1、G9 GRAMMAR現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)I. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的概念。表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果 She has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 Weve known each other since we were children. （我們從小就認(rèn)識(shí)。） I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. II. 構(gòu)成：”助動(dòng)詞have, has + 過(guò)去分詞”現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句形式（以work為例）：人稱(chēng)肯定否定疑問(wèn)回答第一人稱(chēng)I have

2、seen the UFO.We have travelled around the world.I havent seen the UFO.We havent travelled around the world.Have you seen the UFO?Have you travelled around the world?Yes, I have./ No, I havent.Yes, we have./ No, we havent.第二人稱(chēng)You have been to England.You havent been to England.Have you been to Englan

3、d?Yes, I/we have. No, I /we havent.第三人稱(chēng)He/She has been to Beijing.They have given concerts all over the world.He/ She hasnt been to Beijing.They havent given concerts all over the world. Has he/ she been to Beijing?Have they given concerts all over the world?Yes, he/she has.No, he/she hasnt.Yes, the

4、y have.No, they havent.注：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成與過(guò)去是相同，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞見(jiàn)附表。練. 把下面變否定句、一般疑問(wèn)句并作肯定和否定回答。1. I have done my homework.否定句：_一般疑問(wèn)句：_回答：_2. The plane has arrived.否定句：_一般疑問(wèn)句：_回答：_III. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法歸納1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已完成，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。(此種用法謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞) 如： The plane has arrived.常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和副詞：already (已經(jīng)) 用于肯定句中，位置比較靈活，但通常放

5、在have/ has 與過(guò)去分詞之間如： I have already done my homework.yet (還，仍然，已經(jīng)) 用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句的句末。如： Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完飯了嗎？練：I have already done my homework. (變?yōu)榉穸ň?_ever (曾經(jīng))，句中，多用于疑問(wèn)句如： Have you ever been to Shanghai?never (從不) ，本身否定 ；before (以前)，句尾，獨(dú)立用；just (剛剛)，用于肯定句中，常用在助動(dòng)詞和過(guò)去分詞之間。如：I have just he

6、ard the news. 我剛剛聽(tīng)到消息。2. 完成時(shí)可用于表示某時(shí)間段里完成的動(dòng)作，常與today, these days, recently等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： Have you seen her these days? 譯： _Have you been to the library today? 譯：_Have you read the book recently? 譯：_3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能延續(xù)到將來(lái)的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：a. for + 一段時(shí)間：for two hoursb. since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)：si

7、nce 2019, since last yearc. since + 一段時(shí)間+ ago: since two days agod. since + 從句（用過(guò)去時(shí)）e. up to now, till now, until now, so farf. in the past two years, in the last few daysg. recently, lately如： Miss Zhao has taught math for five years. His mother has worked in the shop since 1990. The Greens have liv

8、ed in London since three years ago.注：其中在a,b,c,d 這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如： I have had this book for one and a half years. (這本書(shū)我已買(mǎi)了一年半了！) 不能用buy4. 短暫性動(dòng)詞怎樣和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。英語(yǔ)中的短暫性動(dòng)詞，也叫做終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，只表示一時(shí)的動(dòng)作，在肯定句式中不能與表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。常見(jiàn)的短暫性動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, b

9、egin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。eg. I have bought this book for three months. ()非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)可采用下列三種方法：（1）將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 leave- have (has) been away fromclose- be closed join- have (has) been (in)begin/start- be on buy- have (has) hadgo- be there die- have (has) deadfinish- be over come (

10、arrive)- have (has) been hereborrow- have (has) kept begin to work- have (has) worked open- have (has) been open get up- have (has) been up put on have (has) on come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away joined been got to know known（2）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化：把表時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)“for”變?yōu)椤皵?shù)詞+ 時(shí)間名詞+ago”的短語(yǔ)形式。（即：將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)改為

11、過(guò)去時(shí)間，并用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）如： 他參軍五年了。（判斷正誤）He has joined the Army for five years. ( )He has been in the Army for five years. ( )He joined the Army five years ago. ( )他離開(kāi)濟(jì)南三年了。He has left Jinan for three years. ( )He has been away from Jinan for three years.He left Jinan three years ago.(3) 句子模式的變化。用句型“It i

12、s + 一段時(shí)間+ since從句”（從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去式表示）如：The old man died two years ago.= The old man has been dead for two years.= It is two years since the old man died.5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（1）have been to 去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)已離開(kāi))，可以與ever, never, once, twice等連用。（2）has gone to 去某地了，說(shuō)話時(shí)某人已離開(kāi)此地，在

13、去某地的路上或已在某地，總之現(xiàn)在還未回來(lái)。此句型一般用于第三人稱(chēng)。（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若該地為小地方則用at。翻譯： 你以前去過(guò)北京嗎？_ 吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。_格林一家在中國(guó)已經(jīng)兩年了。_6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：(1) 側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)是一種過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，側(cè)重于表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。如： Yesterday I went to the zoo. (僅說(shuō)明昨天去了動(dòng)物園，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)) Li Lei has read the book. (說(shuō)明李磊了解那本書(shū)的

14、內(nèi)容)（2）連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同：一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與ago, yesterday, last, in 2019, just now等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past, before, ever, never, since, for等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。注 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與yesterday, last week, two days ago等過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的，要用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)

15、是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)而是由其他人完成的，則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)各時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成表TENSE主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)beVVsamisare+ pp一般將來(lái)時(shí)will+ Vwill be +pp 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)amisare+ Vingamisare+ being+ pp一般過(guò)去時(shí)waswere Vedwaswere+ pp一般完成時(shí)havehas+ pphavehas+ been+ pp過(guò)去完成時(shí)had+ pphad+ been+ pp過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)waswere+ Vingwaswere being+ pp情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can+ Vcan+ be+ ppOur classroom is

16、 cleaned everyday.A new shop was built last year. This book has been translated into many languages.A new hospital will be built in our city. Young trees must be watered often. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句所遵循的4個(gè)步驟： 1.把原主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)2.把

17、動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式即be +過(guò)去分詞，并注意其人稱(chēng)和數(shù)隨主語(yǔ)的變化，而動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)則保持不變。3.原主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)如需要?jiǎng)t放在by后面以它 的賓格形式出現(xiàn)（注代詞的賓格），如不需要?jiǎng)t可省略。 4.其它的成分（定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)）不變。 三、不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（即多數(shù)的瞬間動(dòng)詞）：appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失）, end (vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。(錯(cuò))The

18、price has been risen.(對(duì)) The price has risen.(錯(cuò)) The accident was happened last week.(對(duì)) The accident happened last week.(錯(cuò)) The price has raised.(對(duì)) The price has been raised.(錯(cuò)) Please seat.(對(duì)) Please be seated.要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞

19、或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（keep除外）：appear, be become, fall

20、, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4) 帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：die, death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.5) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(對(duì)) She likes to swim.(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.四、 使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題： 1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 What will hap

21、pen in 100 years? The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something somebody +be +seen

22、 to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。 He gave me a book.A book

23、was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。 We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened t

24、o by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.副詞副詞的分類(lèi) 副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。1、表頻率的副詞常見(jiàn)的頻率副詞有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它們一般在系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前.He always goes to school on foot. She has never been to Be

25、ijing. She is often late for work.2、表示方式的副詞與方式相關(guān)的副詞，這類(lèi)詞通常由形容詞+ly轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)。如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ， slowly ， suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此類(lèi)副詞位于動(dòng)詞之后，如果是及物動(dòng)詞一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后。The children are dancing happily. They work hard.The students did their homework car

26、efully.3程度副詞與程度相關(guān)的副詞有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, toofor, tooto do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。它們一般位于被修飾的詞前面，但enough要放在被修飾的詞后面。I can hardly know her name.The cake is so deliciousHe was badly h

27、urt .He worked hard enough.4 表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方向的副詞（1）與時(shí)間相關(guān)的副詞有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。它們通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。Theyll come back soon. He lived here ten years ago .They have finished the work already.=They have alread

28、y finished the work.（2）與地點(diǎn)、方向相關(guān)的副詞經(jīng)常位于動(dòng)詞之后與動(dòng)詞搭配構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out5疑問(wèn)副詞和關(guān)系副詞（1）常用的疑問(wèn)副詞：when,where ,why ,how,how old, how long, how soon, how often, how far等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。Maybe/Perhaps he is at home. How did you g

29、o there ?When was he born ? How often do you see a movie ?How soon will your father come back?（2） 關(guān)系副詞主要有四個(gè),即when, where, why，how等。關(guān)系副詞常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。1. 副詞的位置和排序（一）、副詞的位置： 1） 在動(dòng)詞之前。 2） 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。 3） 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。 注意： a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ah

30、ead of us. b. 方式副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾，如：He speaks English well. （二）、副詞的排列順序： 1） 時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。 2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3） 多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。 注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。 改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò))I very like English. (對(duì))I like English very much. 注意：副詞enough要放在

31、形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 副詞的用法1).作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞，位于動(dòng)詞后。He walked quietly into his bedroom. It is raining hard .2).作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞，位于形容詞前。You have a very nice watch. The machine is too heavy.3).作狀語(yǔ)修飾另一副

32、詞，位于另一副詞前。有時(shí)候也修飾整個(gè)句子You walked too slowly,I couldnt wait for you. Unfortunately ，he was out.4).作表語(yǔ)，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。How long will she be away? Is your mother in ?5).作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，位于賓語(yǔ)之后。Ask him in . I saw him out .6).作定語(yǔ)，位于名詞后。the girl here the boy over there the man upstairs on ones way home副詞的比較等級(jí)1、副詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成（1）副詞

33、的比較等級(jí)與形容詞相似，也有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（2）絕大多數(shù)的副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)都是在其前面加上more和most構(gòu)成的，有少數(shù)單音節(jié)和個(gè)別雙音節(jié)的副詞是在末尾加er , est 構(gòu)成。slowly- more slowly- most slowly carefully-more carefully most carefully fast-faster-fastest （3）還有一些副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是不規(guī)則的。例如：well-better-best badly-worse-worst far-farther/further-farthest/furthestmuch more-most li

34、ttle-less-least little-less-least2、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法（1）副詞的同級(jí)比較用 (not)as+副詞原級(jí)+as .Jim did the work as well as Lilei. I cant run as fast as you .（2）兩者之間進(jìn)行比較常與than連用。He speaks English better than you . Tom works harder than Jim .(3)表示三者、三者以上之間的比較用副詞最高級(jí)，用不用定冠詞the皆可，通常有一個(gè)表示范圍的短語(yǔ)。例如：The boy writes most carefully

35、of the four. Jim did worst in the exam in his class yesterday.一、 兼有兩種形式的副詞1) close與closelyclose意思是近； closely 意思是仔細(xì)地He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 與latelylate意思是晚； lately 意思是最近You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep與deeplydeep意思是深，表示空間深度；deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，深深

36、地He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highlyhigh表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于muchThe plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide與widelywide表示空間寬度；widely意思是廣泛地，在許多地方He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free與freelyfre

37、e的意思是免費(fèi)；freely 的意思是無(wú)限制地You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.易混點(diǎn)清單一、how long,how often,how soon，how far的用法區(qū)別1. how long“多長(zhǎng)”，詢(xún)問(wèn)動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上所持續(xù)的長(zhǎng)度。其答語(yǔ)部分或劃線部分可能是：1）“for + 時(shí)間段”，有時(shí)可能沒(méi)有介詞for。如：-How long did he wait for you here？- For two hours. It took him

38、20 minutes to finish his homework. (對(duì)話線部分提問(wèn))How long did it take him to finish his homework?2）“since + 具體時(shí)間”，“since + 時(shí)間段 + ago”或者“since + 從句”。如：-How long are you feeling like this? -Since last night.3）表示時(shí)間的betweenand,fromto等介詞短語(yǔ)。如：They were playing football from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday. (對(duì)話線部分提問(wèn))Ho

39、w long were they playing football yesterday?另外，how long也可以詢(xún)問(wèn)某事物的具體長(zhǎng)度。如：-How long is the desk？ -1.2 meters. 1.2米。2. how soon“多久，多快”，詢(xún)問(wèn)動(dòng)作在將來(lái)要經(jīng)過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才會(huì)發(fā)生。其答語(yǔ)部分或劃線部分可能是：in + 時(shí)間段。如：Hes going to Zhengzhou in two days. (對(duì)話線部分提問(wèn))How soon is he going to Zhengzhou？3. how far“多遠(yuǎn)”，詢(xún)問(wèn)路程、距離。如：How far is it from he

40、re to school? 4.how often 指每隔多久，主要用來(lái)對(duì)頻度副詞或狀語(yǔ)(如：once a week, three times a month 等)提問(wèn)。如A：How often does he come here? B：Once a month. A：How often do you visit your mother? B：Once a week.二、hard和hardly的區(qū)別(一)、hard可用作形容詞或副詞：1. 當(dāng)hard用作形容詞時(shí)，意為“困難的、堅(jiān)固的、努力的”等。例如：Its hard for old people to change their ways.

41、Steel is harder than wood. 2. 當(dāng)hard用作副詞時(shí)，意為“努力的、困難的、猛烈地”等。例如：Does Tom work hard at his lessons? Its raining hard outside now. Dont go out. (二)、hardly只能用作副詞，意為“幾乎沒(méi)有、幾乎不”。例如：I can hardly see anything on the blackboard. My father hardly ever watches TV. 3、 much too和too much區(qū)別（一）(too) much 中心詞是much1相當(dāng)于形

42、容詞，意為“more than enough”，用在不可數(shù)名詞前面作定語(yǔ)或在系動(dòng)詞后面作表語(yǔ)。如： Americans eat too much meat in my opinionI drank too much cola last nightThe work is too much for her Shes afraid the trip will be too much for me2相當(dāng)于名詞，在句子中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如： Too much was happening all at onceYou have given me too much 3相當(dāng)于副詞，在句子中作狀語(yǔ)。如：You w

43、ork too muchShe talks too much（二）(much) too 中心詞為toomuch too的用法比較簡(jiǎn)單，只用作副詞作狀語(yǔ)，但它不單獨(dú)使用，在句子中要修飾形容詞或副詞，但不修飾動(dòng)詞。如： You are much too kind to meIts much too coldYou are driving much too fast【練習(xí)】1.we should not eat junk food .A.too much B.much too C.too many D.much too (A)2. its _ hot in august in Nanjing . 3

44、. A .many too B . much too C . very too D .to much (B)4. We dont have _ time to work every year. 5. A much too B so many C too much D too many (C)四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思 區(qū)別1)also表示也是比較正式的用詞, too 是普通用詞,口語(yǔ)中用的多,使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意: also 一般用于句子中,其位置在行為動(dòng)詞之前,動(dòng)詞to be之后。如有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，一般應(yīng)在助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可放

45、在前面。例如： I also went. You are also wrong. too常置于句末，前面可用逗號(hào)，如置于句中，其前后均有逗號(hào)。例如 He is a singer ,too. He,too,is a singer. 注意: also,too只能用于肯定句。 2) either neithereither 表示“也”，只能用在否定句中，必須放在句末。例如： He didnt go there. I didnt either. neither表示兩者都不。 In neither case can I agree. Neither of them wants to stop for a

46、 rest 3) as well as 作并列連詞相當(dāng)于not onlybut also和no lessthan，但not onlybut also側(cè)重在后項(xiàng)，as well as 和no lessthan 側(cè)重在前項(xiàng)。例如： We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side or things. A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted. 在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，句意往

47、往有很大差別。比較下面的句子： He, as well as she, will not come. He will not come as well as she.（否定前者，肯定后者） Henry, as well as his brother, doesnt work hard. Henry doesnt work hard as well as him brother.as well as 連接的應(yīng)是平等成分，都作主語(yǔ)或都作賓語(yǔ)等。例如： She was there as well as me. （誤） She was there as well as I .（正）五、already、

48、yet、still的區(qū)別1）already是已經(jīng),用在肯定句中,用在完成時(shí)中比較多,比如Ive already been to London.2）yet是還用于否定句,如I havent gone there yet.此外yet還有但是的意思,有時(shí)可以和but互換,比如The authorities claim that the situation in the area has been under control, yet the fact is not the case.(當(dāng)局聲稱(chēng)此地區(qū)局勢(shì)已得到控制,但事實(shí)并不是那么回事.)3） still是仍然,如He should have bee

49、n killed in the accident, but he is still alive.(他本應(yīng)在事故中喪生,但他活著.)六、ago和before的區(qū)別1.ago表示“從現(xiàn)在起的若干時(shí)間以前”，意思是“距今以前”，需和過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)連用。before泛指“從過(guò)去起的若干時(shí)間以前”，意思是 “距過(guò)去某時(shí)以前”“與其（毋寧）”，常和完成時(shí)連用，尤其在間接引語(yǔ)中，如： His parents died ten years agoHe said that his parents had died ten years before I have never been there before

50、I visited him three days ago, but he had gone to Shanghai a week before2.如果不具體表明多少時(shí)間以前，只用before不用ago，意為“從前、以前”。before仍以副詞的形式置于被修飾語(yǔ)后，常與完成時(shí)候過(guò)去時(shí)連用。如： Have you seen this film before? He asked me whether I had been to the Great Wall before 3.表示在某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間或事件以前時(shí)，只用before不用ago，這種用法是將before當(dāng)作介詞或連詞使用。ago不具有這一功能。如

51、： They will come back before six oclock It is hoped that this will be finished before the year 2019另外，before在句中的含義較多。不少句子中，before雖然引導(dǎo)的也是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但是譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)卻不必譯為“在以前”。 a.如果before引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生得晚或慢，可譯成“才”。這是主句主語(yǔ)或是名詞、代詞，或用it作形式主語(yǔ) He had almost knocked me down before he saw meIt will be hours before he arrives Yo

52、u must sow before you can reapb.如果強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前，主句動(dòng)作已發(fā)生，可譯成“未就”或“還沒(méi)有就”。 Before I could get in a word he had measured meLu Ban built nine pavilions, but before he could finish the tenth, he heard a cock crowingc.有些句子中的before可譯為“先然后”、“先再”。 Dont count the chickens before they are hatched 不要樂(lè)觀得太早。 Be pupil

53、 before you become a teacher先做學(xué)生，再做先生。 有些句中的before還可譯為“在內(nèi)”、“趁”、“沒(méi)”。 They arrived before I expectedStudy hard before it is too lateI had better go now before it is too late . I will be through this book before three days have passedbefore sbknew it 一類(lèi)習(xí)慣說(shuō)法，常譯為“不知不覺(jué)就”、“還沒(méi)弄清就”、“不知怎么地就”，如Time passed quickly and three months went by before Aqiao knew itHe fell from the tree before he knew it 4.加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“早已”的意思或使敘述顯得更生動(dòng)，