1、北師大版必修三語法知識北師大版必修三各單元知識要點(diǎn)及語法一各單元知識點(diǎn)第七單元：關(guān)系副詞，介詞+which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，形容詞的比較級第八單元：限制性和非限制性定語從句，靜態(tài)動詞和動態(tài)動詞第九單元：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)3.全書單詞數(shù)量為：262 個詞組數(shù)量為：40 個必修三語法知識一、 Relative Clause with where, when and why, where, when, why引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞where, when引導(dǎo)的定語從句可提供時間和地點(diǎn)的信息，在reason 后可用why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。介詞 + which /whom引導(dǎo)的

2、定語從句關(guān)系代詞可做介詞的賓語，通常在which和whom前加介詞即介詞+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu)This is the book for which he is looking.可以根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞來選介詞，也可以依據(jù)從句的相關(guān)動詞來選用。但在日常英語中，通常是吧介詞放在從句句末，省略關(guān)系代詞which和whomThe train(which /that) I m travelling on is for Shanghai.二、形容詞和副詞的比較More and more越來越 Less /the least不如 /最不 The the越 就越 The less I worri

3、ed, the better I worked.三、修飾形容詞比較級Much, a lot, slightly, a little, almost, a bit, far, even, still, twice/ three times more than/twice as much/many as/twice the +n +of 比多 /是 的兩倍 /三倍。四、狀態(tài)或動作動詞英語中動詞分為兩類：動作動詞和狀態(tài)動詞。動作動詞描述動作，可用于一般時態(tài)和進(jìn)行時態(tài)；狀態(tài)動詞描述狀態(tài)，一般不用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)。北師大版必修三語法知識狀態(tài)動詞表達(dá)思維活動的動詞：admit, believe, know, m

4、ean, prefer, realize, remember, think, understand, want,表達(dá)情感的動詞：adore，care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope表達(dá)擁有和存在的動詞：appear, be, belong, contain, have, include, need, seem, possess, own.感官動詞 feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste, 有些狀態(tài)動詞也可以表示動作，在此意義上，這些動詞可用于現(xiàn)在時。 How are you feeling?感官動詞后用形容詞修飾二

5、不用副詞。The roses look and smell beautiful.四、定語從句：defining and non -defining限制性和非限制性定語從句. 概念：(1) 定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent) 后面。(2) 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞，短語，或整個主句。(3) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1) 引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個連詞；2) 必在從句中作某個句子成份（可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語）常用的關(guān)系代詞 : that 、 wh

6、ich 、 who、 whom 、whose、as 、 but (文語 , 置于否定詞之后 =that/who not , 沒有 不 , 在從句中作主語，賓語 )常用的關(guān)系副詞（在從句中只作狀語）: when、 why 、 whereThe student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea

7、.定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；北師大版必修三語法知識第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。. 幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法： that: 可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。(指人時，相當(dāng)于who 或 whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which)( 一般不用于非限制性定語從句; 不可置于介詞后作賓語) 如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主語 )2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?3.

8、You can take anything ( that) you like. （賓語）4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. Shes no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before. （表語）7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not t

9、he same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be. which: 指物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語，定語。如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father. （主語）2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting. （賓語）3. The factor

10、y in which his father works is far from here.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表語）5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. （定語）6. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. who, whom, whose:who: 主格 , 在從句中作主語，在口語或非正式用法中作賓語; 只可指人whom: 賓格，在從句中作賓

11、語; 只可指人whose: 屬格，在從句中作定語，可指人也可指物。北師大版必修三語法知識I like the students who/that work hard.（主語）All who heard the story were amazed. ( 代詞如 he, they, any, those, all, one 等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor.（賓語）Hes a man from whom we should learn.= Hes a man (who

12、m/who/that) we should learn from.比較： He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise.He is the student who you think is worth praising.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. （指人）Id like a room whose window faces south.（指物）=Id like a room of which the window faces south.=Id

13、like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語:關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時, 介詞可放于從句之首, 也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞 who和 that 用作介詞賓語時, 介詞必須放在句末.）This is the book for which you asked.=This is the boo

14、k (that/which) you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands ？ = Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasnt a single

15、person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?This is the girl whom they are looking after. ( 介詞 after 與 look 構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前置。 look at, look for, look after, take care of 等 )北師大版必修三語法知識 as的用法 :(a

16、s 引導(dǎo)定語從句, 在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語)如為限制性的，多用于 the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。 如：I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一樣的書。Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. ( 關(guān)系代詞 as和指示代詞 same 連用 , 在從句中用作表語 , 先行詞是 same.).- Why didnt you mention that in face of

17、the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Dont do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比較： I live in the same ho

18、use that he used to live in.Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比較： Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定語從句）Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it. （結(jié)果狀語從句）如為非限制性的，多單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，這種定語從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為 正如，這一點(diǎn) 。（動詞常為 know, see, expect, point out, etc. ）As we all know, smoking

19、is harmful to ones health . (as作賓語 )=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health .（as 作主語）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health .=Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know . （as 作賓語）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.He was a foreigner, as I knew

20、 from his accent.(賓語 , 先行詞是前面整個句子). 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句: When 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞是表時間的名詞（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc. ）He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.北師大版必修三語法知識注意：先行詞為 時間名詞 ，可用 when 引導(dǎo)定語從句，when 在定語從句中作狀語；還可以用which 或 th

21、at引導(dǎo)， which 或 that 在從句中作主語或賓語。比較 : I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作狀語）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together.（作賓語）Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will

22、be exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible. Where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which h

23、e used to live.注意：先行詞是 地點(diǎn)名詞 ，定語從句可用where 引導(dǎo)，還可用which 或 that 引導(dǎo)， which/that在從句中作主語或賓語。比較 : This is the factory where /in which he worked last year.（作狀語）The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.I think you have got to the point where a chan

24、ge is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used.Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in w

25、hat /the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year.（作賓語）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting. Why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。先行詞為reason 時，可用 for which 指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時，則用which 或 that 引導(dǎo)。如：The reaso

26、n why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me.（作賓語）北師大版必修三語法知識Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主語）Ex.) He was late .Thats because he got up late.He got up late. Thats why he was late.( 表語從句 )(

27、the reason) why/for which he was late. ( 定語從句 )當(dāng)先行詞為way 時，定語從句常用that, in which, 或 how 引導(dǎo)， that ?？梢允÷?。way 后的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不用時較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語時，則用which 或 that 引導(dǎo)。如 :This is the way (that)/in whichI do such things.比較 : Please do the experiment in the way （ that/which ） I have shown you. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

28、：1. 形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。2. 語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.3. 語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個定語從句，整個句子就不完整或者會改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明或描述的作用。This is the book I like best.這就是我最喜歡的那本書。Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中國八百年之久的

29、古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。4. 翻譯時，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為 的 字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。（見上句翻譯）比較 :He has a sister, who is a musician.He has a sister who is a musician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時用 who, whom, whose ,指物時用 which , whose;where, why, etc.關(guān)系副詞when，1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his suc

30、cess in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.北師大版必修三語法知識4. He was proud, which his brother never was. 幾個易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較: that & which:在定語從句中， which 和 that 在指代事物時，一般可以互換使

31、用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用 that, 而不宜用 which 的情況 .先行詞為不定代詞,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等 ,1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.Theres nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, just, very,

32、 one of等詞修飾時。1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比較*This is one of the best novels th

33、at were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行詞是序數(shù)詞時或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時。1.This is the best that can be

34、 done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行詞既有人又有物，用which 和 who 都不適合，這時宜用that. 如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .北師大版必修三語法知識2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up

35、 by the police.被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時.1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有兩個從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which , 另一個關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑問詞是who 或 which ，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。

36、1.Which is the book that you like best?2.Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語從句宜用that 作關(guān)系代詞 . 如：1.There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.被修飾成分為表語時，或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時,該關(guān)系代詞宜用 that .1. Thats a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no lo

37、nger the place ( that ) it used to be .定語從句中宜用which 而不宜用that 的情況 :當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時.1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非限制性定語從句中.1.Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are be

38、ginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which 指代主句 )在一個句子中有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that, 另一個宜用which .1. Let me show you the novel ， that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the tim

39、e on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時.北師大版必修三語法知識1. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行詞本身是that, 宜用 which .Whats that which she is looking at?先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 .A shop should keep a stock of those goods w

40、hich sell best.(B) who & that:who和 that指代人時，有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that先行詞為anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people 時 . 如：1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .3.Those

41、who are not fit for their work should leave office at once4.I dont like the ones (= those ) who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.在 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who 指代人 . 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure

42、about the use of attributive clauses.當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時. 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that ,另一個則宜用who, 以免重復(fù).如：1. The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard

43、 . as & which:as & which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：位置的不同：which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后； as 位置較靈活，也就是說as 可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：北師大版必修三語法知識1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或 Jack is an honest man , as you know.或 As you know, Jack is an honest man.先行詞的不同：as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞多為一個句子；which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞可以是一個詞，一個短語或一個句子。He was proud, which his brother never was.（先行詞是一個詞）She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行詞是一個句子）He is an honest man, as is known to all.He was a forei