1、, ,木材及其加工工藝, , ,木材的基本特征,木材的宏觀構造,樹枝, ,03,06,木材的基本特征,木材的宏觀構造,樹干,形成層, ,03,木材的基本特征,木材的三切面,橫切面: 從垂直于樹木生長方向鋸開的截面。該截面硬度最大，耐磨損，但易折斷，難刨削，加工后不易得到光潔的表面；,徑切面:沿樹木生長方向，通過髓心并與年輪垂直鋸開的切面。徑切面材質收縮小，不易翹曲，木材挺直，牢度較好；,弦切面:沿樹木生長方向，不通過髓心鋸開的切面。在弦切面上形成山峰狀和“V”字形木材紋理，花紋美觀但易翹曲變形, ,易變性和燃燒,木材的基本特征,木材的基本性能,質輕,2, ,木材的工藝特性,將木材原材料通過木工

2、手工工具或木工機械設備加工成構件，并將其組裝成制品，再經(jīng)過表面處理、涂飾，最后形成一件完整的木制品的技術過程。,木材的成型加工,木材的表面裝飾技術,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,(1)配料,按照木制品的質量要求，將各種不同樹種、不同規(guī)格的木材，鋸割成符合制品規(guī)格的毛料，即基本構件。,基準面的加工,(2),為了構件獲得正確的形狀、尺寸和粗糙度的表面，并保證后續(xù)工序定位準確，必須對毛料進行基準面的加工，作為后續(xù)工序加工的尺寸基準。,相對面的加工,(3),基準面完成后，以基準面為基準加工出其他幾個表面。, ,(6)表面修整,構件的表面修整加工應根據(jù)表面的質量要求來決定。外露的構件表面要精確修整

3、，內部用料可不作修整。,(5)榫頭、榫眼及型面的加工,榫結合是木制品結構中最常用的結合方式，因此，開榫、打眼工序是構件加工的主要工序，其加工質量直接影響產品的強度和使用質量。,(4)劃線,保證產品質量的關鍵工序，它決定了構件上榫頭、榫眼及圓孔等的位置和尺寸，直接影響到配合的精度和結合的強度。,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程, ,木材加工的基本方法,木材的成型加工,木材的銑削, ,木材加工的裝配,木材的成型加工,(1)榫結合,(2)膠結合,(3)螺釘與圓釘結合, ,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,木材的成型加工,木材加工的裝配, ,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,木材的成型加工,木材

4、加工的裝配,(4)板材拼接常用的結合方式, ,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,木材的表面裝飾技術,木制品的表面涂飾,木制品的表面覆貼,表面覆貼是將面飾材料通過粘合劑粘貼在木制品表面而成一體的一種裝飾方法,聚氯乙烯膜(PVC膜)、人造革、DAP裝飾紙、AIKOY纖維膜、三聚氰胺板、木紋紙、薄木等。, ,常用木材,原木,人造板材,新穎木材, ,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,原木,板材-橫斷面寬度為厚度的3倍及3倍以上者。,方材-橫斷面寬度不足厚度的3倍者。,薄木-厚度小于1mm的薄木片。厚度在0.050.2 mm的稱為微薄木 。, ,木材加工的工藝流程,人造板材,膠合板,刨花板,纖維板,

5、細木工板,克服木材各向異性,隔熱隔音性能好,不易脹縮開裂，具有隔熱、吸音,拼合結構, ,新穎木材, ,木材在設計中的應用,設計中木材的選用,有一定的強度及韌性，剛度和硬度，重量適中，材質結構應細致。 有美麗的自然紋理，材質感悅目。 干縮，濕脹性和翹曲變形性小。 易加工，切削性能良好。 膠合、著色及涂飾性能好。 彎曲性能好。 有抗氣候和蟲害性。,木材的感覺特性,視感,觸感, ,木材的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,設計實例,Gallery 畫廊椅獲IF獎-德國工業(yè)品設計國際獎，IF獎目前是國際工業(yè)設計領域最高獎項,堪稱設計界的奧斯卡。, ,高分子材料及其加工工藝,無論是家電外殼還是辦公用品，衣服紐

6、扣，無論是家具拉手，數(shù)碼產品還是還是機床，照明燈罩，汽車儀表盤等，都由各種塑料加工而成，塑料成為當今產品中利用率最高的材料。, ,高分子聚合物的基本知識, ,高分子聚合物的基本知識,高分子聚合物的特點,(1)具有可分割性,(2)具有彈性,(3)具有可塑性,(4)具有絕緣性,高分子聚合物的組成,高分子聚合物雖然分子量很大，但化學組成比較簡單，都是由簡單的結構單元以重復的方式連接而成。,高分子聚合物的力學狀態(tài),(1)玻璃態(tài),(2)高彈態(tài),(3)粘流態(tài), ,高分子聚合物的基本知識,高分子聚合物的力學狀態(tài),(1)玻璃態(tài),(2)高彈態(tài),(3)粘流態(tài),玻璃態(tài)相當于小分子物質的固態(tài)。只能使大分子中的原子作輕

7、微的振動，從而產生較小的可逆形變。,隨著溫度繼續(xù)增加，到達玻璃化溫度時，分子鏈段產生高彈形變，這種形變具有可逆性，在常溫下處于高彈戀的聚合物，可可作為彈性材料使用。,溫度繼續(xù)增加達到軟化溫度時，聚合物進入粘流態(tài)，形成很大的形變，這種形變具有不可逆性，它不是一種使用狀態(tài)，而是工藝狀態(tài)。, ,高分子聚合物的基本知識,高分子聚合物的力學狀態(tài),玻璃態(tài),高彈態(tài),粘流態(tài),形變,Tg,Tf,溫度, ,塑料的基本特性,塑料的組成,塑料的分類,塑料按熱行為可分為熱塑性塑料和熱固性塑料；按其應用可分為通用塑料、工程塑料、特種塑料和增強塑料。,塑料的一般特性,(1)塑料質輕，比強度高(比強度是指強度與密度的比值)，

8、有一定的強度,(2)多數(shù)塑料制品有透明性，并具有光澤，能著鮮艷色彩,(3)優(yōu)良的電絕緣性,(4)耐磨、自潤滑性能好,(5)塑料有耐化學藥品性,(6) 塑料成型加工方便，能大批量生產,塑料是以合成樹脂為主要成分，適當加入填料、增塑劑、穩(wěn)定劑、潤滑劑、色料等添加劑，在一定溫度和壓力下塑制成型的一類高分子材料, ,材料的工藝特性,塑料的成型加工,塑料的二次加工,塑料的成型方法很多，根據(jù)加工時聚合物所處狀態(tài)的不同，塑料成型加工的方法大體可分為三種： 處于玻漓態(tài)的塑料，可以采用車、銑、鉆、刨等機械加工方法和電鍍、噴涂等表面處理方法。 當塑料處于高彈態(tài)時，可以采用熱壓、彎曲、真空成型等加工方法。 把塑料加

9、熱到粘流態(tài)，可以進行注射成型、擠出成型、吹塑成型等加工。,塑料的成型加工,木材加工的工藝流程,(1)注射成型,將粉粒狀的塑料原料先在加熱料筒中均勻塑化，然后由柱塞或移動螺桿將粘流狀塑料用較高的壓力和速度注入到預先合模的模具中，冷卻硬化而成所需制品的成型方法。,塑料的成型加工,(1)注射成型機,塑料的成型加工,(2)擠出成型,擠出成型又稱擠塑成型，是在擠出機中通過加熱、加壓而使物料以流動狀態(tài)連續(xù)通過擠出模成形的方法。,熱塑性塑料,流動性較好的熱固性塑料,增強塑料,塑料的成型加工,(3)壓制成型,壓制成型主要用于熱固性塑料制品的生產，有模壓法和層壓法兩種。,(1) 模壓法,其原理是將定量的塑料原料

10、置于金屬模具內，閉合模具，加熱加壓，使塑性原料塑化流動并充滿模腔，同時發(fā)生化學反應而固化成型,熱固性塑料和增強塑料,部分熱塑性塑料,(2)層壓法,將浸漬過樹脂的片狀材料疊合至所需厚度后放入層壓機中，在一定的溫度和壓力下使之粘合固化成層狀制品,塑料的成型加工,(4)吹塑成型,(1) 薄膜吹塑,(2) 中空吹塑,擠出吹塑,用擠出機擠出管狀型坯，趁熱將其夾在模具模腔內并封底，向管坯內腔通入壓縮空氣吹脹成型。,塑料的成型加工,(4)吹塑成型,注射吹塑,分為冷型坯吹塑和熱型坯吹塑。前者是將注射制成的試管狀有底型坯冷卻后移入吹塑模內，將型坯再加熱并通入壓縮空氣吹脹成型；后者則是將注射制成的試管狀有底型坯立

11、即趁熱移入吹塑模內進行吹脹成型。,擠出或注射制成的型坯加熱到適當?shù)臏囟龋M行縱向拉伸，同時或稍后用壓縮空氣吹脹進行橫向拉伸。,拉伸吹塑,塑料的成型加工,5壓延成型,6 、滾塑成型,7 、 鑄塑成型（包括嵌鑄）,8 搪塑成型,9 醮涂成型,、流延成型,11、傳遞模塑成型,12 、 反應注塑成型,、手糊成型,14 、 纏繞成型,15、噴射成型,塑料的二次加工,1 、塑料機械加工,塑料機械加工包括鋸、切、車、銑、磨、刨、鉆、噴砂、拋光、螺紋加工等。,2、塑料熱成型,將塑料板材(或管材、棒材)加熱軟化進行成型的方法。,3、塑料連接,塑料連接包括機械連接、焊接、溶劑粘接和膠接等；塑料與塑料、塑料與金屬或

12、其他材料的連接，除一般使用的機械連接方法外，還有熱熔粘接、溶劑粘接和膠粘劑粘接(膠粘)等方法。,塑料的二次加工,(1)塑料焊接,(2) 塑料溶劑粘接,(3)塑料膠接,聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龍和聚縮醛不能采用該種方法。,利用有機溶劑將需粘接的塑料表面溶解或溶脹、通過加壓粘接在一起，形成牢固的接頭,利用熱作用，使塑料連接處發(fā)生熔融，并在一定壓力下粘接在一起。,4 塑料表面處理,涂飾,鍍飾,燙印,塑料產品的設計結構,1、形狀,2、壁厚,3、圓角,（1）可提高制品的成形性；（2）可增加制品的強度；（3）可防止制品變形,4、脫模斜度,5、加強肋和角板,6、嵌件,7、分模線,8、孔洞,常用的塑料材料,通用塑料

13、,工程塑料,增強塑料,（玻璃鋼）,泡沫塑料,塑料在設計中的應用,Sean Yoo 于2005年為Casamania公司設計以可發(fā)性聚丙烯為原料的陳列架或書架這款設計有數(shù)不清的用途，但是乍一看都不顯而易見。不規(guī)則的線條融合了古羅馬的石匠技藝，從風格上、材料上和功能上來看，都不失為一種現(xiàn)代化的物品。無論選擇了哪種功能，這個產品都格外適用于未構建的環(huán)境，它將作為一種極具個性化風格的元素去挑戰(zhàn)原先存在的模式。, ,橡膠, ,橡膠的分類及特性,橡膠有多種分類，可以按原料分，可以按形態(tài)分，又分為通用型和特種型,按原料分為天然橡膠和合成橡膠,按形態(tài)分為塊狀生膠、乳膠、液體橡膠和粉末橡膠,按使用,通用型,特種

14、型,天然橡膠。,異戊橡膠,丁苯橡膠,順丁橡膠,丁腈橡膠，,耐油性、耐熱性、耐寒 性、耐壓性和耐水性，氣密性及優(yōu)良的粘結性能, ,橡膠的分類及特性,一、橡膠的可燃性,二、橡膠的氣體透過性(氣密性),三、橡膠的電性能,四、橡膠的熱性能,五、橡膠的變形與溫度、變形速度和時間的關系,六、橡膠的應力應變性質,七、橡膠的分子特征-構成橡膠彈性體的特點, ,橡膠的加工工藝,塑煉,混煉,壓延,壓出,硫化,降低生膠的分子量，增加塑性，提高可加工性,使配方中各個組分混合均勻，制成混煉膠,混煉膠或與紡織物鋼絲等骨架材料通過壓片壓型貼合擦膠貼膠等操作制成一定規(guī)格的半成品的過程,混煉膠通過口型壓出各種斷面的半成品的過程

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