas can keep science discussion going wellD. parents language can not affect a childs performance50. The author mentions all of the following techniques for adults to share with their childrens curiosity except that adults should_. A. tell their children stories instead of reciting factsB

51、. offer their children the chance to see things for themselvesC. be patient enough when their children answer questionsD. encourage their children to ask questions of their own內(nèi)容提示與分析：本文介紹如何教會孩子思考，大人應激發(fā)他們觀察周圍世界的興趣，并與他們分享這種好奇心。文章介紹了五個要點：第一是要傾聽他們的問題；第二要給他們思考的時間；第三要注意自己的用語；第四不要刻意鼓勵孩子去思考，因為這是沒有用的；第五是應通過

52、行動而非言語來使孩子明白道理。答案及分析：51. B 分析：從文章第一段第三句You only have to share your childrens curiosity可以知道答案。其他三個選項在文章中沒有提到，或與文意相反。故答案為B。52. C 分析：instinctively的意思是“生來，本能的”，表達了“孩子生來就像科學家”這層含義。故答案為C。53. D 分析：本題考察的是對段落大意的把握，第四段最后一句When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children respond with m

53、ore logical, complete and creative answers.整是該段段意，其他三個選項在文章中沒有提到。故答案為D。54. C 分析：文章第五段提到But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going第六段又說不要刻意激勵孩子去思考。選項A不對，因為不能單純的表揚孩子；選項B不對，因為其意義正好與原文相反；選項D不對，因為從第五段可以知道適當?shù)目洫剷鸬搅己玫淖饔?，但要注意方式，故答案為C.55. A 分析：從上

54、面的提示歸納出的幾個要點可以看出，只有A沒有談到，故答案為A.Poverty in Different Countries In the United States during 1992, any family of four with an annual cash income of less than $ 14, 335 (before taxes) was considered poor. The dollar amount was called the poverty line, an economic measuring rod devised in 1964. The line

55、was set at three times the amount needed to provide the cheapest nutritionally balanced diet. The poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation. While the poverty line in the United States was more than $ 14, 000, the average annual per-person income in Bangladesh was $ 200, in Ethiopia $ 130, in

56、Haiti $340, and In Mali 4 265. Anyone in those nations with an income of $ 14, 000 would be considered wealthy. During the Great Depression in the United States, when half the population was considered poor, a family with an income at the 1992 poverty line could afford to buy a house, a car, clothing and food. The reality of poverty varies with location and social and political conditions. Poverty basically means a lack of, or an insufficient amount of, the three primary physical needs- food, clothing, and sh