1、Gaius Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC),前三巨頭同盟: Marius馬略 Sulla蘇拉 Pompey Crassus Caesar 龐培 克拉蘇,Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC 15 March 44 BC) was a military commander, politician and author at the end of the Roman Republic. Caesar became a member of the First Triumviratetraimvirt, -reit (三人執(zhí)政), and wh

2、en that broke up he fought a civil war against Pompey the Great. Winning the war, Caesar became Dictator for life of the Roman Republic. He was assassinated by his enemies in Rome.,Troubled youth,At sixteen he was the head of his family, and soon came under threat as Lucius Cornelius Sulla became Di

3、ctator. Sulla set about purging Rome of his enemies. Hundreds were killed or exiled, and Caesar was on the list. His mothers family pleaded for his life; Sulla reluctantly gave in, but stripped Caesar of his inheritance. Then Caesar joined the army, and left Rome. He only returned after Sullas death

4、 in 78 BC.,On the way up,On his return to Rome he was elected military tribune（護(hù)民官）. He was elected quaestorkwi:st, kwe- (財(cái)務(wù)官) for 69 BC. His wife Cornelia died that year. After her funeral, Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Spain. On his return in 67 BC, he married Pompeia (a granddaughter o

5、f Sulla), whom he later divorced. In 63 BC he ran for election to the post of Pontifex Maximus, high priest of the Roman state religion. Caesar won comfortably, despite his opponents greater experience and standing.,Caesars civil war,In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to disband his

6、 army and return to Rome because his term as governor of Gaul had finished. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. But when Caesars army approached, Pompey, the lawful Consul of Rome

7、, and his friends, fled from Rome.,Pompey managed to escape before Caesar could capture him. Caesar decided to head for Spain, while leaving Italy under the control of Mark Antony. In 48 BC, he defeated Pompey, at the Battle of Pharsalusf:seils.,Assassination,On the 15 March of 44 BC , Caesar arrive

8、d at the Senate and then was assassinated by his enemies in Rome. According toEutropius , around 60 or more men participated in the assassination. Caesar was stabbed 23 times to death. After his death, Rome fell in chaos. In the chaos Mark Antony, Octavian kteivin（屋大維） , and others fought a series o

9、f five civil wars, which would end in the formation of the Roman Empire.,Some of his achievements Obtained a seat in the Senate around 68 B.C. (Age 32) Elected Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) in 63 B.C. (Age 37) Soon became appointed governor of a province in Spain in 61 B.C. (Age 39) This could mak

10、e him rich! 59 B.C. Caesar elected consul (n.領(lǐng)事；（古羅馬）執(zhí)行官員)with another named Bibulus . Caesar strong-armed many things including a 5 year (later extended to 9) proconsul (地方總督；殖民地總督 )of Gaul.,His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, and he was also responsible

11、 for the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC.,The First Triumvirate,In 60 B.C. Caesar took power with Pompey the Great and Crassus. These three men ruled Rome and were called the Triumviratetraimvirt, -reit (三人執(zhí)政). Caesar was the go-between for Crassus and Pompey. They had been at odds for year

12、s, but Caesar tried to reconcilereknsail them. Between the three of them, they had enough money and political influence to control public business.,A government ruled by three people equally,During this period, Caesar proposed a law for the redistribution of public lands to the poor, which was suppo

13、rted by Pompey. They dominated politics and often bullied or bribed the Senate to attain their goals.,Remember the three rulers, The Triumvirate? Caesar, Pompey, Crassus They started to disband, Actually, Crassus died and Pompey became Caesars rival,Changes that Caesar madeas absolute ruler,Granted

14、citizenship to people in provinces outside Italy Expanded Senate to 900, making it more representative of the Empire Land owners must use free men rather than slaves for at least 1/3 of the workforce,Set up public works program for jobs Found colonies in Spain, France and Switzerland to provide land for poor Roman citizens Set up new Julian Calendar But he didnt rule for long.,What happens next.? The Second Triumvirate formed to avenge Caesars death in 43 B.C. The following ruled for 10 years Octavian grand nephew of Caesar Marc Antony not the singer but a general Lepidus a powerful