1、,Lesson One,Pub Talk and the Kings English,Teaching Objectives,To enable students to appreciate the essay (theme, view, structure, language) To familiarize students with the history of the English language To familiarize students with the social background of England and Australia,Pre-text questions

2、,The Norman Conquest and its influence upon the English language English Convicts in Australia How can language serve as a class barrier? What is the authors opinion of a good conversation? Do you agree why? What is the organization of the text? What is the relation between Pub Talk and the Kings En

3、glish?,General Knowledge,Pub: The public house-known as the pub or the local -is the center of the social life for a large number of people in Britain. Pub, besides offering a wide variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks and providing hot and cold food, serve as places for meeting friends and

4、for entertainment. Many have, for instance, television sets, amusements machines and juke-boxes (自動(dòng)唱機(jī)） and provide facilities for playing darts; billiards, dominoes and similar games. Some also employ musicians for evening entertainment, such as piano playing, folk singing and modern jazz, rock and

5、roll, punk music etc. Kings English Supposedly correct or standard English (Especially British English) as to grammar and pronunciation. Or Queens English RPReceived Pronunciation,Detailed Analysis of the Text,Part I (par1-3): Questions: 1) What is language? 2) What are the differences between human

6、 language and animal language? 3) What does the charm of conversation lie in? 4) What ruins a good conversation according to the writer?,1) What is language?,1. Languageis a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. -system: elements are arranged according to certain rules, can

7、 be learned and used consistently. -arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing. Different languages have different words for the same thing. -symbolic: words are associated with objects, actions and ideas by conventions. -vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages, n

8、o matter how well developed their writing systems are.,2. Differences between human language and animal language?,Human language Animal language duality (雙重性) structure of sounds 動(dòng)物只能談?wù)摦?dāng)前的事物 real or imagined in the past, present, future, in far away places interchangeability (替換性) both a producer an

9、d a receiver, all 雄性能產(chǎn)生的信號(hào)雌性不能產(chǎn)生 members can produce and understand the same message distinctive(區(qū)分性) Language can be dissected into single 不能區(qū)分成單個(gè)成分， units with obvious boundaries 一個(gè)連續(xù)體 language can be used to deceive 不會(huì)用聲音欺騙自己的同類,3. What does the charm of conversation lie in?,-no fixed topic, star

10、ting from nowhere and going nowhere, no point to make -there is no winning or losing in conversation, for conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. -conversation-mates are not intimates, not deeply involved in each others lives. 4. What ruins a good conversation?

11、 -try to make a point, to win an argument 5. What is conversation compared to? -meanders -sparkles, glows,meander: vi. to follow a winding and turning course; rambleTo move aimlessly and idly without fixed directionA stream meanders through the meadow. A vagabond who meanders through life 一個(gè)漂泊不定的流浪者

12、 on the rocks: colloq. to be in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe. Tims marriage is on the rocks. get out of bed on the wrong side: to be in a bad temper for the day delve: v.i. investigate for information; search for facts delve into the history of the case recess: n. a secluded, withdrawn

13、, or inner place 幽深處 the recesses of ones thoughts musketeer: n. a soldier armed with a musket （火槍）. In the text, the musketeers of Dumas alluding to the characters created by the French novelist, Alexander Dumas in his novel Three Musketeers,Paraphrasing,Para 1: However intricate they do not indulg

14、e in anything that deserves the name of conversation. No matter how complicated the manner in which animals make known their intentions to each other, they do not go in for any other activity which might rightly be called conversation. Para 2: it does not really start anywhere, and no one has any id

15、ea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. It does not need a special topic to start a conversation. And once started no one knows how or where it will end. meanders or leaps (like a stream) to flow placidly (平靜地） and aimlessly or to flow swiftly and joyously onwards spa

16、rkles or just glows (like fire) to burn brightly throwing off sparks or to burn, steadily without flame. A mixed metaphor There is no winning in conversation. In a conversation one doesnt try to prove oneself right and the others wrong. They are ready to let it go. They are ready to give up the oppo

17、rtunity to tell one of their best anecdotes (because the conversation has moved on to other subjects),Para 3. Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Perhaps it is because Ive spent so much of my time in English pubs that I think

18、bar conversation has a special charm The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. It is not a matter of interest or importance if their marriages are breaking up, or their lo

19、ve affairs have been broken or they are just in a bad temper for the day. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although the lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each others lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. A simile. Bar friends, like the musketeers in the

20、 novel written by Dumas, do not probe into each others private lives.,Part II (para 4 17),Questions. What is the function of paragraph 4? What factors make English a virtually international language? Can you give ten loan words (ex.X)? What is the writers attitude towards bilingual education? Whats

21、your opinion? What is the authors opinion towards dictionaries?,Words and Expressions,Para 4: It was on such an occasionas the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter,that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place. desultorily: aimlessly,

22、 at random. Walk desultorily. alchemy: the chemistry of the Middle Ages, whose chief aims were to change baser metals into gold; a method of power of transformation; esp. the seemingly miraculous change of a thing into something better. By what alchemy did he manage to get elected? They talked about

23、 the most common things and also made some remarks about the planet Jupiter. Then suddenly a magical transformation took place an there was a focal subject to talk about.,Para 6: The glow of the conversation burst into flames. Metaphor, comparing conversation to a fire. The conversation became spiri

24、ted and exciting. It could still go ignorantly on. The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.,There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise. 譯文：其中有人贊成，也有人反對，或者予以否定，當(dāng)然也有人保證去查查。 如何處理抽象詞的英譯漢英漢對比研究連淑能著 *用動(dòng)詞取代名詞： These problems defy easy cla

25、ssification. 這些問題難以歸類。 *用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。 He discussed greatness and excellence. 他探討了偉大和杰出的涵義。 *用具體詞闡釋抽象的詞義。 On March 1, Nixon internationalized his approach to China. 三月一日，尼克松把他對中國問題的看法擴(kuò)大到國際范圍里了。 *用形象性詞語使抽象意義具體化 He was open now to charges of willful blindness.這時(shí)人們指責(zé)他裝聾作啞。 ardent loyalty； perfect harmon

26、y； offend public decency 赤膽忠心；水乳交融；傷風(fēng)敗俗,Para 7: We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Metaphor. Though we were in an English pub, we were soon talking about Australia and the Australians The conversation was on wings. Metaphor, comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring. The convers

27、ation became spirited and exciting. Para 11: As we listen today to the we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. into the shoes: metaphor to think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant, i.e. as if one were a Saxon peasant.,Para 13: After five centuries of

28、growth, of tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conquered. English had come royally into its own. tussle: to fight, struggle, contend, etc, vigorously or vehemently; wrestle five centuries: The

29、 Normans, under William I, conquered England in 1066 and the Merry Wives of Windsor was probably written in 1599 a time span of roughly 500 years between the two events. Angevins and Plantagenets: names of ruling Norman dynasties in England (1154-1399). After 500 years of development, after struggli

30、ng and contending with the French elements, English survived and became once more the official language of England. English earned proper recognition and was used by the king. Para 14: The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth

31、. A simile, comparing the English language to the seeds of dandelion. The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide.,Para 16: There is always a great danger that “Words will harden into things for us.” Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it. Question: W

32、hat is the relationship between language, reality and thought? There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustnt regard the word “do

33、g” as being the animal itself.,Para 16: Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below. lay down an edict: to issue an order or decree (by an official authority) made immune: exempt from or protected against (sth. harmful) Peo

34、ple should not be ordered to speak the Kings English and they should be allowed to introduce changes into the language.,Part II (Para 18 21),Questions Is spoken English different from written English? In what ways? (paper writing) Should people speak as they write? What is the authors attitude towar

35、ds it? What does the instance of Henaults complaining illustrate? What does the author mean by the last sentence? Do you agree with him?,Words and Expressions,Indulge vt. -give way to ones one desire; entertain Dont indulge yourself too freely with wine/liquors. 過分貪杯，縱酒 The manager indulged the comp

36、any with a song. 唱歌給大家助興 Indulge in: - go in for, allow to enjoy indulge in dreams 愛幻想 indulge in self-glorification 一味自我陶醉，一味自吹自擂 indulge in fantasy 一味異想天開 indulgence n. The act or an instance of indulging; gratification: unbridled indulgence 放蕩不羈 翻譯：1）偶爾享受一支好雪茄 2）經(jīng)常沉溺于賭博導(dǎo)致了他的毀滅。 3）對濃茶的嗜好導(dǎo)致失眠 4）桌球是

37、他僅有的嗜好 1）Occasionally he indulges in the luxury of a good cigar. 2）Constant indulgence in gambling brought about his ruins. 3）His indulgence in strong tea resulted in insomnia. 4）The game of billiards is his only indulgence.,Argument N.C辯論，爭論 a discussion or debate in which a number of people put fo

38、rward different or opposite opinions; 1) There was a hot argument. 2) We got into an argument about whether to go by sea or by air. N.U辯論，爭論 reasoning, arguing 3)They spent hours in argument about where to go. 4) We should try to settle this affair by argument and not by fighting. 5) It should of co

39、urse be recited. There is no argument about that. N.C 論點(diǎn)， 論據(jù) statement or set of statement that you use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about something is correct. 6) You cannot bring me over by such an argument. 7) I couldnt follow his arguments closely. 8) I accepted his argum

40、ent that we should increase taxation.,Be in sbs shoes 處于某人的地位 如果我處于他的位置， 我會(huì)要更多的錢。 如果你在我的位置上， 你會(huì)如何處置他呢？ If I were in his shoes Id ask for more money. What would you do with him if you were in my shoes? Into sbs shoes 置于某人地位 試試把你放在我的位置上想想，事情不像你想的那樣簡單。 Try putting yourself into my shoes the situation,

41、as youd soon find out, isnt as simple as you think. Step into sbs shoes 代替某人的職務(wù) 部長已經(jīng)年邁，有幾個(gè)年輕一些的政治家們等著代替他的位置呢 The minister is old, and there are several younger men waiting to step into his shoes,Something : very important了不起，很重要 You think you are something, dont you? An idea is quite good and should

42、 be considered seriously有幾分道理 Thing is something in what you say. : a little comforting 有所安慰，有所滿足 Its something to be home again without an accident. 平安無事地回家,就算不錯(cuò)了。 At least, we didnt lose any money. Thats something. 這就聊以自慰了。 : playing a trick, to sth. unpleasant 搞陰謀，?；ㄕ?By the look on her face, I g

43、uess Mary is up to something. 要搞什么鬼名堂了。,Immune adj. 免疫 from, Once you have had the disease you are immune from it for the rest of your life. The medicine will make you immune from SARS He has had the disease once, so he should be immune to it now. 免于 Income from certain shares may be immune from tax

44、ation. The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder. His high position renders him immune from criticism. immunity Immunity from smallpox can be obtained from vaccination. Immunity from disease The law gives immunity from taxation to schools and c

45、hurches.,slip: (slip up) 出錯(cuò) He slips here and there in grammar. Dan often slips up when hes under pressure. If he hadnt slipped up on the last question, his score on the test would have been perfect. Sit up : 不睡 Mrs.Smith always sits up for her daughter no matter how late it may be. We dont allow ou

46、r children to sit up late. Sit up and take notice: 對感到驚訝， 對刮目相看 His sudden success made the town sit up and take notice. The successful launching of the spaceship made the whole world sit up and take notice.,Lofty adj. noble, high; tall (fm.); arrogant; He has lofty ideas about life. Those sentiment

47、s are lofty but not very realistic. lofty rank The towns buildings were overshadowed by the lofty mountain peaks high above them. We stood in awe of the lofty redwood trees. He spoke to me in a lofty manner , which I could not stand. Celebrate v.t celebrated, adj.; celebrity U C Their courage was celebrated