1、,英語語法包括詞法和句法 詞法:名詞（noun）、動(dòng)詞(verb)、形容詞(adjective)、冠詞(article)、數(shù)詞(numeral)、介詞(preposition)、代詞(pronoun)、連詞(conjunction)、副詞(adverb)等詞類的用法 句法：一般規(guī)則的用法和特殊規(guī)則的用法,英語語法的構(gòu)成,英語語法構(gòu)成示意圖,簡單的簡單句 六個(gè)最基本句型,以及其中包含的六種句子成分(主謂賓系表補(bǔ))。 SV(主謂) SVO(主謂賓) SVP(主系表) SVOOC(主謂賓賓補(bǔ)) SVIODO(主謂雙賓語) There be + O (There be),復(fù)雜的簡單句 在六大句型基礎(chǔ)上

2、加三大修飾成分(定語、狀語、同位語)后句子變得更加復(fù)雜了,但仍屬于簡單句(即句號前只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu))。 如： I left the beautiful city Beijing yesterday. 主 謂 定 賓 同位 狀,非簡單句 當(dāng)一個(gè)句號前出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)、甚至更多個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),簡單句就變成了并列句或復(fù)合句。 并列句（并列連詞連接） 復(fù)合句（從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)）,目錄,（一）語氣（虛擬語氣） （二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 （三）形容詞、副詞及比較級、最高級 （四）代詞及其指代一致 （五）主謂一致 （六）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) （七）省略問題 （八）否定句及其慣常用法 （九）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) （十）名詞性從句,英語中有三種語氣：

3、祈使語氣（Imperative mood） 直陳語氣（Indicative mood） 虛擬語氣（Subjunctive mood）,Please sit down! I am a teacher./I am not a teacher./Are you a teacher? If I were you, I would do better.,Mood,If he had driven (drive) more carefully, he would not have had (have) the car accident yesterday.,虛擬語氣的考點(diǎn)歸納如下： (should)+動(dòng)詞

4、原形的情形 wish, if only, it is time的用法 if或but for等引導(dǎo)的條件句,Summary,1.1 虛擬語氣的類別,從虛擬語氣的形式和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼，可將其分為三大類： be型虛擬語氣 Were型虛擬語氣 條件虛擬語氣,1.2 be型虛擬語氣,Be型虛擬語氣指在任何情況下，不分時(shí)態(tài)、人稱，句子謂語動(dòng)詞統(tǒng)統(tǒng)使用原形動(dòng)詞的虛擬形式，be型虛擬語氣主要有兩種用途,1）用于含有命令、建議、要求等意義的結(jié)構(gòu)中 含有上述意義的動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句 含有上述意義的名詞后的同位語從句或表語從句 含有上述意義的某些It is +過去分詞+that 或it is +形容詞+that 的結(jié)

5、構(gòu)中 在英國英語中，這一類的虛擬語氣也可以用should+原形動(dòng)詞的形式,The teacher insisted that we be in his office at 5 oclock. 老師堅(jiān)持讓我們五點(diǎn)鐘到他的辦公室去。 The general ordered that his troops retreat from the frontline. 將軍命令部隊(duì)從前線撤退。,All I request of you is that you be punctual. 我只要你準(zhǔn)時(shí)到。 It is essential that the new technique be introduced.

6、 引進(jìn)新工藝很重要。 It is imperative that you present yourself at the meeting. 你務(wù)必親自出席會(huì)議。,Instructions are issued that the war prisoners be released. 釋放所有戰(zhàn)犯的命令已經(jīng)下達(dá)。 It is the committees decision that the meeting be put off until next Friday. 委員會(huì)決定會(huì)議延至下星期五舉行。,常與be型虛擬語氣連用的 動(dòng)詞主要有：advise,agree,decide,demand,insi

7、st,move,order,prefer, propose, request,require,suggest等 名詞主要有：decision,advice.demand,instruction,order,insistence, proposal, requirement,resolution,suggestion等 形容詞主要有：advisable,desirable,appropriate,essential,fitting, important,imperative,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,vital,urgent等,用于表示祝愿、詛

8、咒、假定、讓步、擔(dān)憂等含義的結(jié)構(gòu)和一些固定用法中。 這些虛擬語氣多由某些特定的連接詞引導(dǎo)，它們多為古英語虛擬語氣的殘余，現(xiàn)僅限于正式場合使用，一般可為直陳語氣所取代。,如： If that be the case, we have to give up our original plan. 倘若情況果真如此，我們將不得不放棄原定計(jì)劃。 Whatever be your reason, you have no right to be rude to your elders. 無論你有什么理由，你都無權(quán)對長輩們粗魯無禮。,They evacuated the building lest the w

9、all collapse. 他們撤出了大樓，以防墻壁倒塌。 Though he slay me, will I trust in him? 即使他要?dú)⑽?，我也要信賴他嗎?Long live our motherland！ 祖國萬歲！,God save his soul. 上帝保佑他的靈魂得到安息。 Far be it from me to accept his advice blindly.我決不會(huì)盲目接受他的意見。 Home is home, be it ever so homely. 家縱簡陋，總歸是家。 We can always lend you a helping hand if

10、need be. 倘有必要，我們隨時(shí)可以援一引手。,1.3 were型虛擬語氣,Were 型虛擬語氣主要指be動(dòng)詞在某些表示與事實(shí)相反的語境里使用固定的were形式 其他動(dòng)詞在類似的語境里使用過去時(shí)或過去完成體形式的虛擬語氣。,Were型虛擬語氣主要用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望、假設(shè)、印象、看法等意義的結(jié)構(gòu)中 Wish一類動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句 If only, as if, would rather/sooner, it is time 等短語后邊的句子，如與現(xiàn)在情況相反，虛擬語氣用動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)（be動(dòng)詞用were）, 與過去情況相反，則用過去完成體形式,We earnestly wish he we

11、re here with us sharing our happiness. 我真希望他此刻正與我們在一起分享我們的快樂。 I do wish the frightful calamity had not befallen us. 我真希望那場可怕的災(zāi)難沒有降臨到我們頭上。,If only his advice had been acted upon. 當(dāng)時(shí)要是采納了他的意見該有多好。 How dare you come in as if you owned the place? 你怎么敢象是這地方的主人似的隨意進(jìn)來？ I would rather we had dinner now. 我倒愿

12、意現(xiàn)在就吃飯。,I would sooner he stayed at home. 我倒寧愿他現(xiàn)在呆在家里。 It is high time you turned over a new leaf. 現(xiàn)在該是你改過自新重新做人的時(shí)候了。,1.4 條件虛擬語氣,從總體上說，條件虛擬語氣基本上可理解為是在直陳語氣的基礎(chǔ)上將時(shí)間點(diǎn)朝過去的方向推移了一步。 條件虛擬語氣中與各時(shí)間情況相反的虛擬動(dòng)詞形式如下表：,1. 4.1與各時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)相反條件虛擬語氣例示 注意虛擬句中隱含的真實(shí)情況和作者、說話人的情感、意愿意義，如： If his suggestions had been acted upon, cir

13、cumstances would have been entirely different. 倘若早將他的建議付諸實(shí)施，情況早就完全不同了。,If it hadnt rained so heavily I would surely have come to your meeting on Friday afternoon. 倘若不是天下大雨，我肯定會(huì)來出席你們星期五下午召開的會(huì)議。 If he knew you are here, he would certainly come to see you . 如果他知道你在這里，他肯定會(huì)來看你。,If she dyed her hair a lit

14、tle darker, she would look much younger. 如果她把頭發(fā)染一點(diǎn)，她看起來會(huì)顯得年輕很多。 If the sun should rise in the west, I would not change my mind. 就是太陽從西邊出來，我也不會(huì)改變主意。,1. 4.2省略if的條件虛擬語氣 條件虛擬語氣的條件從句中如有助動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞be或動(dòng)詞have時(shí)，可以將if省略，將以上這些詞與主語位置倒置，這些用法往往見于比較正式的語體中，如：,Were it not for the heavy fog, the plane would have taken off

15、 on schedule. 要不是因?yàn)闈忪F彌漫，飛機(jī)就會(huì)按預(yù)定時(shí)間起飛。 Were he allowed to exercise a choice, which would he choose of the three? 倘若讓他們使選擇權(quán)，三者之中他將挑選哪一個(gè)？,Should there be a misfortune, how could its loss be lightened? 如果發(fā)生不幸，怎樣才能減輕損失？ Had I known of your difficulties I would have helped you . 要是我當(dāng)時(shí)知道你的窘境，我就會(huì)幫你了。,1. 4.3

16、錯(cuò)綜條件虛擬語氣 有時(shí)條件從句對應(yīng)的時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)與結(jié)果主句對應(yīng)的時(shí)間基準(zhǔn)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)位，如從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反的意義，主句表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反等，這時(shí)應(yīng)該針對情況對動(dòng)詞形式予以調(diào)整，如：,If it had not been for the prolonged drought in May ,we should reap a bumper harvest this year. 要不是五月那場持續(xù)的干旱，我們今年可能奪得大豐收。（條件從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與將來可能情況相反）,Had he not turned a deaf ear to my warning, he would not be i

17、n such a difficult situation. 倘若他對我的告誡不置若罔聞的話，他就不會(huì)陷入目前的困境了。（條件從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在情況相反）,Had he enough courage he would certainly take your challenge. 假如他有足夠的勇氣，他肯定會(huì)勇敢地接受你的挑戰(zhàn)。（條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與將來情況相反）,Had you worked a bit harder, you would not have to be so extremely worried about the coming examination now

18、. 如果你過去學(xué)習(xí)用功一點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)在也不必象這樣為即將來臨的考試憂心如焚了。（條件從句與過去事實(shí)相反，結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在情況相反）,1. 4.4 含蓄條件虛擬語氣 有時(shí)條件虛擬語氣的條件不是由從句表達(dá)的，而是由介詞詞組或上下文等表達(dá)的，這樣的虛擬語氣稱為含蓄條件虛擬語氣，如：,We could not have achieved such brilliant achievement in the war without the selfless support from the allied forces. 要不是盟軍的無私援助，我們不可能取得如此輝煌的成績。,The plan would have

19、turned out to be quite effective under other circumstances. 換個(gè)環(huán)境，該計(jì)劃完全可能非常有效。,He would have got much higher scores in the final examination, but he was so lazy. 他本來在期末考試中得分會(huì)高得多的，只是他太懶惰了。,It was snowing heavily or we could have got there on time. 那天正值天降大雪，不然我們本來可以按時(shí)到達(dá)的。 With more capital, I would hav

20、e succeeded. 假如有更多的資本，我可能會(huì)取得成功。 The same thing, happening in a crowded place, would have brought a great disaster. 假如相同的事件發(fā)生在人群擁擠的地方，一定會(huì)引起一場大災(zāi)難。,But for the doctors skill, he would have died. 要不是醫(yī)生醫(yī)術(shù)高明，他早就死了。 Five minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train. 如果早到五分鐘，我們就可以趕上一班火車了。 To hea

21、r him speak English, youd take him for an American. 假如你聽他說英語，你會(huì)以為他是美國人。,Exercise One,1. If the earth suddenly _ spinning, we would all fly off it.（1990 年6月四級題） A. stopped B. had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop,2. “How should the city be run?” “If I _ a mayor, I would make the streets cleaner an

22、d hire more policemen.”（托福題） A. would B. were C. would be D. should,3. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.（1999年6月四級題） A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned,4. Jean doesnt want to work right away b

23、ecause she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四級題） A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got,5. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.（1999年1月四級題） A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled

24、 C. wont smile D. didnt smile,6. I apologize if I _ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.（1998年考研題） A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended,7. It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on time.（1995年6月六級題） A. be B. shall be C. are to be D. must be,8. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.(1995年6月四級題) A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started,9. Who would you rather his daughter _ in the same office.（2002年6月四級題） A. going