外文資料譯文 Sensors and automatic transmissions Sensors in a modern fuel injection system there is an eletronic control unit some car manufactures call it a ECU or other things . Generically we call it the brain,since it does the thinking.NOW comparing it to the human boby will help you understand how it works. Your brain receive information from your sense : sight touch taste, smell and hearing. Since a computer doesnt have hands , eyes , ears or noses they need to get information some how. Thats where sensors come in .These sensors are the eyes and ears of the ECU. As the information comes in, the ECU processes it and determines what output to use to do something. Here are some of there input sensors and how they work Mass Air Flow Sensors The mass airflow rate by measuring a part of the entire intake flow. It consists of a hot wire that is supplied with electric current from the ECM. The temperature of the hot wire is controlled by the ECM a certain amount. The heat generated by the hot wire is reduced as the intake air flow around it. The more air, the greater the heat loss. Therefore, the ECM must supple more electric current to maintain the temperature of the hot wire as airflow increases. The ECM dectects the airflow by means. of this current change. Intake Air Temperature Sensor The intake air temperature sensors is mounted to the air duct housing. The sensor detects intake air temperature and transmits a signal to the ECM. The temoeraturesensing unit uses a thermistor that is sensitve to the change in temperature. Electrical resistance of the thermistor decreases in response to the temperature rise. Crankshaft Position Sensor The camshaft position sensor monitors engine speed and poston position .These input signal to the ECM are used to control fule injection, ignition timing and the other functions. Coolant Temperature Sensor The engine coolant temperature sensor is used to detect the engine coolant temperature. The sensor modifies a voltage signal from tne ECM, The modified signal returns to the ECM as the engine coolant temperature input .The sensor uses a thermistor that is sensitive to the changd in temperature .The electrical resistance of the thermistor decreases ae temperature increases. Knock Sensor The knock sensor is attached to the cylinder block. It senses engine knocking using a piezoelectric element. A koncking vibration from the cylineder block is sensed as virbrational pressure. This pressure is conveerted into a voltage signal and sent to the ECM. Heated Oxygen Sensor It is placed into the exhaust manifold It detects the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas compared to the outside air. The sensor has a closedend tube made of ceramic zirconia. Thorttle Position Sensor The throttle position sensor responds to the accelerator pedal movement. This sensor is a kind of potentiometer the throttle position into output voltage, and emits the voltage signal to the ECM. In addition, 外文資料譯文 the sensor detects the opening and closing speed of the throttle valve and feeds the voltage signal to the ECM. The ECM receiving the signal from the throttle position sensor determines idle position of the throttle valve. Vehicle Speed Sensor The vehicle speed sensor is installed in the transaxle It contains a pulse generaor that provides a vehicle speed signal to the speedometer. The speedometer then sends a signal to the ECM. Parking Sensor The system is automatically activated when the driver engages reverse gear. Small sensors are fixed to the rear of the vehicle, and they send and receive ultrasonic radio waves which bounce off obstacles and alert the driver to their presence.There is an internal buzzer that gradually increase in frequency as the drive approach the object. A continuous tone denotes that the car is within 0.35m of the obstacle. Now not all engine have all of there sensors .The ones listed here are the most directly responsible for proper fuel management. Automatic Transmissions The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicatef mechanical component in todays automoblie. Automatic transmissions contrain mechanical systems ,hydraulic systems ,electrical systems and computer controls ,all working together in perfect harmony which goes virtually unnoticed until there is a problem. What is a transmission? The transmission is a drive that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the enginge to the drive wheel. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM(revolutions per minute) range and it is the transmissions job to make sure that the power is delivered the engine within that range. It does this through various gear combinations. There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive. On a rear wheel drive car ,the transmission is uaually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position.A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final driver which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheel . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torqu converter , then through the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final driv where it is split and sent to the two rear wheels. On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle. The ehgine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Fornt axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels In this example, power flows from the engine, through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180 degee turn to the transmisson that is along side the engine. From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles. Transmission Components The mode automatice transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a sysmphony 外文資料譯文 of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electical technology that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically inclined individuals consider to be an art form. The mian components that make up an automatice transmission include: Planetary gear sets which are the mechanical systems that provide the various forward gear rations as well as reverse. The hydraulic system which uses a specical transmission fiuid sent under pressure by an Oil Pump thourgh the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the Bands in order to control the planetary gear sets. Seals and gaskets are used to keep the oil where it is supposed to be and preven it from leaking out. The torque converter which acts like a clutch to allow the vehicle to come to a stop in gear while the engine is still running. The Future Car The future car, lets say a 2025 model will be a very different machine to its present day grandfather. They will be cheaper to run, cleaner for the environment, packed with computers and safety devices ensuring that not even a stunt driver can crash, and they will run on carbon dioxide and emit strawberry scented oxygen. Well they might be such in the future: Computing and Communications Today, the internet in a few cars; tomorrow, broadband in all of them. Any capability a personal computer has, a car will have, including two-way wireless communications for receiving e-mail, music, and movies. When youre crossing the Grand Canyon, the kids can learn about the rock formations or watch TV if theyre bored. Every passenger will have a flat-panel display and audio/video feed. The car will broadcast developing problems and route you to the nearest dealer stocking the repair parts. Navigation and Self-Driving every car will have a navigation system linked to GPS satellites. Laser, ultrasound, or radar sensors will track nearby cars. On the freeway, theyll slow your car when the car ahead of you slows; in town, theyll help you park without smacking the car behind. At rush hour, youll get alternate routes around jams and accidents. Lane-marking emitters embedded in the roadway or incar video cameras may make it possible for the car to drive itselfthough some say thats 30 to 40 years off. Environment and Emissions Motor vehicles today represent 20 to 30 percent of the worlds energy consumption and emissions. In the near term, hybrid powerplants combining a small gasoline engine and an electric motor will top 50 miles per gallon. Braking will regenerate electricity in a storage battery. Longer term, cars might burn zero-emission hydrogen or use a fuel cell that converts a fuel like hydrogen and combines it with oxygen to create electricity. The exhaust will be pure water. Virtually all car parts will be recyclable. Driving Experience Dashboards will have only a handful of knobs and 外文資料譯文 switches. Youll use speaker-independent voice control:Make it a bit cooler, Find me country music. The steering wheel could evolve to paddles or a lever. Lighter, more reliable electronic controls (throttle, brakes) replace mechanical controls. Fiber optics and LEDs replace electrical wires and light bulbs. Seats will be ventilated and air-conditioned. LCD elements will darken windows on sunny days. The car will bank into turns, just as an airplane does now. Safety Cars will avoid some accidents by maintaining safe following distances, limiting skids, and sensing sleepy or inebriated drivers. If you cross over a divider lane without using your blinker (you may be getting sleepy), steering wheel feedback will emulate rumble strip to alert you. In the future car designers will have to explore new themes and find alternative influences for their designs .In an effort to catch peoples eye the designs will have to be increasingly bold and brash often sacrificing the aesthetic balance of the design in attempt to be different in an increasingly done before market. New materials are constantly brought into the automotive field, sensors will monitor the cars position on the road and if the vehicle is found to be straying from the road or traffic lane an alarm would sound. Sensors could also monitor the drivers well-being, tracking eye movement and if the eyes close for more than a few seconds an alarm would sound to alert the driver. The interior of vehicles will also change, becoming more user friendly and personalized. Ergonomically positioned controls and lumbar support seats with adjustable everything will come as standard to increase driver and passenger comfort and reduce chronic pain and discomfort. Passenger safety is already a priority for modern day car manufacturers and this will only increase in importance into the future .The widespread use of airbags will increase, and the side impact protection airbags featured in some models have proved to be extremely effective in saving lives, but more research and better positioning will continue to improve their performance and reliability. Multimedia systems will continue to develop in cars until the point where the are we there yet phrase develops intocan we stay here. The sound systems of cars will also improve and become more personalized for the various passengers, with headphone sockets and multiple sound outlets, there might be four different radio stations that can b e played at once through the different jacks, and a variety of MP3s that can be played at once. These will be the future cars, well they might. 外文資料譯文 傳感器與自動(dòng)變速器 傳感器 目前的燃料噴射系統(tǒng)有一個(gè)電子控制系統(tǒng)。一些汽車廠家稱之為ECU 或是其他名字。一般我們叫它“智能電腦”，因?yàn)樗c人們的思維有關(guān)。與人的身體相比會(huì)讓我們更清楚它的工作原理?！爸悄茈娔X”通過人們的視覺、觸覺、嗅覺、和聽覺來獲取信息。因?yàn)殡娔X沒有手、眼、耳、或鼻子。卻又必須接受信息，傳感器就起到了作用。這些傳感器就是 ECU 的耳和眼。一旦有信息出現(xiàn)， ECU 先進(jìn)行處理，并決定采用何種輸出信息去完成其他任務(wù)。 下面是一些輸入傳感器和它們的工作原理。 主氣流傳感器 主氣流傳感器安裝在輸入口位置。它通過檢測(cè)整個(gè)氣流流量來測(cè)量輸入率，它包括 ECU 提供電流的高壓電線，當(dāng)輸入口氣流流動(dòng)時(shí)，高壓電線產(chǎn)生的熱量就會(huì)減少。氣流越多，熱量損失就越大。因此在氣流增加時(shí)，ECM 就必須提供足夠的電流來保持高壓電線溫度。 ECM 通過電流的改變來檢測(cè)氣流。 溫度傳感器 攝入溫度傳感器被安裝在氣管套里，它把探測(cè)到的溫度信號(hào)傳送給 ECM。溫度傳感器使用對(duì)溫度的變化十分敏感的熱敏電阻，熱敏電阻的電阻下降，相對(duì)應(yīng)的溫度上升。 車軸定位傳感器 車軸定位傳感器控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)速度和活塞位置。輸入到ECU 上的信號(hào)用來控制燃料的噴出，定時(shí)點(diǎn)火和發(fā)揮其他作用。 冷溫傳感器 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)冷溫傳感器被用來檢測(cè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的冷卻 E 溫度。傳感器改變從 ECM 里輸出的電壓信號(hào)。當(dāng)冷溫傳感器輸入時(shí)，修改過的信號(hào)返回到ECM。傳感器采用對(duì)溫度敏感的冷溫傳感器，當(dāng)溫度上升時(shí)，電熱調(diào)節(jié)器的電阻會(huì)下降。 爆震傳感器 爆震傳感器附在汽缸套上，用壓電元件判斷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的爆震。汽缸套傳出的爆震波被視為流體壓力。這種壓力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閴弘娦盘?hào)，然后被傳送到電子對(duì)抗系統(tǒng)上。 熱氧傳感器 熱氧傳感器 安裝在排氣裝置上。它用來檢測(cè)相對(duì)與外部的空氣排出氣體中的氧氣的含量。這種傳感器是用陶瓷氧化鈷做成的電子管。 外文資料譯文 節(jié)流傳感器 節(jié)流傳感器隨著加速器踏板發(fā)生變化。這種傳感器是能讓節(jié)流閥轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檩敵鲭妷旱姆謮河?jì)，輸出的電壓信號(hào)傳送到電子對(duì)抗系統(tǒng)上。除此之外，傳感器檢測(cè)節(jié)流閥的回程速度和閉合速度，電壓信號(hào)流入電子對(duì)抗系統(tǒng)里。從節(jié)流傳感器接受到的信號(hào)決定節(jié)流閥的空轉(zhuǎn)位置。 車輛速度傳感器 車輛速度傳感器安裝在驅(qū)動(dòng)橋上。它包括給里程計(jì)提供交通速度信號(hào)的脈沖發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。里程計(jì)給電子對(duì)抗系統(tǒng)發(fā)射信號(hào)。 停車傳感器 當(dāng)司機(jī)使用倒車擋時(shí)，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)。小型傳感器固定在車輛的后面，他們發(fā)送并接受減少交通困境的超音波無線電波，并提醒司機(jī)危險(xiǎn)情況的出現(xiàn)。當(dāng)司機(jī)接近物體時(shí)，內(nèi)部的蜂鳴器逐步地頻繁響起來。持續(xù)的響聲表明汽車在離障礙物 0.35 米的距離。并不是所有的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)擁有所有的傳感器。這兒列舉的這些傳感器基于合理的燃料量管理。 自動(dòng)傳輸 目前，最新的自動(dòng)傳輸在當(dāng)今的汽車領(lǐng)域里是最復(fù)雜的機(jī)械部分。自動(dòng)傳輸包括機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、水壓系統(tǒng)、電力系統(tǒng)和電腦控制。除非出現(xiàn)問題，這些部分的協(xié)調(diào)工作得很好。 什么是動(dòng)力輸出器？ 動(dòng)力輸出器是連在發(fā) 動(dòng)機(jī)后面的設(shè)備，并從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸送電力到方向盤。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在一定時(shí)間時(shí)間旋轉(zhuǎn)范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，電子傳送到車輪上。 在車輛前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)和后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)上，有兩種基本自動(dòng)傳輸器類型。 后輪駕駛 自動(dòng)傳輸器通常按在電動(dòng)機(jī)的后面，位于汽油踏板旁的地板中心。主動(dòng)軸連接著位于后軸輪最終轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)力傳送器，用于給后車輪傳送電力。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的電力傳送很簡(jiǎn)單也很直接，過程為：先通過轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器，再通過動(dòng)力傳輸器和主動(dòng)軸，直到到達(dá)分開的最終轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部分，然后傳輸?shù)絻珊筝喩稀?前輪駕駛 動(dòng)力傳輸器通常安裝在最終轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部分，形成所謂的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。前輪驅(qū)動(dòng) 車的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通常設(shè)在車輛的側(cè)面，驅(qū)動(dòng)橋安裝在汽車后面的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一邊的下面。前車軸直接和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋連接，并給前輪提供動(dòng)力。在這個(gè)例子中，動(dòng)力通過轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器從電動(dòng)器中傳送出來，并把動(dòng)力通過 180 度的旋轉(zhuǎn)傳送到電動(dòng)機(jī)旁邊的動(dòng)力傳輸器的鏈條上。在那里，動(dòng)力通過動(dòng)力傳輸器傳送到分開的最終轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部分，并通過駕駛車軸傳送到兩個(gè)前車輪上。 動(dòng)力傳輸器部分 現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)傳輸器包含了許多組件和系統(tǒng)，它們的設(shè)計(jì)能使那些靈巧的機(jī)械、液壓、 電子技術(shù)等協(xié)調(diào)工作，這些電氣技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了多年的外文資料譯文 演變，以致許多機(jī)械人士認(rèn)為它成了一種藝術(shù)。組成自動(dòng)動(dòng)力傳 輸器的部分包括： 行星齒輪組 這是提供前輪比率和反比率的機(jī)械體系。 氣壓系統(tǒng) 為了控制行星齒輪組，氣壓系統(tǒng)使用一種由油泵低壓傳送的特殊的動(dòng)力傳輸器流度，通過真空管來控制離合器和波段。 封條和墊圈 被用來保證油的一定含量，也防止油的泄露。 轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器 它相當(dāng)與離合器的作用，當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，也可以讓車輛停下來。 未來的汽車 未來的汽車和