1、Section Learning about Language,一,二,一、讀下列名人名言,試著說出每句話中的從句及其類別 1.We are here to add what we can to life,not to get what we can from it. William Osler 2.The danger of the past was that men became slaves.The danger of the future is that men may become robots. Erich Fromm 3.It is no use doing what you l

2、ike;you have got to like what you do. Winston Churchill,答案:賓語從句:what we can to life;what we can from it,答案:表語從句:that men became slaves;that men may become robots,答案:賓語從句:what you like;what you do,一,二,二、欣賞下列幽默故事,給畫線部分的從句分類 1.A:We all want to go to the moon,dont we? B:Yes.That is (A)what we want.The q

3、uestion is (B)where we can catch the early bus to the moon. 2.A:Doctor,you know (C)I havent slept for days. B:Why is that? A:I guess thats (D)because I sleep at night. 3.A:Do you know (E)which particular dance cleaners do? B:The Char-char. A:How do you know? B:“Its (F)whats called a floor show.”My a

4、unt often says that. A:Whats your aunt? B:I do believe (G)shes the best cleaner and dancer in the world.,一,二,賓語從句: 表語從句:,C,E,G,A,B,D,F,Grammar:賓語從句和表語從句 概述:名詞性從句(一) 在復(fù)合句中起名詞作用的從句叫作名詞性從句。它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句是一個(gè)重要的語法項(xiàng)目,因此必須掌握好。本單元主要學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句和表語從句的用法。 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞有:that,whether,if,what,whatever,wh

5、o, whoever,whom,whose,which,when,where,how,why等。,考點(diǎn)一賓語從句 賓語從句在主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句的連接詞大致一樣,在句中可以做謂語動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語。 1)由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),that在從句中不做任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省略。如: We all agreed (that) it would be a mistake not to take his advice. 我們都認(rèn)為不聽他的建議是個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。 注意以下幾點(diǎn): 從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)及以

6、后的分句前的that不可省略。如: We all think (that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a very good university. 我們都認(rèn)為她學(xué)習(xí)非常努力,一定能進(jìn)一個(gè)非常好的大學(xué)。,在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后,賓語從句中謂語常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可省略。如: The commander ordered that troops(shoul

7、d) set off at once. 司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。 動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞或慣用搭配+that從句。 We think it important that every citizen should have good manners. 我們認(rèn)為每個(gè)市民都有禮貌是很重要的。(其中it為形式賓語,而真正的賓語是that引導(dǎo)的從句),注意動(dòng)詞 doubt 的否定結(jié)構(gòu)和疑問句才可以接that從句。如: I dont doubt that he will be against the idea. 我毫不懷疑他會(huì)反對(duì)這一想法。 I doubt whether he will be against

8、 the idea. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)反對(duì)這一想法。 Do you doubt that I can finish it on time? 你懷疑我能按時(shí)完成這件事情嗎? 2)疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句 用who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever, whatever,whichever等連接詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),連接詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。應(yīng)注意從句的語序要用陳述語序。如: She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。(how在從句中做狀語),3)whether或if引

9、導(dǎo)的賓語從句 whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句仍保持陳述語序,whether或if在從句中不能省略。如: I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他來還是不來。 此外,whether與if 在作“是否”講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if: a.引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時(shí); b.引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí); c.引導(dǎo)的賓語從句做介詞的賓語時(shí); d.從句中有“or not”時(shí); e.后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。,4)注意賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng) 當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),賓語從句可根據(jù)句子自身的情況而使用不同時(shí)態(tài)。如: I know that he studied

10、 English last term.(從句用一般過去時(shí)) 我知道他上學(xué)期學(xué)過英語。 當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)(could,would除外),賓語從句也要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài),如一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)等;但是當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象等時(shí),則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如: The teacher told us that Tom had left for America. 老師告訴我們湯姆已經(jīng)動(dòng)身去美國(guó)了。 Magellan proved that the earth is round. 麥哲倫證明了地球是圓的。,5)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞think,believe,imag

11、ine,suppose等的主語是第一人稱時(shí)其后的賓語從句,如有否定意思,要把主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。如: We didnt think he was here.我們認(rèn)為他不在這兒。,考點(diǎn)二表語從句 在復(fù)合句中做表語的從句叫表語從句,表語從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后。 1)that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句 that僅起連接作用,無意義,在從句中不做任何成分,通常不能省略。這種從句往往對(duì)主句主語的內(nèi)容起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。 其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語+系動(dòng)詞+that從句”。如: What surprised me most was that all the pupils were unusua

12、lly quiet. 使我十分驚訝的是所有的學(xué)生異乎尋常地安靜。 當(dāng)主語是reason時(shí),表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)。如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. 他遲到的原因是今天早上他以一分鐘之差錯(cuò)過了火車。,2)wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句 連接代詞what,which,who,whom,whose等除在句子中起連接作用外,還在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分,且各有各的詞義。如: The problem is who is really fit for th

13、e hard job. 問題是誰才真正適合做這份艱苦的工作。(who在從句中做主語) Tom is no longer what he used to be. 湯姆不再是以前的湯姆了。(what在從句中做系動(dòng)詞be的表語) 連接副詞when,where,how,why等除在句中起連接作用外,在從句中還充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因等狀語,本身具有詞義。如: Thats where I cant agree with you. 那就是我不贊同你的地方。,whether引導(dǎo)的表語從句 連接詞whether起連接作用,意為“是否,究竟,到底”。(注意:if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句。) The question

14、is whether that man will turn up on time. 問題是那個(gè)人是否會(huì)按時(shí)出現(xiàn)。,3)as if,because,as though等引導(dǎo)的表語從句 because引導(dǎo)表語從句通常只用于“This/That/It is/was because .”結(jié)構(gòu)中。as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句常置于系動(dòng)詞look,seem,sound,be,become等后面,常用虛擬語氣,表示不存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如: The elephant feels as if/though it were a wall. 大象摸起來像一堵墻。 4)主語是表示“建議、命令、要求”等

15、的名詞,那么表語從句該用虛擬語氣,即從句謂語用 should 后接動(dòng)詞原形,should 可以省略。如: His suggestion is that we (should) climb all the way to the top of the hill.他的建議是我們應(yīng)該一路爬到山頂。,活學(xué)活用 選詞填空which,how,that,whether,whatever,why,whose,when,where,whom,who,what (1)I am not sure or not he is willing to help me. (2)He got up late.That was h

16、e was late for the meeting. (3)The trouble is I lost the key to my room. (4)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street,not knowing she was heading. (5)Show me you have bought. (6)I wonder Mary has kept her figure after all these years. By working out every day.,whether,why,that,where,what,how,(

17、7)The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal. (8)I wonder my mother is talking to in the next room. (9)In that situation,she could decide person she should turn to for help. (10)I dont know father will be very patient when his child is very naughty. (11)You can take you like when you enter that room. (12)The trouble is is willing to lend us a lot of money.,when,whom/who,whic