1、第四節(jié) 漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯,Exercises:,村東頭的王大媽來(lái)了，受壞人欺騙的村民們也來(lái)了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived. 去年他為了完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目在實(shí)驗(yàn)室用計(jì)算機(jī)努力地干了十個(gè)月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.,這一年的清明，分

2、外寒冷；楊柳才吐出半粒米大的新芽。天明未久，華大媽已在右邊的一座新墳前面，排出四碟菜，一碗飯，哭了一場(chǎng)。 The QingMing Festival that year was unusually cold. Willows were only beginning to put forth shoots no larger than grains. Shortly after daybreak, Old Shuans wife brought four dishes and a bowl of rice to set before a new grave in the right sectio

3、n, and wailed before it. The weather that Aprilthe month on which the Grave-Sweeping Festival fellwas unusually cold, with buds no more than half the size of rice grains daring to peep out on to the willow branches. Not long after daybreak, a weeping HuaDama set four dishes of food and a bowl of ric

4、e in front of a new grave.,閣下如認(rèn)為該公司信守合同，可以勝任我公司之代理商，則請(qǐng)告知，我們當(dāng)不勝感激。 到南京時(shí)，有朋友約去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上車北去。 知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負(fù)；不知彼不知己，每戰(zhàn)必殆。（孫子謀攻）,第四節(jié)、漢語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯,一、英漢語(yǔ)句的結(jié)構(gòu)差異（形合與意合之別） 二、翻譯方法 1） 確定關(guān)系，分清主次 2 ）形合手段，珠聯(lián)璧合 三、注意事項(xiàng) 1）突出主題，避免主次不清。 2）均衡分布，避免頭重腳輕。 3）調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，避免關(guān)系不明。 四、顯性復(fù)句（句內(nèi)關(guān)系的再現(xiàn)）,一、英漢語(yǔ)句的結(jié)構(gòu)差異（形合與意合之別

5、）,知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負(fù)；不知彼不知己，每戰(zhàn)必殆。（孫子謀攻） (若）知己（而又）知彼，（則）百戰(zhàn)不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（則）（將）一勝（及）一負(fù)；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（則）每戰(zhàn)（將）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark a

6、bout the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.,Parataxis: the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.(clauses, sentences or paragraphs are organized into texts mainly through meaning, not form) Fu

7、rther reference: Eugene A.Nida, Translating Meaning 敘事原則（時(shí)間先后、事件發(fā)展） 論理原則（因前果后、前提在前，結(jié)論在后）,語(yǔ)法關(guān)系主要不是通過詞本身的形態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)，而是通過虛詞、詞序等手段來(lái)表達(dá)，詞語(yǔ)或語(yǔ)句間的連接主要憑借語(yǔ)義或語(yǔ)句間的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，做到意思的連貫，這種特點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言學(xué)上叫做意合（漢語(yǔ)歸類為分析性的語(yǔ)言Analytic language的原因之一） 以意馭形、簡(jiǎn)約松散, 意義貫通，形散而神不散。 英語(yǔ)主要是Synthetic Language 綜合型，主要通過詞本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)表達(dá)語(yǔ)法意義。英語(yǔ)是重形合的語(yǔ)言，注重形式完備、以形

8、顯義。結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，主謂中心，疊床架屋，樹型空間圖式。 結(jié)構(gòu)完整、形式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、層次分明、語(yǔ)法明確。,Hypotaxis: the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. ( the words or sentences in a text are connected with each other mainly through structural means, both lexical and morphological) While all our plans were

9、still in the blue-print stage, our competitors got the jump on us. 我們還在運(yùn)籌之中，對(duì)手就搶先了一步。,It was an old woman（1）, tall and shapely still（2）, though withered by time（3）, on whom his eyes fell（4）when he stopped and turned（5）. 他站住，轉(zhuǎn)過身來(lái)（5），定睛一看（4），是個(gè)年邁婦女（1），個(gè)子很高，依然一副好身材（2），雖然受歲月折磨而顯得憔悴（3）。,It would take me

10、an entire book to list（1）all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people（2）, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends（3）- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved（4）. 我畢生認(rèn)識(shí)了許多人，他們一生中大部分時(shí)間都是單身（2），但在朋友群中卻無(wú)可

11、非議地是個(gè)核心人物（3）。他們經(jīng)常幫人解決問題，廣受尊敬，廣受愛戴（4）。要把這些人的姓名一一列出的話，恐怕要寫一本書（1）。,He had flown in just the day before from Georgia,（1）where he had spent his vacation（2）basking in the sun（3）after the completion of the construction job（4）he had been engaged in in the South（5）. 他本來(lái)在南方從事一項(xiàng)建筑工程（5），任務(wù)完成之后（4），他就上佐治亞去度假（2），享

12、受著陽(yáng)光（3），前天才坐飛機(jī)回來(lái)（1）。,二、翻譯方法 1）確定關(guān)系，分清主次 閣下如認(rèn)為該公司信守合同，可以勝任我公司之代理商，則請(qǐng)告知，我們當(dāng)不勝感激。 It would be much appreciated if you would inform us whether the company can be relied on to abide by agreement hence qualified to be an agent on our behalf.,2 ）形合手段 （非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、從句、介詞短語(yǔ)、adj） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 普遍的看法是，簡(jiǎn)化手續(xù)，提高工資，比給企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的優(yōu)惠更重

13、要。 It is a general opinion that to simplify formalities and to enhance efficiency are more important than to give preferential economical treatment to enterprises。,運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)形容詞及形容詞短語(yǔ) 人真是可笑的動(dòng)物，一點(diǎn)極微末的小事情，便會(huì)受著很深的影響。 Men are really laughable creatures, so easily upset by trifles. 他們大多是一些基層技術(shù)人員：他們有才有智，奉公守法，深信

14、自己的所作所為是為國(guó)為民。 Most of them are grass-root technical personnel. Capable, intelligent, dedicated and law-abiding, they believe that all that they do is for their people and their country.,介詞短語(yǔ) 研究生學(xué)制為三年，有六個(gè)系有權(quán)授予碩士學(xué)位，英語(yǔ)系還可授予博士學(xué)位。 The post-graduate course is three years, with six departments authorized t

15、o confer Master of Arts and the English Department to confer the doctorate.,賞析：珠聯(lián)璧合之妙 1/ 到南京時(shí)，有朋友約去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上車北去。（朱自清：背影） I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and the

16、nce taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day.,1/ 到南京時(shí)，有朋友約去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上車北去。（朱自清：背影）,I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train fo

17、r Beijing on the afternoon of the same day. （42words, 張譯 ）,A friend kept me in Nanjing for a day to see sights, and the next morning I was to cross the Yangtze to Pukou to take the afternoon train to the north. （32words，楊譯),2/ 我們過了江，進(jìn)了車站。我買票，他忙著照看行李。,We entered the railway station after crossing the

18、 River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. (張),We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. (楊),三、注意事項(xiàng) 1）突出主題, 避免主次不清 上海是個(gè)充滿活力的大都市，上海市民的居住正發(fā)生著深刻的變化。 Shanghai, a metropolis full of vigor and vitality,

19、witnesses dramatic changes in the housing conditions of its people.,2）均衡分布，避免頭重腳輕。 求穩(wěn)定、謀發(fā)展、促合作，是當(dāng)今各國(guó)人民的共同愿望。 It is the common aspiration of all the people in the world to maintain stability, seek development and promote cooperation. 結(jié)束臺(tái)灣同祖國(guó)大陸分離的局面，實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國(guó)的完全統(tǒng)一，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨義不容辭的使命。 It is the bounden duty of t

20、he Chinese Communists to end separation between Taiwan and Chinas mainland and achieve the complete reunification of China.,3）調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，添加關(guān)聯(lián)詞,我讀到此處，在晶瑩的淚光中，又看見那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布馬褂的背影。唉！我不知何時(shí)再能與他相見！ When I read this, through a mist of tears I saw his blue cotton-padded gown and black jacket once more as his bur

21、ly figure walked away from me. Shall we ever meet again? (楊),Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of fathers corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again! (張,1）

22、天無(wú)二日，世無(wú)二主。 2）不是他沒有講清楚，就是我沒有聽明白。,1）Heaven can not support two suns, nor earth two masters. 2）Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well.,四、顯性復(fù)句（句內(nèi)關(guān)系的再現(xiàn)）1、并列關(guān)系,不僅而且還并且 1）他既是個(gè)科學(xué)家，也是個(gè)小提琴家。 2）在太陽(yáng)系，不但行星，而且太陽(yáng)本身也在不斷地運(yùn)動(dòng)。,not onlybut also; as well asas well 1）He is a scientist and a violinist a

23、s well. 2）In the solar system the planets as well as the sun itself are in constant motion.,2、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,3、選擇關(guān)系,1）外商投資企業(yè)經(jīng)企業(yè)申請(qǐng)，稅務(wù)部門批準(zhǔn)，可減輕或免征工商統(tǒng)一稅。 2）他們寧愿待在家里而不愿意去觀光。,1）A foreign investment enterprise may apply to tax authorities and may enjoy, if the application is approved, reduction or exemption of the c

24、onsolidation industrial and commercial tax. 2）They would rather stay at home than go sightseeing.,4、目的關(guān)系,1）為了生存，為了自己和子孫后代的衣食住行，人類和大自然不斷地進(jìn)行著斗爭(zhēng)。 2）要做好防汛工作，以免臨時(shí)措手不及。,1） In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature. 2）We mus

25、t do a good job of flood prevention so as not to be caught unprepared.,5、假設(shè)關(guān)系,1）倘若客人不來(lái)怎么辦？ 2）假若哥倫布沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸，別人也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。,1）What shall we do if the guests fail to turn up? 2）Even if Columbus had not discovered the continent of America, somebody else might have discovered it.,6、轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系,1）雖說他英語(yǔ)不怎么好，但也還能叫人聽懂。

26、 2）實(shí)驗(yàn)失敗了，不過他并不灰心。,1）Though he does not speak English well, he still can make himself understand. 2）The experiment failed, but he didnt lose heart.,7、條件關(guān)系,1）不管困難有多大，都要完成任務(wù)。 2）無(wú)論如何，這個(gè)問題要馬上考慮。,1）Whatever the difficulties are, well have to fulfill the task. 2）At any rate, the problem calls for immediate

27、 attention.,8、因果關(guān)系,1）昨天沒有來(lái)看你，是因?yàn)槲矣屑笔乱k。 2）因?yàn)樘鞖獠缓?，飛機(jī)不能按時(shí)起飛。,1）I didnt come to see you yesterday because I had some urgent matters to attend to. 2）The departure of the flight has been delayed due to bad weather.,口譯詞語(yǔ),普通商品房 -中低價(jià)位、中小套型的住房 自住型住房 非投資性住房 投機(jī)性購(gòu)房 經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房（住房的價(jià)格比同期商品房要低Affordable housing） 二手房 廉租房

28、 公租房（公共機(jī)構(gòu)出租） 保障性住房 兩限房 （限制房?jī)r(jià)、限制面積的住房）,ordinary small and medium-sized commodity housing homes for non-investment purpose speculative housing purchase low-cost housing Used homes Low-rent housing public rental housing low-income housing housing with limited size and price,進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大保障性住房建設(shè)規(guī)模。重點(diǎn)發(fā)展公共租賃住房。 抓

29、緊建立保障性住房使用、運(yùn)營(yíng)、退出等管理制度，提高透明度，加強(qiáng)社會(huì)監(jiān)督，保證符合條件的家庭受益。 we will build more low-income housing. We will give priority to developing public rental housing. We will promptly establish an administrative system for the use, operation and return of low-income housing，increase transparency，and strengthen public ov

30、ersight to ensure that eligible families benefit from low-income housing.,Exercises:,北京的冬季，地上還是積雪，灰黑色的禿樹枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而遠(yuǎn)處有一二風(fēng)箏浮動(dòng)，在我是一種驚異和悲哀。 散文選集是當(dāng)代著名的散文作家楊朔的作品，其中收集了作家游歷各地所見的人文風(fēng)物，筆調(diào)清新，故事感人。 生平不做虧心事，夜半敲門心不驚。 貧居鬧市無(wú)人問，富住深山有遠(yuǎn)親。 若要不貪杯，醒眼看醉鬼。,北京的冬季，地上還是積雪，灰黑色的禿樹枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而遠(yuǎn)處有一二風(fēng)箏浮動(dòng)，在我是一種驚異和悲哀。 Often I feel

31、 deeply depressed to see the Peking winter scene when the thick snow banks up on the ground and the bare ashen tree branches thrust up against a cold blue sky, while in the distance one or two kites are floating casually. When, in late winter in Beijing, there was still snow on the ground and, up in

32、 the air, an entanglement of dark grey bare branches against a sunny sky, a couple of kites were already fluttering up and down in the distance-a sight that filled me with amazement and folornness.,丫叉 交叉。 宋 陸游 冬晴與子坦子聿游湖上詩(shī)之五：“雙手丫叉出迎客，自稱六十六年僧?！鼻夭⒘鶉?guó)平話卷中：“殺得宮娥如算子，丫叉尸首不堪聞?！?魯迅 野草風(fēng)箏：“ 北京 的冬季，地上還有積雪，灰黑色的禿樹

33、枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中。” (1).狀如丫形。西游記第八回：“妖魔眼光閃爍，好似灶底雙燈；口角丫叉，就如屠家火鉢?！?(2).樹椏，枝丫。東周列國(guó)志第六四回：“俗語(yǔ)云：怪樹怪丫叉?！?(3).特指樹枝分叉的地方。何典第八回：“忽抬頭見大樹大丫叉里，一隻老烏在上面褪毛?！?(4).指丫杖。二十年目睹之怪現(xiàn)狀第二五回：“丫叉扶上碧樓闌，押住爐煙玳瑁班?！?散文選集是當(dāng)代著名的散文作家楊朔的作品，其中收集了作家游歷各地所見的人文風(fēng)物，筆調(diào)清新，故事感人。 Written by Yang Shuo, a well-known contemporary Chinese essayist, A Select

34、ion of Prose Pieces contains pleasant descriptions and enticing stories about people and places that the author came across on his travels.,生平不做虧心事，夜半敲門心不驚。 You need not fear a knock at the door, if all through your life you have had a clear conscience. 貧居鬧市無(wú)人問，富住深山有遠(yuǎn)親。 If you are poor, though you d

35、well in the busy market place, no one will inquire about you; if you are rich, though you dwell in the heart of the mountains, distant relatives will come over to see you. 若要不貪杯，醒眼看醉鬼。 If you really mean to quit drinking, look at a drunkard when you are sober.,她們正打架，不巧被我撞見了。 I happened to be present when they were having a fight. 好不容易才說服她照我的想法辦。 With