1、Computer English,Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-2,Key points: useful terms and definitions of computersDifficult points: describing the features of computers of each generation,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-3,Requirements:,1. The trends of computer hardware and software,2. Basic characteristics

2、 of modern computers,3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers,4. 了解科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語(yǔ)翻譯要點(diǎn),計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-4,New Words it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也許早期最具影響力的類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)，或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)ENIAC。它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。該工程于1943年開(kāi)始，并于1946

3、年完成。這臺(tái)機(jī)器極其龐大，重達(dá)30噸，而且包含18,000多個(gè)真空管。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-8,1.1.1 The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, howeve

4、r, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer . ENIAC是當(dāng)時(shí)重要的成就。它是第一臺(tái)通用型電子計(jì)算機(jī)器，并能夠執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算。然而,它是由開(kāi)關(guān)和繼電器控制的，必須手工設(shè)定。 因此，雖然它是一個(gè)通用型電子裝置，但是它

5、沒(méi)有儲(chǔ)存程序。 因此,它不具備計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-9,1.1.1 The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discret

6、e Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在ENIAC的研制中，一個(gè)天才的數(shù)學(xué)家Von Neuman(馮.諾伊曼)加入到 Eckert和Mauchly團(tuán)隊(duì),他們一起提出了儲(chǔ)存程序計(jì)算機(jī)的主意。這部機(jī)器被稱(chēng)做電子離散變量自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī), 或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)EDVAC,是第一部包括了計(jì)算機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。然而,直到1951年，

7、它一直沒(méi)有完成。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-10,1.1.1 The ENIAC Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was dev

8、eloped in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in Augus

9、t of 1949. 在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些機(jī)器建成了，它們吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和Neuman設(shè)計(jì)的要素。其中一部是在英國(guó)劍橋研制的電子延遲存儲(chǔ)自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī),或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次運(yùn)行，它可能是世界的第一臺(tái)電子儲(chǔ)存程序、通用型計(jì)算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行。在美國(guó)運(yùn)行的第一部計(jì)算機(jī)是二進(jìn)制自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī),或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)BINAC,它在1949年8月投入運(yùn)行。,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-11,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC I Like other com

10、puting pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial

11、support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer. 像他們之前的其他計(jì)算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年組成了一家公司開(kāi)發(fā)商業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)。公司名叫Ec

12、kert-Mauchly計(jì)算機(jī)公司。他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)并建造通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)或UNIVAC。因?yàn)殡y以獲得財(cái)政支持，他們不得不在1950年把公司賣(mài)給了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly繼續(xù)在Remington Rand公司從事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。眾所周知的UNIVAC I機(jī)器是世界上第一部商業(yè)化計(jì)算機(jī)。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-12,1.1 The Invention of the Computer,1.1.2 The UNIVAC I The first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau a

13、nd used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一臺(tái)UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后1小時(shí)之內(nèi)，第二臺(tái)UNIVAC I 被用于預(yù)測(cè)D.艾森豪威爾會(huì)贏得1952年

14、總統(tǒng)大選。UNIVAC I開(kāi)始了現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-13,New Words result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need for air conditioning. 作為第三代計(jì)算機(jī)標(biāo)志的技術(shù)發(fā)展是在計(jì)算機(jī)中使用集成電路或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)IC。一個(gè)集成電路就是包含許多晶體管的一個(gè)硅片(芯片)。一個(gè)集成電路代替了計(jì)算機(jī)中的許多晶

15、體管，導(dǎo)致了始于第二代的一些趨勢(shì)的繼續(xù)。這些趨勢(shì)包括計(jì)算機(jī)體積減小、成本降低、速度提高和對(duì)空調(diào)的需要減少。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-22,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a l

16、ine of mainframe computers called the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, w

17、ere compatible so that programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers. 雖然集成電路發(fā)明于1958年,但是直到1964年才出現(xiàn)了第一臺(tái)廣泛使用IC的計(jì)算機(jī)。那一年，IBM推出了稱(chēng)為System/360的大型計(jì)算機(jī)系列。這一系列的計(jì)算機(jī)成為使用最廣泛的第三代

18、計(jì)算機(jī)。在System/360系列中有許多機(jī)型, 從小型的、相對(duì)較慢的且價(jià)格低廉的機(jī)型，到大型的、非?？斓那覂r(jià)格昂貴的機(jī)型。然而,所有的機(jī)型都是兼容的，以便在一個(gè)機(jī)型上編寫(xiě)的程序可以用于另一個(gè)機(jī)型。這個(gè)在許多計(jì)算機(jī)系列間兼容的特征被其他第三代計(jì)算機(jī)制造商所采用。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-23,1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread. The most popular model was

19、 the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation. 計(jì)算機(jī)的第三代也是小型計(jì)算機(jī)普及的時(shí)代。最流行的小型機(jī)是由DEC制造的PDP-8。其他公司,包括數(shù)據(jù)通用公司和惠普(Hewlett-Packard)公司,在第三代期間開(kāi)發(fā)了小型計(jì)算機(jī)。,1.2 Computer Generations,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-24,1

20、.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for first-and second-generation computers, many of the features of modern operatin

21、g systems first appeared during the third generation. These include multiprogramming, virtual memory, and time-sharing. The first operating systems were mainly batch systems, but during the third generation, interactive systems, especially on minicomputers, became common. The BASIC programming langu

22、age was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive nature. 在第三代計(jì)算機(jī)期間，軟件的主要發(fā)展是操作系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜化程度提高。雖然為第一代和第二代計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)了簡(jiǎn)單的操作系統(tǒng),許多現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)的特征首先在第三代期間出現(xiàn)。這些特征包括多道程序設(shè)計(jì)、虛擬存儲(chǔ)和分時(shí)技術(shù)。第一代操作系統(tǒng)主要是批處理系統(tǒng),但是在第三代期間，交互式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始普及，尤其是在小型計(jì)算機(jī)上。BASIC語(yǔ)言發(fā)明于1964年，并由于其交互式特征而在第三代計(jì)算機(jī)期間大為流

23、行。,1.2 Computer Generations,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-25,1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip. First there was Large Sc

24、ale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of transistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. The trend continues today. 第四代計(jì)算機(jī)比其他三代更難以定義。這一代計(jì)算機(jī)的特征是一個(gè)芯片上包含越來(lái)越多的晶體管。首先，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)芯片上具有數(shù)百和數(shù)千個(gè)晶體管的大規(guī)模集成電路(LSI)，接著出現(xiàn)了一

25、個(gè)芯片上具有數(shù)萬(wàn)和數(shù)十萬(wàn)個(gè)晶體管的超大規(guī)模集成電路(VLSI)。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)在今天仍在持續(xù)。,1.2 Computer Generations,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-26,1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Although not everyone agrees that there is a fourth computer generation, those that do feel that it began in 1971, when IBM introduced its successors to the System/360 line of

26、computers. These mainframe computers were called the System/370, and current-model IBM computers, although not called System/370s, evolved directly from these computers. 雖然并不是每個(gè)人都同意存在一個(gè)第四代,那些認(rèn)為存在的覺(jué)得它開(kāi)始于1971年，其時(shí)IBM開(kāi)發(fā)了System/360系列計(jì)算機(jī)的下一系列產(chǎn)品。這些大型計(jì)算機(jī)稱(chēng)為System/370,當(dāng)前的IBM計(jì)算機(jī)雖然不叫做System/370，但都是從這些計(jì)算機(jī)直接發(fā)展而來(lái)的

27、。 Minicomputers also proliferated during the fourth computer generation. The most popular lines were the DEC PDP-11 models and the DEC VAX, both of which are available in various models today. 小型計(jì)算機(jī)也在第四代期間迅速增長(zhǎng)。最流行的系列是DEC公司的PDP-11機(jī)和DEC的VAX機(jī),二者在今天的各種機(jī)型中仍然有效。,1.2 Computer Generations,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-27,1.2 C

28、omputer Generations,1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Supercomputers first became prominent in the fourth generation. Although many companies, including IBM and CDC, developed high-speed computers for scientific work, it was not until Cray Research, Inc., introduced the Cray 1 in 1975 that su

29、percomputers became significant. Today, supercomputers are an important computer classification. 超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)首先在第四代中突起。雖然包括IBM和CDC(控制數(shù)據(jù)公司)在內(nèi)的許多公司都為科學(xué)工作開(kāi)發(fā)了高速計(jì)算機(jī),但是直到1975年Cray研究有限公司推出了Cray 1，超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)才變得有意義。今天，超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)是重要的計(jì)算機(jī)分類(lèi)。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-28,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Perhaps

30、the most important trend that began in the fourth generation is the proliferation of microcomputers. As more and more transistors were put on silicon chips, it eventually became possible to put an entire computer processor, called a microprocessor, on a chip. The first computer to use microprocessor

31、s became available in the mid-1970s. The first microcomputer designed for personal use was the Altair, which was sold in 1975. The first Apple computer, marketed with the IBM PC in 1981. Today, microcomputers far outnumber all other types of computers combined. 也許在第四代計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)始的最重要趨勢(shì)是微型計(jì)算機(jī)的增長(zhǎng)。隨著越來(lái)越多的晶體管被

32、集成到硅芯片上,將一整個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)處理器（稱(chēng)為微處理器）放在一個(gè)芯片上終于成為可能。使用微處理器的第一部計(jì)算機(jī)出現(xiàn)于1970年代。第一部專(zhuān)為個(gè)人使用設(shè)計(jì)的微型計(jì)算機(jī)是Altair,它于1975進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。第一部蘋(píng)果計(jì)算機(jī)在1981年與IBM個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)一起在市場(chǎng)上銷(xiāo)售。今天，微型計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)目遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)其他所有類(lèi)型計(jì)算機(jī)的總和。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-29,1.2 Computer Generations,1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Software development during the fourth computer generation sta

33、rted off with little change from the third generation. Operating systems were gradually improved, and new languages were designed. Database software became widely used during this time. The most important trend, however, resulted from the microcomputer revolution. Packaged software became widely ava

34、ilable for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased, not developed from scratch. 在計(jì)算機(jī)的第四代期間，軟件的發(fā)展開(kāi)始與第三代有所不同。操作系統(tǒng)在逐漸地改進(jìn)，而新的語(yǔ)言被發(fā)明。期間數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)軟件被廣泛使用。然而，最重要的趨勢(shì)起因于微型計(jì)算機(jī)革命。用于微型計(jì)算機(jī)的軟件包隨處可得，因此今天大多數(shù)的軟件可以購(gòu)得,而不需從頭開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-30,1.2.5 Generationless Computers We may have defined our last generatio

35、n of computers and begun the era of generationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth”-generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality. 我們可能已經(jīng)定義了我們最新一代計(jì)算機(jī)而且開(kāi)始了計(jì)算機(jī)的無(wú)代時(shí)代。即使計(jì)算機(jī)制造商談到“第五”和“第六”代計(jì)算機(jī),這些說(shuō)法更多是市場(chǎng)行為，而不是真實(shí)的反映。 Advocates

36、of the concept of generationless computers say that even though technological innovations are coming in rapid succession, no single innovation is, or will be, significant enough to characterize another generation of computers. 無(wú)代計(jì)算機(jī)的觀念提倡者說(shuō)，即使科技革新接二連三地迅速出現(xiàn),沒(méi)有一種革新是,或?qū)⑹亲銐蛑匾?，作為另一代?jì)算機(jī)的特征。,1.2 Computer Ge

37、nerations,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-31,New Words = GigaByte,吉字節(jié) flops n. 每秒浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算次數(shù)(floating-point operation per second),1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-32,Some idea of what might be happening in the near future in supercomputer design can be gleaned from a press release issued by the US Department

38、 of Energy (DoE). It came out of the SUPERCOMPUTING 2002 Conference held last November in Baltimore, MD. The press release announced that the DoE had awarded IBM a $290 (USD) million contract to build the two fastest supercomputers in the world with a combined peak speed of 460 TFlops. To get an ide

39、a of the speed computing throughput 460 teraflops represents, the press release states that, “These two systems will have more than one-and-a-half times the combined processing power of all 500 machines on the recently announced TOP 500 List of Supercomputers.” 從美國(guó)能源部發(fā)行的通告中，可以收集一些有關(guān)在不久的將來(lái)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中可能發(fā)

40、生的事情的概念。它來(lái)自在馬里蘭州巴爾的摩市召開(kāi)的2002年超級(jí)計(jì)算會(huì)議。該通告稱(chēng)能源部已給IBM撥款2.9億美元建造世界上最快的兩部超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)，其最高綜合速度為每秒460兆兆次。為了理解每秒460兆兆次速度的含義，通告解釋說(shuō),“這兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)將會(huì)具有最近發(fā)布的500強(qiáng)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)的總處理能力的1.5倍還多?！?1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-33,The first system, “ASCI Purple,” apparently the DoE likes colorful names will be the worlds f

41、irst supercomputer capable of 100 Tflops. ASCI Purple will have a massive cluster of POWER-based IBM eServer systems and IBM storage systems. This supercomputer represents a fifth-generation system under the Advanced Simulation and Computing Initiative (ASCI) Program. It will serve as the primary su

42、percomputer for DoE. 第一個(gè)系統(tǒng)“ASCI Purple”,顯然能源部；生動(dòng)的名字將會(huì)是世界的第一部能夠運(yùn)算每秒100兆兆次的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)。ASCI Purple將具有基于POWER系列的IBM eServer 系統(tǒng)和 IBM 存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)的宏大組群。這臺(tái)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)代表模擬和計(jì)算行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(ASCI)支持的第五代系統(tǒng)。它將作為能源部主要的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)。,1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-34,1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions,According to the press

43、 release, the second system will be a research machine called Blue Gene/L. It will employ advanced IBM semiconductor and system technologies based on new architectures being developed by DoE and IBM. Blue Gene/L is expected to achieve a peak performance of 360 TFlops with 130,000 processors running

44、under the Linux operating system. It will have the capability to process data at a rate of one terabit per second, equivalent to the data transmitted by ten thousand weather satellites. Applications are expected to include the simulation of very complex physical phenomena in areas such as turbulence

45、, biology and high explosives. 根據(jù)通告，第二個(gè)系統(tǒng)將會(huì)是一部被稱(chēng)為Blue Gene/L的研究機(jī)器，它將使用基于新結(jié)構(gòu)的先進(jìn)的IBM半導(dǎo)體和系統(tǒng)技術(shù),該新結(jié)構(gòu)是能源部和IBM共同開(kāi)發(fā)的。Blue Gene/L具有13萬(wàn)臺(tái)處理器，在Linux操作系統(tǒng)下運(yùn)行，可望達(dá)到每秒360兆兆次的性能。它將具有以每秒1兆兆位的速度處理數(shù)據(jù)的能力,等同于一萬(wàn)個(gè)氣象衛(wèi)星傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)。其應(yīng)用預(yù)期包括對(duì)非常復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象的模擬，如湍流、生物學(xué)和高空爆炸。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-35,1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions,The ASCI Purple

46、system will use IBMs next generation microprocessor, the POWER5, employing a total of 12,544 of them. These 12,544 processors will be spread among 196 individual computers. The total memory bandwidth will be 156,000 GBs, the equivalent of simultaneously playing 31,200 DVD movies. A super-fast data h

47、ighway with a total interconnect bandwidth of 12,500 GB will interconnect the 196 computers. The IBM AIXL operating system will be used to run this configuration. The operating system will contain 50 terabytes of memory, an amount that is 400,000 times the capacity of the average desktop PC. There w

48、ill also be two petabytes of disk storage or holding the content of approximately one billion books. ASCI Purple系統(tǒng)將使用IBM的下一代微處理器POWER5,總數(shù)為12,544個(gè)。這12,544個(gè)處理器將分布在196部單獨(dú)的計(jì)算機(jī)之中。總內(nèi)存帶寬將是15.6GB,等同于同時(shí)地播放 31,200部DVD電影。一條具有12,500 GB帶寬的超快速數(shù)據(jù)通道將會(huì)把196臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)互相連接。IBM AIXL 操作系統(tǒng)將用于運(yùn)行一個(gè)配置。該操作系統(tǒng)將包50兆兆字節(jié)內(nèi)存，容量是平均桌面?zhèn)€人計(jì)算機(jī)的

49、40萬(wàn)倍。還將有2千兆兆字節(jié)的磁盤(pán)存儲(chǔ)，或可容納大約十億本書(shū)的內(nèi)容。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-36,1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions,Finally, since the UNIVAC-1s introduction, raw computer speed has increased by about 11 to 12 orders of magnitude in about 50 years, or a factor of 10 every five years. This is a truly remarkable achievement. It

50、s also interesting to contemplate that, if this growth continues over the next 50 years, then by the 100th anniversary of the UNIVAC-1, computers will be operating at speeds on the order of 1023 Flops! 最后, 自從UNIVAC-1的發(fā)明以來(lái),計(jì)算機(jī)的原始速度在50年內(nèi)增加了11至12個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)，或每五年增加10倍。這是一個(gè)真正顯著的成就。設(shè)想一下也很有趣,如果在未來(lái)50年間仍以這樣的速度持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),

51、到UNIVAC-1誕生的100周年，計(jì)算機(jī)將會(huì)以大約每秒1023次的浮點(diǎn)運(yùn)算速度運(yùn)行!,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-37,一、復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句多 科技文章要求敘述準(zhǔn)確，推理謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)，因此一句話里包含三四個(gè)甚至五六個(gè)分句的，并非少見(jiàn)。譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣破成適當(dāng)數(shù)目的分句，才能條理清楚，避免洋腔洋調(diào)。這種復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句居科技英語(yǔ)難點(diǎn)之首，要學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法分析方法來(lái)加以解剖，以便以短代長(zhǎng)，化難為易。例如： Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they are able

52、to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost. 這是由一個(gè)主句和四個(gè)從句組成的復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句，只有進(jìn)行必要的語(yǔ)法分析，才能正確理解和翻譯。現(xiàn)試譯如下： 除非相信那些機(jī)器造出的產(chǎn)品賣(mài)給消費(fèi)者的價(jià)格足夠支付所有成本，否則廠家是不會(huì)買(mǎi)那些機(jī)器的。 節(jié)譯：要不相信那些機(jī)器造出的產(chǎn)品售價(jià)夠本，廠家是不會(huì)買(mǎi)的。 后一句只用了24個(gè)字，比前句40個(gè)字節(jié)約用字40%，而對(duì)原句的基本內(nèi)容無(wú)損。可見(jiàn)，只要吃透原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)涵，翻譯時(shí)再在漢語(yǔ)上反復(fù)推敲提煉，復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句，也是容易駕馭的。,科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn),計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-38,科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn),二、被

53、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)多 英語(yǔ)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)大大多于漢語(yǔ)，如莎士比亞傳世名劇羅密歐與朱麗葉中的一句就兩次用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： Juliet was torn between desire to keep Romeo near her and fear for his life, should his presence be detected. 朱麗葉精神上受到折磨，既渴望和羅密歐形影不離，又擔(dān)心羅密歐萬(wàn)一讓人發(fā)現(xiàn)，難免有性命之憂(yōu)。 科技英語(yǔ)更是如此，有三分之一以上用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如： (a) No work can be done without energy. 譯文：沒(méi)有能量決不能做功。 (b) All busine

54、ss decisions must now be made in the light of the market. 譯文：所有企業(yè)現(xiàn)在必須根據(jù)市場(chǎng)來(lái)作出決策。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-39,科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn),三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多 英語(yǔ)每個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中，只能用一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如果讀到幾個(gè)動(dòng)作，就必須選出主要?jiǎng)幼鳟?dāng)謂語(yǔ)，而將其余動(dòng)作用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，才能符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要求。 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種：動(dòng)名詞、分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）和不定式。例如： 要成為一個(gè)名符其實(shí)的內(nèi)行，需要學(xué)到老。 這句中，有“成為”、“需要”和“學(xué)”三個(gè)表示動(dòng)作的詞，譯成英語(yǔ)后為： To be a true professional requ

55、ires lifelong learning. 可以看出，選好“需要”（require）作為謂語(yǔ)，其余兩個(gè)動(dòng)作：“成為”用不定式形式 to be，而“學(xué)”用動(dòng)名詞形式learning，這樣才能符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法要求。,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-40,科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn),四、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多 英語(yǔ)單詞有不少是多性詞，即既是名詞，又可用作動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞或副詞，字形無(wú)殊，功能各異，含義也各不相同，如不仔細(xì)觀察，必致謬誤。例如, light 名詞： (啟發(fā))in (the)light of由于，根據(jù)； (光)high light(s) 強(qiáng)光，精華；(燈)safety light 安全指示燈 形容詞：(輕)light i

56、ndustry 輕工業(yè)； (明亮)light room 明亮的房間； (淡)light blue 淡藍(lán)色； (薄)light coating 薄涂層 動(dòng)詞： （點(diǎn)燃）light up the lamp 點(diǎn)燈 副詞： （輕快）travel light 輕裝旅行 （容易）light come, light go 來(lái)得容易去得快 諸如此類(lèi)的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，在科技英語(yǔ)中屢見(jiàn)不鮮，幾乎每個(gè)技術(shù)名詞都可轉(zhuǎn)換為同義的形容詞。詞性轉(zhuǎn)換增加了英語(yǔ)的靈活性和表現(xiàn)力，讀者必須從上下文判明用詞在句中是何種詞性，而且含義如何，才能對(duì)全句得到正確無(wú)誤的理解。,Computer English,Chapter 2 Organiz

57、ation of Computers,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-42,Key points: useful terms and organization of computersDifficult points: describing the organization of computers,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-43,Requirements:,1. Terms of computer hardware,2. Organization of computers and their functions,3. 掌握專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯的構(gòu)成規(guī)律，特別是常用詞綴及復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)成,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-44,New Wo

58、rds memory inputs this address from the address bus and use it to access the proper memory location. Each I/O devices, such as a keyboard, monitor, or disk drive, has a unique address as well. When accessing an I/O device, the CPU places the address of the device on the address bus. Each device can

59、read the address off of the bus and determine whether it is the device being accessed by the CPU. Unlike the other buses, the address bus always receives data from the CPU; the CPU never reads the address bus.,圖2-1所示的系統(tǒng)包括三組總線。最上面的是地址總線。當(dāng)CPU從存儲(chǔ)器讀取數(shù)據(jù)或指令，或?qū)憯?shù)據(jù)到存儲(chǔ)器時(shí)，它必須指明將要訪問(wèn)的存儲(chǔ)器單元地址。CPU將地址輸出到地址總線上，而存儲(chǔ)器從地址總線上讀取地址，并且用它來(lái)訪問(wèn)正確的存儲(chǔ)單元。每個(gè)I/O設(shè)備，比如鍵盤(pán)、顯示器或者磁盤(pán)，同樣都有一個(gè)唯一的地址。當(dāng)訪問(wèn)某個(gè)I/O設(shè)備時(shí)，CPU將此設(shè)備的地址放到地址總線上。每一個(gè)設(shè)備均從總線上讀取地址并且判斷自己是否就是CPU正要訪問(wèn)的設(shè)備。與其他總線不同，地址總線總是從CPU上接收信息，而CPU從不讀取地址總線。,2.1.1 System Buses,計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ),1-49,Data is transferred via the data bus. When the CPU fetches data from memory, it first