1、語言學(xué) 復(fù)習(xí)試題及參考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 2. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the

2、members of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar4. Distinctive features can be found runn

3、ing over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A.

4、bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional8. The syntactic rules of

5、any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviourism10. “Alive” and “dead” are _. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposit

6、es C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _ is considered. A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context12. _ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequ

7、ence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act13. Language change is _. A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematic B. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universal C.

8、universal, continuous, but not regular and systematic D. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is

9、known as _. A. sound addition B. sound loss C. sound shift D. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _. A. use of words B. use of structures C. accent D. morphemes16. _ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular spe

10、ech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. A. Language interference B. Language changes C. Language planning D. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _. A. human brain B. human vocal cords C. human memory

11、D. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _. A. the neurons B. nerve pathways C. cerebral cortex D. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of _ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.

12、A. cultural B. grammaticalC. behavior D. pragmatic20. According to the _, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community. A. acculturation view B. mentalist view C. behaviourist view D. conceptualist view得分II. Decid

13、e whether each of the following statements is True or False (10 x1) 21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspi

14、rated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, ther

15、efore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other la

16、nguages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and“performatives”.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is c

17、alled Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and non

18、e, as in :He dont know nothing.He dont like nobody.He aint got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are abs

19、ent of syntactic or morphological markers.得分III. Define Six of the following ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference 35. synonymy, 36. predication analysis, 37. critical period hypothesis 38. linguistic competence 39. bilingualism40.p

20、sycholinguistics得分IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary? 2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements: 1 ) The p

21、eople live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow. 4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.參考答案及評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每題一分1.D 2

22、.C 3.D 4.C 5.D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A II. True or False (10x1) 每題一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.T III. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每題五分，能夠舉例不舉例說明的扣二分。31. allomorph: Some morphemes are realized b

23、y more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are allomorphs, e.g.Plurality :-s, -es; foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese, etc.32. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, eit

24、her free or bound, to form a word, e.g., -ish in girlish, -mit in transmit, remit, admit. 33. semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.34. reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship bet

25、ween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience 35. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.36. predication analysis: Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constitutes-ar

26、guments and predicates.37. critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without e

27、xplicit instruction.38. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.39. bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in wh

28、ich two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. 40.psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. IV.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possibl

29、e, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ): 每題十分，回答不全者酌情扣分。41. The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are m

30、eaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk

31、 about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 42. Phonetics and phonology are the two fields dedicated to the study of human speech sounds and sound structures. The difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics

32、deals with the physical production of these sounds while phonology is the study of sound patterns and their meanings both within and across languages. If they still sound like more or less the same thing, read on. Well discuss each one individually and then compare them side by side, which should cl

33、ear things up.Phonetics is strictly about audible sounds and the things that happen in your mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs to make those sounds. It has nothing to do with meaning. Its only a description. For example, in order to produce the word “bed,” you start out with your lip

34、s together. Then, air from your lungs is forced over your vocal chords, which begin to vibrate and make noise. The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a B sound. Next, keeping your lips open, the middle of your tongue comes up so that the sides meet your back t

35、eeth while the tip of your tongue stays down. All the while, air from your lungs is rushing out, and your vocal chords are vibrating. Theres your E sound. Finally, the tip of your tongue comes up to the hard palate just behind your teeth. This stops the flow of air and results in a D sound as long a

36、s those vocal chords are still going.As literate, adult speakers of the English language, we dont need a physical description of everything required to make those three sounds. We simply understand what to do in order to make them. Similarly, phoneticists simply understand that when they see /kt/, i

37、ts a description of how most Americans pronounce the word “cat.” It has nothing to do with a furry house pet.In fact, if there were a word in any other language pronounced the same way, the phonetic spelling would be the same regardless of meaning. Again, its not about meaning. Its strictly physical

38、.Phonology, on the other hand, is both physical and meaningful. It explores the differences between sounds that change the meaning of an utterance. For example, the word “bet” is very similar to the word “bed” in terms of the physical manifestation of sounds. The only difference is that at the end o

39、f “bet,” the vocal chords stop vibrating so that sound is a result only of the placement of the tongue behind the teeth and the flow of air. However, the meanings of the two words are not related in the least. What a vast difference a muscle makes!This is the biggest distinction between phonetics an

40、d phonology, although phonologists analyze a lot more than just the obvious differences. They also examine variations on single letter pronunciations, words in which multiple variations can exist versus those in which variations are considered incorrect, and the phonological “grammar” of languages.I

41、f you are a native speaker of English, you pronounce the letter P three different ways. Its true. You may not realize it, but you do, and if you were to hear the wrong pronunciation, you might not be able to put your finger on the problem, but you would think it sounded really weird. Say the word “p

42、op-up.” The first P has more air behind it than the others, the second is very similar to the first, but it doesnt have much air in it, and the last one is barely pronounced at all. The word just sort of ends there when your lips close. Now, say it again, but put a lot of air in the final P. See? We

43、ird, right? Thats because the aspirated P (with air) sound is not “grammatically” correct at the end of an English word. Similarly, Spanish words do not begin with an “s” sound followed by a consonant, which makes it very difficult for Spanish-speakers who are learning English to say words like “school,” “speak” and “strict.” Phonologists study things like that.43. 1) The girl lives a happy life in the city. CP C S NP Infl VP Det N V NP PP Pres Det A N P NP D