1、,Reading Comprehension,閱讀理解專題主旨大意題,考試說明： 閱讀理解 要求學(xué)生讀懂簡易的英語文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志及各類媒體中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文章并回答相關(guān)問題。,考綱導(dǎo)航,針對閱讀能力，要求考生能： 1） 理解語篇主旨大意 2） 理解文中具體信息 3） 根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞詞義 4）根據(jù)文中事實(shí)和線索作出 簡單判斷和推理 5） 理解文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和文脈 邏輯關(guān)系 6）理解作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度 7）提煉文章提綱、概括主要內(nèi)容、理解關(guān)鍵信息,1. 主旨大意題 2. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題 3. 詞/語義判斷題 4. 推理判斷題,考綱導(dǎo)航,I.考查主旨大

2、意題常見的題干,命題者大多就段落/短文的主題（main idea/topic）、寫作目的（purpose）、標(biāo)題（title）等進(jìn)行擬題。 例如： 1.The main idea of the paragraph（passage）is . 2.From the paragraph（text）we know that . 3.The passage is meant to 4. The purpose of this article is to 5.The best title for the passage might be 6.The best title for this text ( p

3、assage) could be .,閱讀理解掌握主旨大意,II.如何做主旨大意題,1) 主旨大意題屬于歸納概括題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。 2) 找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。在答題時(shí)，我們可以： 讀首句抓大意 讀尾句抓大意 讀首尾段抓大意 3.) 無明顯主題句時(shí)高頻信息詞 任一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,名師指津：P17 Q3 ： What is the best title for the text?Week5 周測D篇閱

4、讀理解32： The text is mainly about?,The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water. With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture, Although the id

5、ea of a water shortage (短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the worlds agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water red

6、istribution(重新分配) are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself ,but there is also an environmental cost to be considered .Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it

7、cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.,This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation (灌溉). In Texas, farmers ov

8、eruse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert

9、 areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation （灌溉）water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.,The text is mainly about _. A. water supply and incre

10、asing population B. water use management and agriculture C. water redistribution and wildlife protection D. water shortages and environmental protection 【點(diǎn)撥】主題型主旨大意題。本文主要講述了世界可用淡水資源的匱乏及對農(nóng)業(yè)的影響。文章的前面部分主要是講述農(nóng)業(yè)在利用水資源過程中存在的一些問題，后面接下來是介紹加強(qiáng)水資源管理的方法和措施。文中多次出現(xiàn)的信息詞（見劃線部分）有院agriculture，man-agement，agricultural

11、，overuse of irrigation water，water use，managed 等，在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有選項(xiàng)B的內(nèi)容與文章主題最為接近，并且含有高頻信息詞，故【答案】選B項(xiàng)。,四、尋找主題句，確定文章中心思想 不是所有的文章都有主題句，但是對于大部分有主題句的文章來說，主題句表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，找到了主題句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。,Sample 1 Insects come in many sizesSome are big and some are smallThe smallest ones are so smal1 that it takes one hundred o

12、f them to form one inchThe biggest insects are not big，but they are one thousand times as big as the smallestThey are about ten inches in length！ 第一句即為主題句，概述本段的主題思想“昆蟲的大小不同”。接著，在主題句后面的句子里，作者為闡述這個(gè)主題，指出昆蟲有大有小，并對最小的昆蟲和最大的昆蟲分別加以陳述。,如何尋找主題句,Sample 2 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that th

13、ey havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a h

14、amburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea of the paragraph? A)Some people like steak and others like red meat. B)Vegetables are very healthy to you. C)Food preparation has a lot to do with peoples tastes. D)Different people have

15、 different tastes in food.,13,Sample 3,Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dan

16、gerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. Man has made great progress in environment protection. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the forests and sea resources and waste water and poisonous gases have been also dealt with. Still

17、more measures should be taken to solve the problems. People should be further educated to realize the importance of the problem, to use modern methods of birth control and learn to recycle our natural resources. We are sure that we shall have a better and cleaned planet in the future.,開門見山 提出主題, 隨之用

18、細(xì)節(jié)來解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方式.,Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with da

19、ngerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.,分清main idea 和supporting sentences,主題句在句首的文章結(jié)構(gòu)是先點(diǎn)出主題，然后圍繞這一主題進(jìn)行分析用演繹法闡述觀點(diǎn)，呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)正三角形的模式。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)英語議論文和說明文大約有80%是這樣寫的。,Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so q

20、uickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.,Sample 4 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells th

21、em exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。,A human body app

22、ears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with

23、 his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore, man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of

24、 damage and death that threaten him.,Sample 5,先陳述細(xì)節(jié),后歸納要點(diǎn), 印象, 結(jié)論,建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題. 這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式 。,A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man goo

25、d at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so stro

26、ng in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore， man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.,Sample 6 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the m

27、an who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance,這種以先陳述細(xì)節(jié),后歸納要點(diǎn), 印象, 結(jié)論,建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題. 這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式 。這種寫作模式呈倒三角形。,Sample 7 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inve

28、ntions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中間當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí), 通

29、常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.,People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are worlds healthiest people - right？Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the worlds healthiest. For example，people who liv

30、e on small, faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness.,Sample 8,本段的三個(gè)層次比較明顯。 第一句以設(shè)問的方式提出該文段要討論的主題：生活在有許多醫(yī)生和現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院的國家中的人是世界上最健康的人嗎？此句起到了引出主題的作用。 第三句對前面的提問做出籠統(tǒng)的回答：許多生活在沒有大夫和醫(yī)院環(huán)境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陳述主題思想的作用，應(yīng)枧為主題句。 段落的最后則舉例對主題做進(jìn)一步的解釋。,4.主題句在段首和

31、段尾,Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks；Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet；Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On t

32、he surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true. But in any country，the manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and

33、bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.,本段主要說明“禮貌在所有國家都很重要，然而各國表達(dá)禮貌的方式卻不同”。文段的第一句明確陳述了這一看法。在段尾作者再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一看法。,首尾呼應(yīng) 為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見. 但前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。,5無主題句 即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，

34、進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛，要恰如其分。,Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an exce

35、llent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.,detail,detail,de

36、tail,【解題思路】 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看，個(gè)個(gè)都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育，所以答案是 ,Types Of Paragraph Structures,1. 文章中的but, however, rather, as a result, therefore, in brief, in short 等詞

37、。它們通常 是引出中心主旨的方向詞。而for example, first, to begin with等是引出細(xì)節(jié)的信息詞，在 它們之前往往提到文章的中心主旨。,技巧總結(jié),2. 主旨題忌以偏概全，注意答案選項(xiàng)所涉及 的概念的外延和內(nèi)涵必須能恰如其分地概 況文章的主題，既不能范圍過大，也不能 把某一細(xì)節(jié)或側(cè)面誤當(dāng)作主題 3. 注意捕捉文章中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的中心詞匯 和全文和段落的主題句 4. 選擇文章標(biāo)題時(shí)要有概括性、針對性、醒 目性,The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supp

38、ly of water. With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture, Although the idea of a water shortage (短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of t

39、he worlds agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself ,but there is also an environmental cost to be considered .Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one