1、詞匯與語法結(jié)構(gòu)單句選擇語法重點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)語法部分主要涵蓋以下重點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣，以及各種從句等。我們先來學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài)：1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以代替將來時(shí)，用于時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中。1)Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _it.A.finish B.are finished C.have finished D.are finishing答案A。2)Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _.A.will come B.would come

2、 C.shall come D.come答案D。2.在This is the first time結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面的從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。句子開頭也可以用it代替this例：This is the first time that Ihave met Jane.3.在It/This is+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞后面的從句中，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：This is one of the best books _on the subject.A.that have ever been written B.which have ever been written C.that has ever been written

3、 D.whatever have been written答案為A。4.在It is/has been+時(shí)間段+since后邊用過去時(shí)。例：It has been twenty years since Ileft my hometown.5.在no soonerthan和hardlywhen結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句部分用過去完成時(shí)，從句部分用過去時(shí)。1)I had no sooner returned than he called.2)We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.6.在It is(high)time后邊的從句中用過去時(shí)。例：It is tim

4、e that we had arest.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接完成時(shí)的用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、必須、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱變化，在句子中和動(dòng)詞原形一起組成謂語。只有ought后面接to do。2.must+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過去一個(gè)動(dòng)作比較有把握的猜測(cè)。例：I believe he _an accident,otherwise he would have arrived on time.A.would have had B.could have had C.should have had D.must have had答案為D。3.shoul

5、d(ought to)have done用來表示本來應(yīng)該做卻沒有做的事情。例：Im sorry Icouldnt get in touch with him before he left,I _him earlier.A.had atelephone B.have phoned C.should have phoned D.should be phoned答案是C。中文意思是我很抱歉我沒能在他走之前和他聯(lián)系上，我本應(yīng)早點(diǎn)兒給他打電話的。4.could+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示本來能做的事情而沒有做。例：Mary _that coat,but she chose to lend the money to

6、 aneedy neighbour.A.could have bought B.must have bought C.can buy D.could buy答案為A?，旣惐緛砜梢再I那件大衣的，但是她把錢借給一個(gè)更急需的鄰居了。虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，用來表達(dá)說話人的愿望、請(qǐng)求、意圖、建議、驚奇、設(shè)想等。虛擬語氣是英語語法的難點(diǎn)，考生必須熟練掌握。以下從五個(gè)方面介紹。1.虛擬條件句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用：虛擬條件句從時(shí)間上又分為與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，與過去事實(shí)相反，與將來事實(shí)可能相反三種情況。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的，if從句用過去式，主句用would(或could,should,might)加原

7、形動(dòng)詞。與過去事實(shí)相反的，if從句用過去完成時(shí)，主句用would(或could,should,might)+have done結(jié)構(gòu)。與將來事實(shí)可能相反的，if從句用should(或were to)加動(dòng)詞原形，主句用would加動(dòng)詞原形。1)If abetter material _,the strength of the part would have been increased.A.had been used B.had been using C.being used D.using根據(jù)前面的講解，正確答案為A。2)Had the weather been good,the childre

8、n _out for awalk.A.had gone B.could have gone C.would go D.went答案為B。與過去的事實(shí)相反。當(dāng)if從句中含有were,had,should這三個(gè)詞時(shí)，if可以省略，主謂倒裝。2.某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句以及某些名詞后的表語或同位語從句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用，這些動(dòng)詞或名詞包括：suggest(suggestion),propose(proposal),advise(advice),demand,insist,order,request,require,recommend,desire,ask,decide等。在這些從句中，謂語形式為shoul

9、d加動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。例：The generals command was that the soldiers _their fort and carry out more important task.A.would leave B.leave C.left D.have left答案為B。3.在It is desired(或desirable),It is important等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的主語從句中，動(dòng)詞用原形或should+原形動(dòng)詞。這些結(jié)構(gòu)有：It is suggested,It is requested,It was ordered,It is necessary,It

10、is essential.It is vital,It is urgent,It is impossible,It is preferable,It is advisable,It was proposed等。例：Its desired that she _to teach us at least twice aweek,A.comes B.will come C.come D.may come答案為C。4.在would rather,as if/though以及wish后邊that從句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。1)I am too busy these days.I would rather all

11、 of you _next month for adinner.A.come B.would come C.came D.have come答案為C。would rather后面的從句中，動(dòng)詞形式用過去式。2)He talks as if he _everything in the world.A.knows B.knew C.had known D.would have know正確答案為B。在as if/though后邊的方式狀語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑，動(dòng)詞用過去式；如果表示的是想象中的過去的動(dòng)作，用過去完成時(shí)。本句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑。3)You look

12、as if you had seen aghost.此句中as if后邊是說話人想象中的動(dòng)作，所以用過去完成時(shí)。4)I wish Iknew his address.在wish后邊的從句中，如果指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿瑒?dòng)詞用過去式。這句話告訴我們說話人并不知道他的地址。5)Peter wishes that he _law instead of literature when he was in college.A.could study B.studied C.had studied D.would study答案為C。表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。5.在It is(high)tim

13、e后邊的that從句中，動(dòng)詞用過去式，表示該做某事了。例：Dont you think it is time you _smoking?A.give up B.gave up C.would give up D.should give up答案為B。非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞非謂語形式包括不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞，它們?cè)诰渥又胁荒艹洚?dāng)謂語，可以分別充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。雖然非謂語形式不能充當(dāng)謂語，但它們?nèi)匀槐Ａ袅藙?dòng)詞的某些特征，比如說它們可以有自己的賓語，補(bǔ)足語或狀語以及自己的邏輯主語，能成為句子的獨(dú)立成分。動(dòng)詞非謂語形式有一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)三種形式以及相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)形式。在解答有關(guān)動(dòng)詞非謂

14、語形式的試題時(shí)，應(yīng)特別注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.英語中有些動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓語，有些動(dòng)詞后面則接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，還有一些動(dòng)詞的后邊既可以接不定式，也可以接動(dòng)名詞，有時(shí)意義不變，但有時(shí)卻在意義上大不相同，所以必須牢記有關(guān)非謂語形式的基本知識(shí)。1)We shall appreciate _from you soon.A.being heard B.hearing C.to hear D.having been heard答案是B。appreciate這個(gè)詞后面只能接動(dòng)名詞，且應(yīng)該是其一般式。2)The man in the corner confessed to _a lie to the manager

15、of the company.A.have told B.be told C.being told D.having told短語動(dòng)詞confess to中的to是介詞，不是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)，因此選項(xiàng)A和B可以排除。選項(xiàng)C是動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式，而動(dòng)名詞后邊已經(jīng)有了賓語a lie,因此動(dòng)名詞不能是被動(dòng)式，因此正確答案是D。用完成形式的動(dòng)名詞表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作在主要?jiǎng)釉~之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生。3)We all feel sorry for _for so long after your arrival.A.keep you waiting B.having kept you waiting C.waiting for

16、you D.keep you wait答案為B。2.非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)充語時(shí)，要弄清哪些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)，哪些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)。1)Mr.and Mrs.Smith didnt expect the house _so well.A.to be decorated B.to decorate C.be decorated D.decorating decorate是及物動(dòng)詞，因此可以排除B和D，C項(xiàng)缺了不定式的符號(hào)to，因此正確答案為A。2)There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself _.A.he

17、aring B.being heard C.to hear D.heard hear在本句中是及物動(dòng)詞，據(jù)此可以排除A和C，B項(xiàng)選擇形式不對(duì)，因此D是正確答案。3)The manager has his employees _a business report every week.A.to write B.written C.writing D.write答案為D。have和get后面接賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，要用過去分詞或無to不定式。4)we are going to have our office _to make room for anew engineer.A.to rearrange B.rea

18、rrange C.rearranged D.rearranging答案為C。3.非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語時(shí)，尤其是分詞作狀語時(shí)，要注意分詞的邏輯主語必須和句子的主語一致。例：Arriving at the bus stop,_ waiting there.A.he found alot of people B.a lot of people were C.he found alot of peoples D.people were found根據(jù)上面所述，可以首先排除B和D，C項(xiàng)中的peoples結(jié)構(gòu)不對(duì)，正確答案只能是A。4.掌握好非謂語動(dòng)詞形式時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的正確使用。如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在

19、主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后或同時(shí)，用一般式，如果非謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，則用完成式。非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者還是接受者決定了應(yīng)當(dāng)用主動(dòng)式還是被動(dòng)式。例：The famous novel is said _into Chinese.A.to have translated B.to be translate C.to have been translated D.to translate答案為C。從句大學(xué)英語(1-3冊(cè))涉及到的從句主要有四種，分別是定語從句、狀語從句(特別是讓步狀語從句)，賓語從句和主語從句。下面分別給同學(xué)們提示一些需要注意的問題。1.定

20、語從句定語從句又分限制性和非限制性定語從句?？忌貏e注意非限制定語從句的用法。從形式上看，限制性定語從句由who,whom,whose,which,that等關(guān)系代詞或when,why,where等關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，不用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開。而非限制性定語從句中不會(huì)出現(xiàn)that，而且要用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開。1)An old friend from abroad,_ Iwas expecting to stay with，telephoned me from the airport.A.that B.whom C.who D.Which這是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，正確答案是B，因?yàn)榇颂幍膚hom是

21、stay with的邏輯賓語。2)The United States is composed of fifty states,two of _are separated from the others by land or water.A.them B.that C.which D.those正確答案為C。在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞前面可能會(huì)有介詞，在介詞前面還可能有其它限定詞，這就更復(fù)雜一些，需特別注意。2.狀語從句狀語從句有很多種，讓步狀語從句是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。讓步狀語從句主要由以下一些詞或詞組引導(dǎo)：though,although,even if,even though,whetheror,n

22、o matter wh-(或how),whatever(whoever,whichever等)。1)_，you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.A.No matter whomever you are B.In whomever you are C.Whoever you are D.No matter who are you四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中，A中的Whomever多了ever，B項(xiàng)中in whomever部分格式不對(duì)，D項(xiàng)的語序不對(duì)，只有C是正確的。2)Young _he is,he knows what is aright thing t

23、o do.A.that B.as C.although D.however正確答案是B。as也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，但通常把被強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞或副詞等放在句首。3.賓語從句賓語從句比較簡單，它在主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語成份，通?？梢杂蓆hat，if,whether及what引導(dǎo)。使用賓語從句時(shí)應(yīng)注意的是，有時(shí)可以設(shè)it為形式賓語，真正賓語是后邊的從句。例：I always take it for granted that Iam far more intelligent than he is.句子的it指代的是后邊that從句的內(nèi)容。4.主語從句主語從句在主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語，可以引導(dǎo)主語從句的詞有w

24、hat,that以及who,why,where,when等連接代詞或連接副詞。為避免頭重腳輕，特別是在口語中，通常設(shè)it為形式主語，與下邊這些結(jié)構(gòu)連用。It is apity thatIt is an honor thatIt is ashame thatIt is agood thing thatIt is afact thatIt is asurprise that以及It is strange thatIt is surprising thatIt is true thatIt is fortunate thatIt is necessary thatIt is possible(imp

25、ossible)that1)It is desirable that he _.A.gives up trying B.give up trying C.would give up trying D.is going to give up trying答案B。本句也是一種虛擬語氣句。2)_ Isaw was two men crossing the street.A.What B.Whom C.Who D.That答案為A。在復(fù)習(xí)語法的過程中，除了以上講到的這些內(nèi)容，考生還應(yīng)留意倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)及附加疑問句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。倒裝句1.否定詞放置句首時(shí),助動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞要放置主語的前面進(jìn)行倒裝.常用的否定詞

26、有：not,scarcely,barely,seldom,not until,little,(in)under no circumstance,by no means,no soonerthan)。Not until Ireminded him for the third time _working and looked up.A.that he stopped B.does he stopped C.did he stop D.that he stopped答案為C。2.Only+adv.句子要倒裝。1)Only under such acondition will he make stea

27、dy progress.只有在這樣的條件下，他才會(huì)取得扎實(shí)的進(jìn)步。3.nor,neither,so用于句首時(shí),句子要倒裝。So little _about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.A.did Iknow B.I had known C.I knew D.was Iknow答案為A。4.虛擬條件句中省略if時(shí)要倒裝。_ you were busy,I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A.If Irealized B.Had Irealized C.Di

28、d Ihave realized that D.As Irealized答案為B。附加疑問句1.附加疑問句的基本用法附加疑問句由兩部分構(gòu)成：陳述句+附加問句。一般的規(guī)則是：前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定。1)He had to finish the work yesterday,_?A.hadnt he B.had he C.didnt he D.did he答案為C。have作有以外解釋時(shí)，附加疑問句要用助動(dòng)詞do/does/did。2)There wont be any concert this Saturday evening,_?A.will there not B.will ther

29、e C.is there D.will it be答案為B。當(dāng)陳述句為there be句型時(shí)，附加疑問句用其否定或肯定的疑問句式。2.含有否定詞的用法：若陳述句部分已有表示否定的hardly,scarcely,never,seldom等詞時(shí)，反問句部分要用肯定。)She scarcely cares for anything,_?A.doesnt B.does she C.is she D.isnt she答案為B。3.祈使句：1)Please let us have more time,_?A.shall we B.will you C.wont you D.dont you(答案：B。Le

30、ts表示第一人稱的祈使句，反問部分主語用we時(shí)，謂語用shall。如：Lets go,shall we?2)Dont forget to write to me,_?A.do you B.wont you C.are D.will you答案為D。實(shí)例分析8.You ought _the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.A.to report B.to have reported C.to reporting D.have reported答案：B。本句測(cè)試情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought to+完成時(shí)，表示應(yīng)當(dāng)做的事情而沒有做。本句的意思是：前

31、天你應(yīng)當(dāng)向經(jīng)理匯報(bào)這件事情。因此B為正確答案。9.We look forward to _to the opening ceremony.A.invite B.be invited C.having been invited D.being invited答案：D。look forward to短語中的to是介詞，因此其后要接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，又根據(jù)題意，要用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)。本句的意思是：我們都盼望著能被邀請(qǐng)參加開幕式。10.I will never forget the ten years _we both spent in the little village.A.when B.during which C.which D.in which答案：C。該題是定語從句。關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中做動(dòng)詞spent的賓語。11.Not until most of the people had left the airport _his sister was there.A.that he saw B.had he seen C.did he see D.that he had seen答案：C。not until放在句首，句子倒裝。又