1、Unit 8,Thinking like a mountain Aldo Leopold,Thinking like a mountain,As we know, nature is most important to human life. People depend on nature to live and humans need fresh air and vegetable, which all come from nature. Industry needs fuel and other raw materials, which also come from nature. Wha

2、t is more, humans also belong to nature, and are regarded as the highest natural form of life. As a consequence, if we destroy nature, to some extent, we diminish ourselves.,Thinking like a mountain,(1) A deep chesty bawl(大喊，叫嚷) echoes from rimrock (懸崖) to rimrock, rolls down the mountain, and fades

3、 into the far blackness of the night. It is an outburst（叫聲） of wild defiant(抗議的，違抗的) sorrow, and of contempt for all the adversities of the world.,一個發(fā)自肺腑的低沉而又尖厲的號叫在懸崖之間回蕩，最后劃過大山，消逝在遠(yuǎn)方深沉的夜色中。這聲號叫爆發(fā)出一種充滿野性和反抗的哀愁，爆發(fā)出對世界上一切逆境的蔑視。,(2) Every living thing (and perhaps many a dead one as well) pays heed（注意，

4、留意） to that call. To the deer it is a reminder of the way of all flesh, to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles （扭打）and of blood upon the snow, to the coyote（叢林狼） a promise of gleanings （費(fèi)勁得到的零星的東西）to come, to the cowman a threat of red ink at the bank, to the hunter a challenge of fang（尖牙） agai

5、nst bullet. Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning, known only to the mountain itself. Only the mountain has lived long enough （滄海桑田班的見識）to listen objectively to the howl （嚎叫）of a wolf.,大山中所有的生物(可能也包括許多死去的生物)都側(cè)耳傾聽著這聲號叫。對鹿而言，它提醒了眾生之道，意味著死亡近在咫尺。對松樹而言，它預(yù)見了午夜的

6、混戰(zhàn)和雪上的血跡。對郊狼而言，它意味著有殘肉可食的許諾;對牧牛者而言，它意味著銀行透支的威脅;對獵人而言，它意味著獠牙對子彈的挑戰(zhàn)。然而，在這些比較容易察覺的希望與恐懼的背后，號叫還隱藏著更深層的含義，但是只有大山自己才能領(lǐng)會。因?yàn)橹挥写笊讲庞袦婧ＩＬ锏臍q月與見識，能夠客觀地聆聽狼的號叫所隱藏的深意。,Thinking like a mountain,(3) Those unable to decipher（解讀） the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there, for it is felt in all wolf country,

7、 and distinguishes that country from all other land. It tingles（刺痛） in the spine of all who hear wolves by night, or who scan their tracks by day. Even without sight or sound of wolf, it is implicit（暗含的） in a hundred small events: the midnight whinny（嘶叫） of a pack horse, the rattle （嘎嘎聲）of rolling r

8、ocks, the bound（慌張） of a fleeing deer, the way shadows lie under the spruces（云杉樹）. Only the ineducable tyro（新手） can fail to sense the presence or absence of wolves, or the fact that mountains have a secret opinion about them.,3而那些無法領(lǐng)會其中深意的，也能感覺到它的存在，而且在所有的狼出沒的地方都能感受得到。這種異樣的感覺也使那些地區(qū)與其他地區(qū)區(qū)別開來。所有在夜晚聽到狼

9、號或是白天看到狼的蹤跡的人，都會不自覺地背部發(fā)毛，脊部發(fā)冷。即使沒有聽到狼號或是看到狼跡，也可以從許多異樣的情景中感知一二。比如說一只馱馬半夜的嘶叫、石頭刺耳的滾動聲、逃亡之鹿奔跑的慌張以及云杉樹下詭異的陰影等。只有那些不堪造就的新手才無法感知狼的存在，也無法理解只有大山才能體會的那種深奧。,Thinking like a mountain,(4) My own conviction （信念）on this score（實(shí)情） dates from the day I saw a wolf die. We were eating lunch on a high rimrock, at the

10、foot of which a turbulent（洶涌澎拜） river elbowed（蜿蜒） its way. We saw what we thought was a doe（雌鹿） fording （涉水而過）the torrent（急流）, her breast awash（浸） in white water. When she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail, we realized our error: it was a wolf. A half-dozen others, evidently grown pu

11、ps, sprang from the willows and all joined in a welcoming mle （混亂局面）of wagging tails and playful maulings（撕，抓，打鬧）. What was literally a pile of wolves writhed（扭動） and tumbled（滾動） in the center of an open flat at the foot of our rimrock.,4我對上面的說法深信不疑，是源自于我曾親眼看到一只狼死去。那日，我們正在一個高高的懸崖上吃午餐，懸崖腳下有一條洶涌澎湃的河流。

12、我們看到了一個東西在急流中掙扎跋涉，胸部浸在白色的水花中。我們原以為是只鹿，但等它朝我們的方向爬上岸，抖落身上的河水時，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)原來它是只狼。這時，六只顯然已經(jīng)長大的狼息歡快地?fù)u著尾巴，相互打斗嬉鬧著從柳樹叢中跳躍出來，以示它們的歡迎。的的確確，在我們所處的山崖腳下的空地上，我們看到一群狼在那里翻滾打鬧。,Thinking like a mountain,(5) In those days we had never heard of passing up（錯過） a chance to kill a wolf. In a second we were pumping lead into th

13、e pack, but with more excitement than accuracy: how to aim a steep downhill shot is always confusing. When our rifles were empty, the old wolf was down, and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks（巖石堆）,5在那段日子里，沒有人會錯過射殺狼的機(jī)會。很快，一發(fā)發(fā)子彈射入狼群。但是由于我們太興奮了，再加上我們都不知道怎樣才能瞄準(zhǔn)向陡峭的山下射擊，所以我們的槍法都不是很準(zhǔn)。結(jié)果在

14、我們的子彈消耗殆盡時，只有那只老狼倒下了，還有一只小狼拖著受傷的腿躲進(jìn)了山崩造成的人們無法通行的巖石堆。,Thinking like a mountain,(6) We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes. I realized then, and have known ever since, that there was something new to me in those eyes-something known only to her and to the mounta

15、in. I was young then, and full of trigger-itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves would mean hunters paradise. But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.,6我們接近那只狼的時候，它眼中那綠色的充滿仇恨的目光還沒有完全消逝。正是在那時，并且從那時

16、起，我意識到了，在那雙眼睛里，有我未曾領(lǐng)會的道理某種只有狼和大山才知曉的道理。但是當(dāng)時我太年輕氣盛，總有扣動扳機(jī)的沖動。我認(rèn)為狼群的減少就意味著鹿群的增加。而狼群的消失則意味著獵人天堂的到來。但是自從我看到那只老狼眼中漸漸消逝的仇恨的綠光時，我才意識到，無論是狼還是大山，肯定不會認(rèn)同我這樣一種看法。,Thinking like a mountain,(7) Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves. I have watched the face of many a newly wolfless

17、mountain, and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails. I have seen every edible bush and seedling browsed, first to anaemic desuetude, and then to death. I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddle-horn. Such a mountain looks as if someone had given

18、 God a new pruning shears, and forbidden Him all other exercise. In the end the starved bones of the hoped-for deer herd, dead of its own too-much, bleach with the bones of the dead sage, or molder under the high-lined junipers.,7自那以后，我看到各州都在相繼撲滅自己的狼群。我眼睜睜看到了一座座剛剛撲滅狼群的大山的面貌;看到了山的南坡被鹿群踩出的紛亂的小徑;看到了所有能

19、吃的灌木、甚至是細(xì)枝嫩芽都被啃光，而這些植物因而也很快衰弱不振，不久便告死亡;我也看到了所有能吃的樹葉，在馬鞍高度以下的部位全都被吃得精光?？吹竭@樣的一座山，你會感覺是有人給了上帝一把剪刀，讓他整夭除了剪除樹木以外，什么都不許做。后來，鹿群由于數(shù)量過于龐大，再加上草木供不應(yīng)求，便大批量地餓死了。它們的白骨與死去的鼠尾草一起變白，或是在高大的杜松樹下腐朽。,Thinking like a mountain,(8) I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves, so does a mountai

20、n live in mortal fear of its deer. And perhaps with better cause, for while a buck pulled down by wolves can be replaced in two or three years, a range pulled down by too many deer may fail of replacement in as many decades.,8現(xiàn)在我想，就像鹿群生活在狼群的陰影和恐怖中一樣，大山也生活在鹿群的陰影和恐怖中，也許這種恐怖有著更充分的理由。因?yàn)橐恢宦贡焕浅缘?，兩三年后很快就會?/p>

21、新的小鹿出生繁衍，但是，一旦一座大山被鹿群毀滅，恐怕幾十年也無法恢復(fù)原貌。,Thinking like a mountain,(9) So also with cows. The cowman who cleans his range of wolves does not realize that he is taking over the wolfs job of trimming the herd to fit the range. He has not learned to think like a mountain. Hence we have dustbowls, and river

22、s washing the future into the sea.,9牛也是這樣，牧牛人在清除狼群的時候，沒有意識到其實(shí)他正在做著本質(zhì)上如同狼吃牛一樣的工作削減牛群數(shù)量以適應(yīng)山的承受能力。牧牛人還沒有學(xué)會像大山那樣去思考。其結(jié)果，沙塵暴出現(xiàn)了，河流將我們的未來無情地沖入大海。,Thinking like a mountain,（10 We all strive for safety, prosperity, comfort, long life, and dullness. The deer strives with his supple legs, the cowman with trap and p