1、經(jīng)貿(mào)知識(shí)英語,主 講：邵 峰 主 編：王 學(xué) 文 出版社：中國人 民大學(xué)出版社,經(jīng)貿(mào)知識(shí)英語,主 講：邵 峰 主 編：王 學(xué) 文 出版社：中國人 民大學(xué)出版社,經(jīng)貿(mào)知識(shí)英語,主 講：邵 峰 主 編：王 學(xué) 文 出版社：中國人民大學(xué)出版社,經(jīng)貿(mào)英語與普通英語的區(qū)別 經(jīng)貿(mào)英語的學(xué)習(xí)方法和途徑 學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)貿(mào)英語的作用 關(guān)于考試及試題類型,概 論,試題類型,一 英漢短語互譯（10） 二 搭配題（5） 三 經(jīng)貿(mào)術(shù)語翻譯（20） 四 用所給詞的正確形式填空（10） 五 英譯漢（15） 六 漢譯英（25） 七 回答問題（15）,Lesson1International Trade(I),1重點(diǎn)句子 (1) A

2、country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own action, independent of the endowment of nature. 一個(gè)國家可以不依賴于大自然的恩賜而完全通過自身的行動(dòng)來發(fā)展某一具體比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。 independent of sth:not depending on sth. 獨(dú)立于。,(2) Switzerlands comparative advantage in watch making is typical example. 瑞士鐘表制造業(yè)就是一個(gè)典型的

3、例子。 in:prep. 在方面 (3) Similarly, the United States has developed comparative advantage in many lines that use the most up-to-date technology. 同樣，美國已經(jīng)在使用最先進(jìn)技術(shù)的許多行業(yè)發(fā)展了比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。 line:行業(yè) up-to-date:最新的,(4) Trade to exploit comparative advantage promotes efficiency among countries, since it can make one count

4、ry better off without making another worse off. 利用比較利益進(jìn)行貿(mào)易能夠在各國間提高效益，可以改善一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況而不損害另一個(gè)國家的利益。 since:因?yàn)?it 指上述情況 well off:境況良好 worse off:badly off 的比較級(jí),(5) As a result, Country A would specialize in the production of computers and trade some of them for Country Bs cars, and Country B would speciali

5、ze in cars and exchange some of the cars for Country As computers. 因?yàn)?，甲國將專門生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)并用部分產(chǎn)品換取乙國的小汽車。而乙國將專門生產(chǎn)小汽車并用部分產(chǎn)品換取甲國的計(jì)算機(jī)。 as a result:因此 specialize in:專攻（專門研究）,(6) But according to the above theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one

6、 commodity. 但是，根據(jù)上述理論，只有當(dāng)一個(gè)國家對(duì)另一個(gè)國家在某一商品的生產(chǎn)方面占絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)，貿(mào)易才會(huì)發(fā)生。 (7) On the other hand, one man in Country B can produce 40 cars in a year but only 20in Country A. 從另一方面講，在乙國每人每年能生產(chǎn)四十輛小汽車，但在甲國每人每年只能生產(chǎn)二十輛。 On the one hand,on the other hand:一方面另一方面,(8) So Country A is more efficient in producing computers

7、than Country B, and we say that the former has an absolute advantage over the latter. 所以，甲國的計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)能力要比乙國強(qiáng)。我們說前者對(duì)于后者來說有著絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。 in doing sth.:在做方面 the former the latter:前者后者 (9) In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity. 事實(shí)上，對(duì)于一個(gè)國家來說，生產(chǎn)任何一種商品都不占絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的情況并不罕見。 i

8、n reality:事實(shí)上 rare:罕見的,(10) The theory of comparative advantage holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. 比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說認(rèn)為，即使一個(gè)國家在生產(chǎn)兩種商品時(shí)都比另一個(gè)國家效率高，這兩個(gè)國家也存在著互利的貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)。 even if/though:即使（引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句）,(11

9、) The first country should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller, i.e. the commodity of its comparative advantage, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater, i.e. the commodity of its comparative disadvanta

10、ge. 甲國應(yīng)該專門生產(chǎn)和出口那些絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)小、也就是有相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的商品，進(jìn)口那些絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)大、也就是有相對(duì)劣勢(shì)的商品。 in which（不能用that）引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾其前的commodity i.e. （拉丁語縮寫）：也就是說,(12) Some countries are abundant in resources, and while elsewhere reserves are scarce or even nonexistent. 有些國家資源非常豐富，而其他國家資源稀少，甚至根本就沒有。 be abundant/rich in:富有 while:雖然 You like basket

11、ball, while Id rather read. 你愛打籃球，但我愛看書。 (13) For instance,舉例來說，英國煤資源豐富，但金屬資源匱乏。 For instance:例如：,(14) Kuwait has vast oil deposits but little farm produce. 科威特石油儲(chǔ)量巨大，但農(nóng)產(chǎn)品缺乏。 little:幾乎沒有 (15) And Japan relies heavily on import for most of the primary commodities. 對(duì)于多數(shù)的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品，日本嚴(yán)重依賴進(jìn)口。 rely on:依賴 We ca

12、nnot rely on developed countries all the time. 我們不能總是依賴著發(fā)達(dá)國家。,2重點(diǎn)詞匯 (1) define:及物動(dòng)詞，解釋。 (2) distribution:名詞，分布，經(jīng)銷。 (3) natural resources:短語，自然資源。 (4) abundant:形容詞，豐富的；豐富 (5) scarce:形容詞，缺少的；稀有的；多與介詞連用形成詞組,(6) in terms of (as regards sth.):從方面來講 Think of it in terms of an investment. 從投資的角度考慮那件事。 The

13、figures are expressed in terms of a percentage/in percentage terms. 這些數(shù)字是以百分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)的。 China has an absolute advantage over any other countries in terms of labor. 在人力資源方面，中國比別的任何國家都有優(yōu)勢(shì)。 (7) incentive:名詞，刺激，鼓勵(lì)，同時(shí)該詞還兼有形容詞的詞性，意指：刺激的；鼓勵(lì)的。,(8) constitute:動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成，形成。 (9) remainder:名詞，剩余物，余數(shù)。 (10) hold:及物動(dòng)詞，認(rèn)為。 (

14、11) in terms of:介詞短語，在方面。例句：In terms of manpower we have a large population to take part in this activity 在人力這一方面，我們有足夠的人員去參加這活動(dòng)。 (12) specialization: In our text, it means one country produces more of a commodity than it uses itself and sells the remainder to other countries. 專門化：在本文指一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的某種商品數(shù)量

15、超出它的消費(fèi)，并將所剩商品賣給其他國家。,(13) services: A useful business or job that does not produce goods. .服務(wù)：不生產(chǎn)具體物品的一種職業(yè)或工作。 (14) primary commodities: Mainly means the non-processed or the primarily, processed produce or products, it includes foods, drinks, material processing in agriculture and mineral, vegetabl

16、e oil and animal fat, and fuel manufacturing. 初級(jí)產(chǎn)品：主要指未經(jīng)加工或僅經(jīng)初步加工的農(nóng)林、牧、漁、礦等產(chǎn)品。分為食品、飲料、農(nóng)礦原料、動(dòng)植物油脂和燃料五大類。,三 練習(xí)與作業(yè)（page12） 1. 回答問題:第1題、第2題。 2 搭配題 3 完型填空 4 英漢翻譯（作業(yè)） 5 漢譯英（作業(yè)為1 、 2 、 5）,Lesson 2International Trade(II),1重點(diǎn)句子 (1) These countries attract large numbers of tourists, who spend money for travel

17、ing,hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. 這些國家吸引著大批觀光者，他們花錢旅游、食宿、乘出租車等。 large numbers of +可數(shù)名詞：大量的 who 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。,(2) This refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land. 這里指的是那些在國外工作的人匯回國內(nèi)的錢。 句中畫線部分為過去分詞短語作定語，修飾money。 working in a foreign land 為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作

18、定語，修飾people。 (3) Invisible trade can be as important to some countries as visible trade is to others.如同有形貿(mào)易對(duì)一些國家非常重要一樣，無形貿(mào)易對(duì)一些國家一樣非常重要。 as +adj.+其他+as結(jié)構(gòu)的用法：像一樣,(4) A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a countr

19、y. 關(guān)稅是商品跨越關(guān)稅區(qū)時(shí)對(duì)該商品征收的稅。一般來說，關(guān)稅區(qū)與一個(gè)國家的領(lǐng)域是一致的。 levy a tariff on:對(duì)征收關(guān)稅 A departure tax was levied on all travellers. 句中畫線部分是過去分詞短語，作tax的定語。 coincide with:與一致 My ideas coincide with his. 我的想法與他的一致。,(5) Import duties may be either specific, or ad valorem, or a combination of the two compound duties. 進(jìn)口稅可

20、以是從量稅、從價(jià)稅、或兩者的結(jié)合，即混合稅。 eitheror：或者或者 (6) But a complete answer must also take into account other factors such as patterns of scale and , economies of scale and innovation or style. 但是，完整的答案還必須考慮到一些其他因素，如需求結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)、以及革新或款式。 take sth. into account:把考慮在內(nèi) such as:例如,(7) For strategic or domestic reasons,

21、 a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. 出于戰(zhàn)略或國內(nèi)的原因，一個(gè)國家可能繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)其不具優(yōu)勢(shì)的商品。 for which為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞goods，for在這里是“對(duì)于”的意思，即“對(duì)于這些商品，這個(gè)國家并不具優(yōu)勢(shì)”。 (8) Where there are no differences among countries in the basic capabilities at producing goods, other bases fo

22、r trade among them may still exist. 在那些生產(chǎn)商品的基礎(chǔ)能力方面沒有差異的國家中，其他方面的貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)仍然可能存在。 where 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語從句。,(9) For example, most consumers in one country may consider dog meat a delicacy, while in another country the consumption of dog meat is abhorrent. 例如，在一個(gè)國家消費(fèi)者可能把狗肉看作一種美食，而在另一個(gè)國家，吃狗肉則被認(rèn)為是不雅的。 while:“而”表示前后意

23、思的對(duì)比。 abhorrent:adj.“可惡的”,(10) Even though Country A produces enough cars at reasonable costs to meet its own demand and even to export some, it still import cars from other countries for innovation or variety of style. 即使甲國能以合理的民本生產(chǎn)足夠的小汽車滿足自己的需求，甚至出口一些，但是因革新與款式的需要，它仍從別的國家進(jìn)口一些小汽車。 even though/if:即使

24、meet:滿足 meet sbs wishes, conditions, needs,etc.滿足某人的希望，條件，需要等。 for:由于 Hes learning English for the fun of it. 他為了好玩才學(xué)習(xí)英語的。,Summarize,歸納，總結(jié)。 Can you summarize this passage? Seek to 試圖。 The two parties seek to bring the disagreement to and end Seek 還可以與介詞for連用，意思為：探求，尋求 They are seeking for the soluti

25、on to current problems. Take into account 考慮，認(rèn)為 We are taking into account the drawback of the meeting.,In reality,事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上。類似的短語還有in fact , in practice . In reality ,most of countries are lack of natual resource. affect意為影響，多為負(fù)面影響；influence為中性詞。 Smoking affects health. 吸煙影響健康。 My teacher influenced

26、my decision to study science. 我的老師對(duì)我學(xué)理科的決定起了影響作用,介詞With的用法 1 和一起 Misery acquaints men with strange bedfellows.(諺) 落難時(shí)不擇伙伴。 to live with ones parents staying with a friend 2 帶有的心情、態(tài)度等 He agreed that he was wrong with a good grace. 他很大方地承認(rèn)自己錯(cuò)了。,3 有 I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes i

27、n it and waited. 我坐在一把有網(wǎng)眼的新式椅子上等,4 因?yàn)椋捎?With the state of national economy so serious, I see no reason for the governments complacency. 國民經(jīng)濟(jì)如此嚴(yán)竣,我認(rèn)為政府毫無理由沾沾自喜,The former前者 Did he go there by air or by train? The former seems more likely. 他是乘飛機(jī)還是坐火車去的?前者似乎可能性更大些。 the latter前者，后者Did he walk or swim?

28、The latter seems unlikely. 他是散步還是游泳？后者看來不太可能。,Refer to 針對(duì)；有關(guān);指的是 The new law does not refer to farm land. 新法律與耕地?zé)o關(guān)。 What I said refers to all of you. on the basis of 以.為基礎(chǔ) The principle is on the basis of fairness. In addition to In addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet, a

29、good education and a decent home environment. 除了遺傳基因外,智力的高低還取決于良好的營養(yǎng),良好的教育和良好的家庭環(huán)境。,Besides prep. 除以外(還有) Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables. 除了牛奶和干酪外，我們還需要蔬菜。 Except prep. （常與for, that連用）除之外（沒有） All the answers are excellent except for some mistakes. 除最后一道題之外的所有問題 His report is correct exc

30、ept that some details are omitted. 除了有些細(xì)節(jié)未提到之外,他的報(bào)導(dǎo)是正確的。,but prep. 除以外（主語多為不定代詞） no one but me 除我以外沒別人 Book 意思是租用 Youll have to book up early. 你要早一點(diǎn)訂座。 The secretary has booked the manager in at the Hilton Hotel. 秘書已經(jīng)在希爾頓大酒店為經(jīng)理預(yù)定了房間。 The hotel is fully booked up. 旅館房間已經(jīng)全部給人預(yù)定。 As well as除以外,Attract

31、vt 吸引 She was attracted by the novel advertisement. 她被這新穎的廣告吸引住了。,Attract的同義詞合近義詞 Allure captivate charm draw fascinate infatuate intere stpull tempt distract repel,Large number of大量的。用來修飾可數(shù)名詞。 A smaller number of families may raise children. 少數(shù)家庭可以撫養(yǎng)孩子。 Large amount of 大量的。,Large amounts of money w

32、ere spent on the magnificent building. 這幢氣派的大樓花了大量的錢。,depend,1.（常與on 連用）信任，信賴；需要 Can I depend on you? 我可以信任你嗎？ I havent a car, I have to depend on the buses. 我沒有汽車，只能靠公共,2.（常與on, upon連用）視情況而定 That depends. 視情形而定。 It all depends on how you tackle the problem. 那要看你如何應(yīng)付這問題而定,Make effort to,盡力 He made a

33、n effort to climb the wall. 他盡力爬上墻。,Please put more effort into your school work. 請(qǐng)你在功課上再努點(diǎn)力。,engage in 使從事于, 參加 I have no time to engage in gossip.,engage for 保證,engage on 開始(某種職業(yè)),2重點(diǎn)詞匯 (1) concession:名詞，讓步。通常用短語“make a concession to”對(duì)作出讓步。 (2) impose:動(dòng)詞，強(qiáng)加。Impose something on somebody把強(qiáng)加于某人。另外imp

34、ose還可作不及物動(dòng)詞，意指利用，如impose on sbs kindness利用某人的善意。 (3) non-tariff barriers, 非關(guān)稅壁壘，指關(guān)稅之外的一切直接或間接限制進(jìn)口的法規(guī)和措施，如，進(jìn)口限額等。隨著關(guān)稅壁壘在貿(mào)易保護(hù)中的作用減弱，非關(guān)稅壁壘則被廣泛采用。,(4) without reference to countries:與國家無關(guān)，短語without reference to與無關(guān)。如：all the people, without reference to age or sex, 所有人，不論男女老少。 Visible trade:有形貿(mào)易，指商品的進(jìn)出口。

35、 (5) reasonable costs:合理的成本，reasonable的含義是“適當(dāng)?shù)摹薄ⅰ安贿^分的”、“公道的”、“合乎情理的”。如果要表達(dá)“合理利用資源”、“合理化建議”則不能用reasonable而該用rational，分別譯作make rational use of resources和 rationalization proposal. (6) coincide:v.巧合，偶合，用時(shí)多與介詞with相連用，但也有例外，如：We do not coincide in opinion. 我們意見不和。,(7) refund: v.償還，退還。 (8) signatory: now簽

36、約人，簽約國。例如：the signatories to a treaty 各締約國。 (9) impose:v .to establish（an additional payment）officially征（稅），加（負(fù)擔(dān)）于 A new tax has been imposed on tabaco.對(duì)煙又征收了新稅項(xiàng)。 (10) protectionist:n.a person who wants to keep the system of protecting ones own countrys trade, esp.by tariffs（貿(mào)易）保護(hù)主義者。 The U .S .A is

37、 one of protectionists in international trade. 美國是國際貿(mào)易中一個(gè)保護(hù)主義者。,(11) unilateral：adj.done by or having an effect on only one side,esp.one of the political groups in an agreement：一方的，單方面的。 The treaty denies any unilateral withdrawal.該條約禁止任何單方面的撤出。 (12) label：n.a piece of other material,fixed to someth

38、ing. (13) customs union：關(guān)稅同盟。兩個(gè)或多個(gè)國家締約建立統(tǒng)一的關(guān)稅，對(duì)內(nèi)取消相互間的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部商品自由流通；對(duì)外實(shí)行統(tǒng)一的關(guān)稅，這樣的聯(lián)盟即為關(guān)稅同盟。,(14) Import duties may be either specific, or ad valorem, or a combination of the twocompound duties. Specific duties,從量稅，以商品的重量、數(shù)量、容量、長度、面積等計(jì)征的關(guān)稅；ad valorem duties ；從價(jià)稅，以商品的價(jià)格為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)征收的關(guān)稅；compound duties混合稅、復(fù)合稅

39、，英語也稱，對(duì)同一稅目的商品，同時(shí)按從價(jià)和從量兩種稅率計(jì)征的關(guān)稅。 (15) drawback:退稅 (16) exploit vt. use; develop:利用 (A) Man should make more efforts to exploit natural resources. 人類應(yīng)該更加努力地開發(fā)利用自然資源。 (B) Man exploits waterpower very well. 人類對(duì)水能開發(fā)利用得很好。,(17) assume vt. take as true before there is proof:假定 (A) Assuming that her story

40、 is true, what should we do? 假如她說的是真的，我們?cè)趺崔k？ (B) I assume that she has received my telegram. 我猜測(cè)她已經(jīng)接到了我的電報(bào)。 （18）take into account other factors:考慮其他因素。Take into account 是一個(gè)常用短語。 We must take into account all the different opinions expressed at the meeting.我們必須考慮會(huì)上提出的不同意見。,三 練習(xí)與作業(yè)（page25） 1. 回答問題:第1題

41、、第6題、第8題。 2 搭配題 3 完型填空 4 英漢翻譯（作業(yè)） 5 漢譯英（作業(yè)為1 、 2 、 4）,課后練習(xí)1參考答案： (1) yes, there are, for example, patterns of demand; economies of scales; innovation or style. (2)economy of scale is the cost advantages of large-scale production . Trade may occur out of economies of scale. (3)the theory of internati

42、onal specialization seek to answer the question which countries will produce what goods ,with what trade patterns among them. (4)no. it will not. For stratagic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage.,(4). the benefits of specialization ma

43、y also be affected by transport cost. Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barries to trade ,and typical examples are tariffs and quotas. (5).tariff barries are the most common of trade restriction. a tariffs is tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the bounary of

44、 a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.,(6).the most-favoured-nation(MFN） treatment refers to a tariffs treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any pa

45、rticipating country. MFN treatment is not really special treatment but is just normal trading status because it gives a country lowest tariffs only within the tariffs schedule, but it is still possible to have lower tariffs. (7).quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tar

46、iff barries. A quotas limits the imports or export of a commodities during a given period of time.,(8).visible trade involves the export and import of goods. Invisible trade involves the exchange of services and tecknoledge between countries. Invisible trade include transportation, insurance, touris

47、m , immigrant remittance ,ect.,Lesson 3International Payment,重點(diǎn)句子 (1).Generally speaking, it is not difficult for buyers and sellers in domestic trade to get to know each others financial status and other information, and payment is likely to be made in a straightforward manner, say by remittance or

48、 by debiting the debtors account. 一般而言，在國內(nèi)貿(mào)易中，買賣雙方相互了解對(duì)方的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和其他相關(guān)信息并不難，支付可能以一種直接的方式進(jìn)行，例如，通過匯款或從債務(wù)人的帳戶轉(zhuǎn)帳。 generally speaking 為插入語 be likely to do sth:可能干某事 in a straightforward manner: in a straightforward way以一種直接的方式。,It在這里是形式主語，真正的主語是不定時(shí)短語。這主要是因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z過長。 Eg. It is very difficult for me to understa

49、nd what you are talking about. Be likely to do sth. Eg. It is not likely to rain this afternoon. Eg. She is very likely to ring me tonight . Or it is likely that she will call me tonight. Say 比如，假定；常用作插入語。 Eg. You could learn to play chess in, say, three months. Eg. Let us take any writer ,say, Dick

50、ens.,(2).pachase and sale of goods and services are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parties concerned in the transaction to get adequate information about each other s financial standing and credit worthiness.貨物的購買和銷售跨越國界進(jìn)行，交易中的有關(guān)當(dāng)事人很難充分地得到彼此的財(cái)務(wù)狀況和信譽(yù)方面

51、的信息。 carry out 事實(shí)，執(zhí)行，貫徹，落實(shí)，進(jìn)行 carry out a promise, a threat , a plan, an order Which makes it rather difficult for the parties concerned in the transaction to get adequate information about each other s financial standing and credit worthiness. Which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾前面的整個(gè)句子。句種it是形式賓語。真正的賓語是不定式短語。,Eg. Georg

52、e made it clear that he disagreed. Eg. I thought it peculiar that she had not written. Standing n. 地位，名聲，等級(jí)。 They are making enquiries into its financial standing. She was an economist of considerable standing. (3)The importer might fail to pay in full for goods. 進(jìn)口商可能不支付全部貨款。 In full:全部的，全面的 The bi

53、ll has been paid in full. Write your name in full, please. Fail to do sth.不能干什么，無法干什么 He failed to pass the driving test.,(4)He might go bankrupt ;his government might ,for various reasons, ban trade with the exporting country or ban imports of certain commodities; the buyer might run into difficult

54、ies getting the foreign exchange to pay for the goods.他可能破產(chǎn)了；出于各種原因他大的政府可能禁止同出國進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，或者禁止進(jìn)口某些商品，為了得到外匯償付貨款，賣方可能陷入困境。 Go bankrupt:破產(chǎn)，倒閉 The company went bankrupt because it could not sell its products. Run into:遇到，碰上 They ran into the bad storm.,Trade sth. with sb.于某人交換什么 Since Britain joining the Com

55、mon Market, Britain trade goods with other countries. getting the foreign exchange to pay for the goods是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語. (5)The delay may be caused by problems in production or transportation, and such delays may lead to loss of business. There is also a risk that wrong goods might be sent as a result of

56、negligence of the exporter or simply because of his lack of integrity.這種拖延可能是因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)或是運(yùn)輸造成的，并有可能導(dǎo)致?lián)p失業(yè)務(wù)。還有一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，即由于出口上的疏忽，或是不誠實(shí)造成發(fā)運(yùn)出不合要求的貨物。,Lead to:導(dǎo)致，通向 This misprint led to great confusion. All roads lead to Beijing. As a result of:因?yàn)?，由?The flight was delayed as a result of fog. She was late as a res

57、ult of the snow. Lack of:缺乏，短缺 Lack of rest made her tired. The project had to be abandoned because of lack of funds. that wrong goods might be sent as a result of negligence of the exporter or simply because of his lack of integrity做risk的同位語。,(6)Political risk such as war, quotas. . . . . before pa

58、rting with their money.政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，譬如戰(zhàn)爭，配額. . . . . 在付款之前就得到貨物。 Add up to:總計(jì)達(dá)到 These numbers add up to 100. All this add up to a new concept of international division of labor. Release sb/sth from somewhere把某人或某物從省么中釋放出來 She released the rabbit from the trap. prefer地用法。Prefer to do sth./prefer sth to sth/p

59、refer doing sth/prefer that/prefer to .rather than. Eg. She preferred that he should it in the kitchen. Eg. He perferd to stay at home rather than go with us.,Be hesitant to do sth.不情愿做謀事，不愿意做謀事 Eg. He was hesitant to invite me to take party in her birthday party. Part with 與什么分手 Eg. He just parted with his former girlfriend. (7)Various methods oftrade.在國際貿(mào)易中已經(jīng)采用了許多措施以解決不同情況。 Copy with對(duì)付，處理，解決。相當(dāng)于deal with 或do with Eg.how do you copy with this problem？ (8)when the political andcash in advance.當(dāng)進(jìn)口國的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)使付款不穩(wěn)定或當(dāng)買方的信譽(yù)讓人感到懷疑時(shí)，出口商喜歡采納預(yù)付現(xiàn)金或部分預(yù)付現(xiàn)金。 in advance