1、Hyponymy -上下義關(guān)系,Outline,Definition of hyponymy Superordinate and subordinate Use of superordinate and subordinate Some details out of the book,Hyponymy 上下義關(guān)系,Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general wo

2、rd.,Hyponym (subordinate) 下義詞,Hyperonym (superordinate) 上義詞,Example,rose,lily,tulip,flower,Example,parrot,sparrow,oriole,bird,Attention:,Hyponymy can be describes in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinate. Their status either as superordinate or subor

3、dinate is relative to other terms.,Tree-like graphs,Living things,creature,plant,animal,insect,horse,dog,pig,cockroach,mare,vegetable,flower,tree,cabbage,rose,pine,hound,swine,Trees surround the water near our summer place. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin. I met a writer who is the

4、relation of a politician. I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.,usage,Subordinates: concrete precise vivid Superordinate: general vague However, this does not mean that subordinate are better than superordinate.,usage,She likes dogs and other animals.There is no flower mo

5、re beautiful than a rose.I like all fruits except bananas.She reads book all day mostly novels.,usage,Distinction: Hyponymy and Meronymy,Meronymy mrnm n. the semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole 整體部分關(guān)系,1、the relationship between the whole and its membership 整體和成員之間的關(guān)系,e.g. 學(xué)生 小學(xué)生、中學(xué)生、大學(xué)生. 車 轎車、客車、吉普車、卡車. Hyponymy 構(gòu)成上下義,2、the relationship between the whole and its component 整體與其構(gòu)件的關(guān)系,e.g. 火車車頭、車廂、車尾 人頭、胳膊、手、腳 部分代表不了整體，不能構(gòu)成上下義關(guān)系,鋼琴、小提琴、長(zhǎng)笛樂器 Musical instruments 鋼筆、粉筆筆 Pen chalk-沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的上義詞,Attention,Attent