醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作與翻譯,材資料料與方法,材料與方法,1. How to write the materials and methods section 2. Follow the guidelines below for writing a good Materials and Methods section Write most of the section in the past tense. Organize it in chronological order. Construct subheadings that correspond to those to be used in the Results section. Be precise and concise. Study Subjects Present inclusion and exlcusino criteria for selecting the subjects studied. Give details of all relevant characteristics of the study subjects and of any control subjects. Give details of informed consent procedures if human subjects are involved. Materials Give exact technical specifications of the materials used. Do not use proprietary(專賣的，專利的) names unless the properties of a particular proprietary product were important to the experiment. Give the genus5dVi:nEs(種, 類), species and strain of any animals, plants, etc. used in the study. Methods Describe what you did. Give sufficient detail to permit other research workers in the field to replicate your work. Describe statistical methods. Mention a well established method by name, or by giving an appropriate reference.,材料與方法,Read the following example Materials and Methods section and familiarize yourself with the layout: Methods Patients Thirty-six consecutive patients underwent heart transplantation by the midatrial-cuff technique between August 1992 and June1993. Nine patients were not enrolled in the study; five patients had multiple medical limitations after prolonged hospitalization, and four patients declined to participate. Within two weeks after transplantation, informed consent was obtained from the remaining 27 patients, who were randomly assigned (by selection of sealed envelopes) either to a gropu that participated in an exercise training program in an outpatient cardiac-rehabilitation setting (exercise group, 14 patients) or to a control group (13 patients). The control group received written guidelines for exercise but participated in no formal, supervised exercise sessions after discharge from the hospital.,材料與方法,All the patitents were treated with triple-drug immunosuppression, including cyclosporine,( 環(huán)孢霉素) azathioprine(硝基)咪唑硫嘌呤), and prednisone. The dosage of prednisone was initially 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, given in divided doses, and was gradually decreased to 0.1mg per kilogram per day by six months after transplantation. Episodes of cardiac rejection were treated with an oral bolus(大藥丸) dose of prednisone and then tapered(逐漸減少) doses and, for clinically severe rejection, with OKT3 murine monoclonal antibody (muromonab-CD3). Episodes of rejecitn and infection were recorded, and blood pressure, renal function, and weight gain evaluated in both groups of patients during the study. Cardiac function was assessed with echocardiography and right-heart catheterization at base line dn at a six-month follow-up examination.,材料與方法,Exercise Program At the time of entry into the structured, six-month program of rehabilitative exercise, patients in the exercise group were evaluated by a physical therapist for overall muscle strength, joint flexibility, and aerobic endurance. On the basis of these findings, a supervised program of exercise was developed by the therapist according to each patients specific needs. Strengthening exercises consisted primarily of closed-chain resistive activities(e.g., bridging lifting of hips with knees flexed in a supine position, half-squats, and toe raises) and abdominal exercises (curl-ups and pelvic tilts). Flexibility exercises, which emphasized chest expansion and thoracic mobility, included side stretches, trunk twists, scapula squeezes, and shoulder rolls. Aerobic exercises consisted of walking on a motorized treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer(Cybex, Ronkonkoma, N.Y.), as well as arm movemnts on an ergometer(Cybex). The duration and intensity of aerobic-exercise sessions were increased to meet the patients tolerance, with a goal of at least 30 minutes of continuous exercise at a moderate intensity.,材料與方法,Patients initially visited the cardiac-rehabilitation clinic one to three weekly(some were unable to attend more than once each week because of transportation difficulties) and receive specific instructions for exercising at home. The frequency of cardiac rehabilitation sessions was gradually reduced to one every two weeks as patients became more independently involved in their home exercise programs. Patients who had rejection were instructed not to exercise until a follow-up endomyocardial biopsy showed resolution of rejection, which usually required two weeks. ,材料與方法,Measurements Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing All the patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test that is routinely administered in our laboratory within one month after cardiac transplantation and again six months after transplantation. Cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests were conducted by bicycle ergometry. During testing, the electrocardiogram was monitored continuously and the blood pressure was measured regularly. For maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing, the patient first cycled at 50 to 70rpm with no workload for three minutes. Then the workload was incrementally increased by 10 W every minute until the patients ability to exercise became limited by symptoms. This point was taken as peak oxygen consumption (peak aerobic capacity).,材料與方法,During exercise testing, expired gas was collected and analyzed with a gas analyzer (Medical Graphics System 2001, Kalamazoo, Mich). The cardiopulmonary exercise measurements permitted determination of peak oxygen consumption, workload, ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, exercise time, time to estimated threshold of lactic acidosis as determined by the V-slope method (the V slope is the point of a nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide production during exercise.), resting heart rate, peak heart rate, resting blood pressure, peak blood pressure, and minute ventilation. The primary end points of this study were the differences between the two groups of patients in the results of cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing at one month and six months after transplantation.,材料與方法,Statistical Analysis The distribution of the patients characteristics, the results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing at base line, the changes in the cardiopulmonary exercise measurements between the base-line evaluation and the six-month follow-up, and postoperative characteristics were evaluated by means of prespecified analyses. The frequency distributions and mode were examined for all the categorical measures. For all the continuous measures, the mean; the 25, 50 75, and 95 percent quantiles; the standard deviations; and the minimal and maximal values were examined. Fishers exact test was used for categorical measures, and the paired t-test was used for continuous measures. For all the tests a two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.,材料與方法-動詞形式,4-2.材(資)料與方法部分的時態(tài) (1) 材料與方法部分多屬回顧性敘述，一般用過去時表示，有時也可用現(xiàn)在完成時，且多用被動語態(tài)。例如： The study was conducted in the tertiary level Neonatal Unit of a teaching hospital over one year period. 本項目對冠心病猝死的男性心臟進(jìn)行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月馬里蘭州的醫(yī)學(xué)人員對這些心臟進(jìn)行過研究。冠狀動脈固定術(shù)、心臟解剖以及組織標(biāo)本制作情況如前所述。 Hearts from men who died of sudden coronary death were studied in a prospective fashion. These hearts were seen in consultation with the medical examiner in the state of Maryland between January 1994 and May 1997. Coronary artery fixation, cardiac dissection, and tissue sampling were performed as previously described. The present prospective randomized controlled parallel study was conducted on 93 children up to 12 years admitted in our hospital between May 2002 and April 2004 with clinical presentation of typhoid fever(傷寒癥) without any localizing signs, and a positive blood culture for S. typhi(西伯利亞斑疹傷寒) .,材料與方法-動詞形式,(2) 說明研究或?qū)嶒炛鞍l(fā)生的動作或情況，用過去完成時；表示過去以前一直進(jìn)行的動作，用過去完成進(jìn)行時。例如： 受試者就座至少5分鐘后，由訓(xùn)練有素的觀察者用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水銀血壓計測量兩次血壓。 BP was measured twice by trained observers using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject had been seated for at least 5 minutes. 877例胃癌患者中，有9例原已確診為惡性貧血。 Among 877 patients with gastric cancer，pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 9. 12名兒童患者中有7名患者在進(jìn)行膽囊切除術(shù)時年齡不足6歲。年齡最小的是一名9個月的男孩，在出生后不久便因十二指腸創(chuàng)傷一直接受全胃腸外營養(yǎng)。 Seven of the 12 children were less than 6 years of age at the time of cholecystectomy, and the youngest was a 9-month-old boy who had been receiving total parenteral nutrition since shortly after birth after duodenal trauma.,材料與方法-動詞形式,(3) 說明圖表內(nèi)容和數(shù)值表示法等，用一般現(xiàn)在時。 所有標(biāo)本均在20下冷凍，用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法測定o All samples has been frozen at20until tested by conventional ELISA -The abbreviation(s) is /are the same as that/those in Tab. 1. - Results are expressed as Mean SD -Data are given as the mean number of monocytes per high power field standard deviation.,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),材(資)料與方法部分的常用句型 (1)選擇受試者的常見句型： 入選的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是.：InclusionEntry criteria were consisted of = Inclusion criteria: 5 to 15 years of age and diagnosis of ARF (=acute renal failure急性腎功能衰竭)confirmed by 2 or more rheumatologists 9ru:mtRldVist(風(fēng)濕病學(xué)家), sustained for at least 6 months and two or more visits. = The following inclusion/exclusion criteria were intended to allow entry of most patients with behavioral health problems and to ensure that the study sample was representative of the overall primary and medical care population.,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),不得人選的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括.：Exclusion criteria included = Other exclusion criteria were only one visit to our Unit and/or follow-up shorter than 6 months. = In the present study systematic random sampling was done to have a higher precision and children in the age group 24-47 months were included to study the coverage of booster(加強(qiáng)劑量) doses and the MMR(=measles,mumps,rubella麻疹、腮腺炎、風(fēng)疹) vaccine. 研究對象的選擇是根據(jù).：Selection was based on ；were selected based on = Selection was based on examination of postmortem specimens. = Children of age 24-47 months were selected using systematic random sampling.,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),人選參加本研究的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為.：The major criteria for inclusion in the study were = The major criteria for inclusion in the study were psychosocial(社會心理的) problems such as domestic violence. .如果有以下任何一條不得參加本項研究： were excluded from the studyparticipationenrollment if they had any of the following = All those children were excluded who had a history of an effective antibiotic therapy within one week prior to admission in the hospital, a known allergy to penicillin, chloramphenicol 9klR:rmfenikRl(氯霉素), quinolones(喹諾酮類) or cephalosporins 7sefElEu5spC:rin(頭孢菌素), and a history of immunization with typhoid vaccine. = Because of missing data on several variables, 11 subjects were exclude from the analyses.,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),.因.被認(rèn)為不適合：were considered ineligible for .參加本項研究：.were entered into the study .選自.：were recruited from = Participants were recruited from four large primary care clinics of Group Health Cooperative (GHC), a group model health maintenance organization serving approximately 400,000 persons in Washington State. 在.被選人參加研究：were enrolled atin = Three hundred forty-three patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively enrolled in the study and gave written informed consent. = In the study participation, a total of 386 patients were enrolled in the randomized trial. 從.隨機(jī)挑選.參加研究：.were selected at random from,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),(2)表示研究對象分組 .被隨機(jī)分成.： . were randomized into . ； . were randomly allocated to . = A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of the National FINRISK Study, drawn from the general population aged 2564 years in three areas in Finland in 1992. = Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to a 12 month collaborative care intervention (IMPACT) or usual care for depression. .被分成. ： . were divided into； .were grouped into . ； .were stratified into.，were classified into = Joint features were divided into 5 patterns of presentation:,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),(3) 表示材料來源 .來自.：.was from .由.提供：.was provided by. .購自.:.was purchased from = All antibiotic disks were purchased from Sigma Company. 是從獲得：.was obtained from = The study was approved by ethics committee of the faculty and written informed consent was obtained from patients parents. = We observed that 54.16% of H. Pylori isolates obtained from 29 pediatric patients were resistant to metronidazole which is a high proportion. 由贈送：.was donated by；was thea gift of from；was a donation from 用骨分析器(由夏威夷西門子奧斯汀公司生產(chǎn))：using Osteo Analyzers (Simens-Osteorn，Wahiwas，Hawaii) 人類免疫缺陷病毒的抗gp41小鼠單抗隆抗體(由華盛頓州西雅圖市遺傳所的KathyShriver博士贈送)：mouse monoclonal antibody to gp41 Of HIV(a gift from Dr Kathy Shriver，Genetic systems，Seattle，WA),2019/8/30,19,可編輯,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),(4)表示借鑒他人的實驗方法(被動態(tài)主句 + by/with/using/by using引出的狀語) 用方法分離:was isolated by the procedure of. 根據(jù)方法制備：was prepared according to the method described by . = Two overlapping rf2a-hybridizing genomic clones were obtained by screening B73 libraries. Both libraries were constructed using the DASHII (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) vector and were prepared by Pam Close and John Tossberg, respectively. 按照以前介紹的方法進(jìn)行.；.was carried out as previously described = Library screening conditions were as described by XU et al. 1997. 用以前介紹的技術(shù)分離.：was separated by the technique described previously，,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),用方法測定：was determined by；.was measured with = Inflammatory activity was determined by ESR, CRP, and/or mucoprotein(黏蛋白) levels. = Cytokine9saitukain(細(xì)胞活素) release and the responses of the immature lung are determined by allelicE5li:lik(等位基因的) differences of the genes, creating a genetic susceptibility to BPD. = Cognitive function was measured with a battery of(一連串的) performance-based neuropsychological tests, reduced to a four-cognitive domain scores with factor analysis, and a self-report measure of cognitive difficulties. .與.相似：was similar to. = The change in HDRS scores (an interview based assessment) was significantly different between the two arms and though the magnitude of change in CESD scores (a self-report measure) was similar to the change in HDRS this change was not significantly different in the two arms. = We observed maximum MDRTF cases in the age group of 2 - 5 years (30.6%) which was similar to other studies.,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),(5)表示實驗標(biāo)本制備 從取標(biāo)本：Samples ofwere obtainedtaken from = Reference values of C1r, C2, C5, C7, Properdin(備解素，裂解素), and factors D, H, and I and C3a and C5a have been determined in cord blood samples from healthy term newborns. 取作測定的標(biāo)本：Samples for.were obtainedtaken from. 在.條件下收集：was collectedharvested under.conditions 用固定：was fixed with. 用染色：.was stained with 被包埋在：was embedded in 和以前一樣(用以前介紹過的方法)制備的切片：Sections ofwere prepared as beforeas previously described 在超薄切片機(jī)上制作切片：Sections were cut on aultramicrotome 被切成.厚的切片：was sectioned at a thickness of；was sliced into sections 在.中脫水：was dehydrated in,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),(6)表達(dá)稀釋、培養(yǎng)等 被稀釋到：was diluted to =The immunoprecipitates were diluted to 1 ml with 1% Triton X-100/immunoprecipitation buffer with/without iodoacetamide (510 mM) and divided into aliquots, 用.在(溫度)保溫.小時：.was incubated with.at.forhours = The cells were incubated at 37C in 5% CO2 for 3 days. = In some experiments, 0.1 ml of 2 mg/ml 6-19 mAb was incubated with 0.1 ml of various concentrations of non-cryogenic IgG3 mAb or PBS at 4C for 24 h. .被種植在培養(yǎng)基中：.was grown inmedium 取出一份: An aliquot ofwas removed .被配制成懸浮液，濃度為：.was suspended toat a concentration of 被保存在(溫度)：was stored at,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá),(7) 表示年齡與性別 在某一年齡，如45歲：a 45-year-old patient；a patient aged 45(years)；a patient 45 years of age；at the age of 45(years)；at age 45. 在某一年齡以上，如45歲以上：overabovemore than the age of 45 years；overmore than 45 years of age；45 years of age and over；45 years of age or older；older than 45 years；aged over 45 years；aged 45 years and over 在某一年齡以下，如45歲以下：underbeforebelowless thanafter the age of 45(years)；45 years of age and under；45 years of age or less；less than 45 years；younger than 45-year-old 年齡范圍，如45與55歲之間：between the age of 45 and 55(years)； from 45 to 55 years of age；have an age range of 45 to 55 years；aged 45 to 55 years；range in age from 45 to 55 years,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá), 平均年齡，如：with a mean age of 453 years；in both age groups (meanmonths)；with an average age of 45.4 years (range 2060) = The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,239 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1988 to 1994. = In some part of the U.S. as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case. Yet 99 out 100 women who are HPV-positive will never get cervical cancer. = The fact that cases were included only if they were younger than 15 years of age might have excluded some teenagers and lowered the mean age of the sample. = The mean age of the neonates studied was 10.794.68 days.,材料與方法-常用結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá), 性別比例：male-to-female ratio；with female-male ratio of 2:1; rats of both sexes；mixed-bred dogs of either sex = Declining frequency of circumcision: implication for changes in the absolute incidence and male to female ratio of UTI(泌尿道感染) in early infancy. = The signal-to-noise ratio of images obtained with an MR compatible incubator with a dedicated head coil(螺旋) is 2.3 times that of a standard MR coil in age-matched patients. = Of 93 children, 62(66.6%) were MDRTF. 24 cases were below 5 years, 26 between 5-10 years and 12 we