完整免費版高中有機化學(xué)知識歸納（COMPLETEFREEEDITIONORGANICCHEMISTRYKNOWLEDGEINDUCTIONINSENIORHIGHSCHOOL）COMPLETEVERSIONOFSENIORHIGHSCHOOLORGANICCHEMISTRYKNOWLEDGEPOINTINDUCTION1HOMOLOGUESASUBSTANCEWITHASTRUCTURESIMILARTOTHATOFONEORMORECH2ATOMSINMOLECULARCOMPOSITIONTHEKEYPOINTSOFHOMOLOGUESDETERMINATION1,THESAMEGENERALFORMULA,BUTTHESAMEFORMULA,NOTNECESSARILYHOMOLOGOUS2THETYPEOFCONSTITUENTELEMENTSMUSTBETHESAME3,STRUCTURALSIMILARITYREFERSTOTHESIMILARATOMICCONNECTIONMODE,THESAMECLASSANDNUMBEROFFUNCTIONALGROUPSSTRUCTURALSIMILARITYISNOTNECESSARILYTHESAME,SUCHASCH3CH2CH3ANDCH34C,THEFORMERHASNOBRANCHEDCHAIN,ANDTHELATTERHASBRANCHEDCHAINREMAINSHOMOLOGUES4,THEMOLECULARCOMPOSITIONMUSTDIFFERBYONEORSEVERALCH2ATOMS,BUTTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHESAMEFORMULAISONEORSEVERALCH2ATOMSARENOTNECESSARILYHOMOLOGUES,SUCHASCH3CH2BRANDCH3CH2CH2CLARECOMPOSEDOFAHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBON,ANDDIFFERENCEOFCH2ATOMS,BUTNOTHOMOLOGUES5,ISOMERSARENOTHOMOLOGUESTWO,ISOMERCOMPOUNDSHAVETHESAMEMOLECULARFORMULA,BUTTHEPHENOMENONOFDIFFERENTSTRUCTURESISCALLEDISOMERISMISOMERSOFCOMPOUNDSWITHISOMERISM1THETYPESOFISOMERSTHECARBONCHAINISOMERISMREFERSTOTHECONNECTIONBETWEENCARBONATOMSINTODIFFERENTCHAINORRINGSTRUCTURECAUSEDBYTHEHETEROGENEOUSSUCHASC5H12,THEREARETHREEISOMERS,NAMELY,PENTANE,PENTANEANDNEWPENTANETHEPOSITIONOFTHEHETEROGENEOUSREFERSTOFUNCTIONALGROUPSORSUBSTITUENTSONTHECARBONCHAINPOSITIONSCAUSEDBYTHEDIFFERENTHETEROGENEOUSSUCHAS1BUTENEAND2BUTENE,1PROPANOLAND2PROPANOL,OXYLENEANDPXYLENE,ANDPXYLENETHEHETEROGENEOUSHETEROGENEOUSREFERSTODIFFERENTFUNCTIONALGROUPSCAUSEDBYHETEROGENEOUS,ALSOCALLEDHETEROGENEOUSGROUPSSUCHAS11AND3BUTYNE,PROPYLENEANDBUTADIENE,CYCLOPROPANE,ETHANOLANDETHER,ACETONE,PROPIONALDEHYDEANDACETICACIDANDMETHYLFORMATE,GLUCOSEANDFRUCTOSE,SUCROSEANDMALTOSETHEOTHERWAYIFTHEHETEROGENEOUSCISISOMER,ENANTIOMERALSOCALLEDSPIEGELMERSORCHIRALISOMERS,INTHEMIDDLESCHOOLINFORMATIONPROBLEMSFREQUENTLYINVOLVETHEISOMERSOFVARIOUSORGANICCOMPOUNDS1CNH2N2ONLYALKANES,ANDONLYCARBONCHAINISOMERISMSUCHASCH3CH23CH3,CH3CHCH3CH2CH3,CCH34CNH2NSINGLEOLEFINS,CYCLANESUCHASCH2CHCH2CH3,CH3CHCHCH3,CH2CCH32,CNH2N2ALKYNESANDDIENESSUCHASCHCCH2CH3,CH3CCCH3,CH2CHCHCH2CNH2N6AROMATICHYDROCARBONSBENZENEANDITSHOMOLOGUESUCHAS,THECNH2N2OSATURATEDFATTYALCOHOLANDETHERSUCHASCH3CH2CH2OH,CH3CHOHCH3,CH3OCH2CH3WILLCNH2NOALDEHYDESANDKETONES,ETHERS,ALCOHOLS,RINGRINGALKENYLALCOHOLSUCHASCH3CH2CHO,CH3COCH3,CH2CHCH2OH,、CNH2NO2,CARBOXYLICACID,ESTER,ALDEHYDE,HYDROXYLHYDROXYLKETONESUCHASCH3CH2COOH,CH3COOCH3,HCOOCH2CH3,HOCH2CH2CHO,CH3CHOHCHO,CH3COCH2OHFIGURECNH2N1NO2NITROALKYL,AMINOACIDSUCHASCH3CH2NO2,H2NCH2COOHCN,MH2OSUGARSUCHASC6H12O6CH2OHCHOH4CHO,CH2OHCHOH3COCH2OHC12H22O11SUCROSE,MALTOSE2THEWRITINGLAWOFISOMERTHEALKANESONLYPOSSIBLECARBONCHAINISOMERISMWRITINGRULESTHEMAINCHAINFROMLONGTOSHORT,BRANCHEDFROMWHOLETOSCATTERED,LOCATIONFROMHEARTTOEDGE,ARRANGEDFROMOPPOSITETOINTERTHECOMPOUNDSWITHFUNCTIONALGROUPSSUCHASALKENES,ALKYNES,ALCOHOLS,KETONES,WHICHHAVECARBONCHAINHETEROGENEOUS,HETEROGENEOUS,HETEROGENEOUSHETEROGENEOUSFUNCTIONALPOSITION,INORDERTOCONSIDERWRITINGINGENERAL,CARBONCHAINSAREHETEROGENEOUSANDFUNCTIONALGROUPSAREHETEROGENEOUSANDHETEROGENEOUSTHEAROMATICCOMPOUNDSTWOYUANSUBSTITUTEINSTEADOFRELATIVEPOSITIONSONTHEPHENYLRING,ANDISADJACENTTOTHREE3COMMONMETHODSFORJUDGINGISOMERSTHEMEMORYMETHOD1THENUMBEROFALKANEISOMERSWITHTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMS15METHANE,ETHANEANDPROPANEHAVENOISOMER,BUTANEHASTWOISOMERS,PENTANEHASTHREEISOMERSTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOM14ISONEALKYLGROUPMETHYLONECH3,ETHYLONECH2CH3ANDPROPYLTWOCH2CH2CH3,CHCH32,FOURKINDSOFDINGJICH2CH2CH2CH3,CH2CHCH32,CCH33THEREARETHREESPECIESOFPHENYL,TWOVALENCEPHENYLTHREEKINDSOFNEIGHBOR,INTERMEDIATEANDOPPOSITETHEGROUPCONNECTEDWITHLAWTHEORGANICMATTERASBYGROUPCONNECTION,THENUMBEROFISOMERSBYNUMBEROFHETEROGENEOUSGROUPSCANBEINFERREDFROMORGANICMATTERSUCHASBUTYLFOUR,BUTANOLASWITHHYDROXYLCONNECTEDTOBUTYLALSOHASFOURKINDSOFALDEHYDE,ACIDASWITHBUTYLALDEHYDEANDCARBOXYLGROUPSWHICHARECONNECTEDRESPECTIVELYWITHFOURTHEEQUIVALENTCONVERSIONMETHODDIFFERENTATOMSORGROUPSINORGANICCOMPOUNDSOFEQUIVALENTCONVERSIONFOREXAMPLE,THEREARE6HATOMSINETHANEMOLECULEIFONEHATOMISREPLACEDBYCLATOM,ITHASONLYONESTRUCTURE,SOHOWMANYKINDSOFFIVECHLOROETHANEITISASSUMEDTHATTHECLATOMINTHEFIVEETHANEMOLECULEISCONVERTEDTOTHEHATOM,ANDTHEHATOMISCONVERTEDTOTHECLATOM,WHICHISEXACTLYTHESAMEASTHATOFETHANE,SOTHATTHEFIVECHLOROETHANEALSOHASASTRUCTURESIMILARLY,TWODICHLOROETHANEHASTWOSTRUCTURES,ANDFOURDICHLOROETHANEALSOHASTWOSTRUCTURESTHEEQUIVALENTOFHYDROGENHYDROGENATOMSINTHEHYDROGENEQUIVALENTTOTHESAMEPOSITIONINORGANICMOLECULESTHEPRODUCTSOFTHEEQUIVALENTHYDROGENATOMAREALLTHESAMEIFTHEYAREREPLACEDBYTHESAMESUBSTITUENTITSJUDGMENTMETHODHAS1HYDROGENATOMSCONNECTEDONTHESAMECARBONATOMAREEQUIVALENT2THEHYDROGENATOMINTHECH3CONNECTEDONTHESAMECARBONATOMISEQUIVALENTFOREXAMPLE,THEFOURMETHYLGROUPSINTHEPENTANEARECONNECTEDTOTHESAMECARBONATOM,SOTHATTHE12HYDROGENATOMSINTHEPENTANEMOLECULEAREEQUIVALENT3HYDROGENATOMSEQUIVALENTTOTHESAMEMOLECULEINMIRRORSYMMETRYORAXIALSYMMETRYPOSITIONFOREXAMPLE,18HYDROGENATOMSINAMOLECULEAREEQUIVALENTTHREESYSTEMATICNOMENCLATUREOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS1SYSTEMATICNOMENCLATUREOFALKANESHEREISNOTSHORTLONGCHAINTHELONGESTCARBONCHAININTHEMOLECULEISCHOSENASTHEMAINCHAINTHENAMEOFTHEALKANEISDETERMINEDBYTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMSINTHEMAINCHAINFINDTHENEARESTBRANCHCHAINNOTFARAWAYNUMBERINGFROMTHENEARESTENDOFTHESUBSTITUENTTHENAMEMOREISNOTLESSIFTWOCARBONCHAINSAREEQUALINLENGTH,THEBACKBONECONTAININGSUBSTITUTEDPOLYISTHEMAINCHAINSECOND,ITISNOTEASYTOREPRODUCEIFTHEDISTANCEFROMTHETWOENDSAREALSODIFFERENTSUBSTITUENTS,THESUBSTITUENTPRIORITYNUMBERINTHECASEOFSIMPLESUBSTITUENTS,THESAMEFROMWHICHENDNUMBERCANMAKETHESUBSTITUENTPOSITIONNUMBERANDTHESMALLEST,FROMWHICHENDTOBRAIDTHEFIRSTTOWRITETHESUBSTITUENTNAME,NAMEWRITTENAFTERALKANESUBSTITUENTRANGINGFROMSIMPLETOCOMPLEXTHESAMESUBSTITUENTCOMBINEDTOINDICATETHENUMBEROFDIGITALCHINESECHARACTERSTHEPOSITIONOFTHESUBSTITUENTINTHESAIDBASETOREPLACETHEMARKWRITTENBEFORETHENUMBERCHINESECHARACTERSINARABIAMAINCHAINCARBONATOMS,SEPARATEDBYPOSITIONNUMBER,“BETWEENARABIAANDCHINESECHARACTERSCONNECTEDTODIGITAL“THENOMENCLATUREOFALKANEWRITINGFORMAT2NOMENCLATUREOFCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGFUNCTIONALGROUPSACERTAINMATRIXDETERMINETHEPARENTACCORDINGTOTHEFUNCTIONALCOMPOUNDSINTHEMOLECULESUCHASCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGCARBONCARBONDOUBLEBONDS,WITHGRAPHENEASPARENTCOMPOUNDS,LASTNAMEASA“ENE“COMPOUNDSCONTAININGHYDROXYL,CARBOXYLANDALDEHYDERESPECTIVELYWITHALCOHOL,ALDEHYDE,ACIDASPRECURSORBENZENEWITHBENZENEASTHEPARENTNAMETHEFIXEDBACKBONECONTAININGASMUCHASPOSSIBLETHELONGCARBONCHAINFUNCTIONALGROUPSASTHEMAINCHAINTHENAMEFUNCTIONALGROUPNUMBERMINIMIZATIONOTHERRULESARESIMILARTOALKANESSUCHASITISCALLED2,3TWOMETHYL2BUTANOLITISCALLED2,3TWOMETHYL2METHYLBUTYLALDEHYDEFOURTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS1,STATUSSOLIDSTATESATURATEDHIGHERFATTYACIDS,FATS,GLUCOSE,FRUCTOSE,SUCROSE,MALTOSE,STARCH,VITAMINS,ACETICACIDBELOW166THEFOLLOWINGC4GASEOUSALKANES,ALKENES,ALKYNES,FORMALDEHYDE,METHYLCHLORIDE,NEOPENTANELIQUIDSTATEOILETHYLACETATE,OLEICACIDVISCOUSPETROLEUM,ETHYLENEGLYCOL,GLYCERIN2,SMELLTASTELESSMETHANE,ACETYLENEOFTENMIXEDWITHPH3,H2SANDASH3WITHODORSLIGHTLYODORETHYLENESPECIALODORFORMALDEHYDE,ACETALDEHYDE,FORMICACIDANDACETICACIDAROMAETHANOL,LOWESTER3,COLORWHITEGLUCOSE,POLYSACCHARIDESBLACKORDARKBROWNOIL4,DENSITYLIGHTERTHANWATERBENZENE,LIQUIDHYDROCARBONS,CHLORINATEDHYDROCARBONS,ETHANOL,ACETALDEHYDE,LOWGRADEESTERS,GASOLINEHEAVIERTHANWATERBROMOBENZENE,ETHYLENEGLYCOL,GLYCEROL,CCL45,VOLATILITYETHANOL,ACETALDEHYDE,ACETICACID6WATERSOLUBILITYINSOLUBLEHIGHERFATTYACIDS,ESTERS,BROMOBENZENE,METHANE,ETHYLENE,BENZENEANDHOMOLOGUES,PETROLEUM,CCL4SOLUBLEFORMALDEHYDE,ACETICACID,ETHYLENEGLYCOLMISCIBLEWITHWATERETHANOL,ACETALDEHYDE,FORMICACID,GLYCEROLFIVE,THESIMPLESTTYPEOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS1,CHC2H2,C6H6BENZENE,PRISMATICALKANE,BASINALKENE,C8H8CUBICALKANE,STYRENE2,CH2OLEFINSANDNAPHTHENICHYDROCARBONS3,CH2OFORMALDEHYDE,ACETICACID,METHYLFORMATE,GLUCOSE4,CNH2NOSATURATEDONEELEMENTALDEHYDEORSATURATEDKETONEANDTWOTIMESTHENUMBEROFITSSATURATEDCARBONCARBOXYLICACIDORESTER,SUCHASACETALDEHYDEC2H4OANDBUTYRICACIDANDISOMERC4H8O25,ALKYNESORDIENESOFBENZENEANDTHREETIMESTHENUMBEROFCARBONATOMHOMOLOGUESSUCHASPROPARGYLC3H4ANDCUMENEC9H12SIX,CANREACTTOFADEORCHANGETHEBROMINEANDBROMINESUBSTANCE1,ORGANICMATTERTHEUNSATURATEDHYDROCARBONSALKENES,ALKYNES,DIENES,ETCTHEUNSATURATEDHYDROCARBONDERIVATIVESALCOHOL,ALDEHYDE,ACID,ALLYLESTER,OLEICACID,OLEICACIDESTERETCTHEPETROLEUMPRODUCTSCRACKINGGAS,GAS,GASOLINEETCTHECOMPOUNDSCONTAININGALDEHYDEFORMALDEHYDE,FORMICACID,FORMATE,FORMATE,GLUCOSE,MALTOSETHENATURALRUBBERPOLYISOPRENE2,INORGANICTHEPRICEOF2SHYDROGENSULFIDEANDSULFIDETHEPRICEOFTHES4SO2,SULFITEANDSULFITETHEPRICEOFTHEFE26FESO43BR22FE2SO432FEBR36FECL23BR24FECL32FEBR32FEI23BR22FEBR32I2THEZNANDMGELEMENTSSUCHASTHEPRICEOF1IHYDROGENIODATEANDIODIDEDISCOLORATIONWILLNAOH,NA2CO3ANDAGNO3ANDALKALISALTBR2H2OHBRHBRO2HBRNA2CO32NABRCO2H2OHBRONA2CO3NABRONAHCO3SEVEN,CANMAKETHEEXTRACTIONOFBROMINEBROMINEFADEMATERIALTHEUPPERBECOMESCOLORLESSP1HALOGENATEDHYDROCARBONSCCL4,CHLOROFORM,BROMOBENZENEANDCS2ETCTHELOWERBECOMESCOLORLESSP0,M/41,M4THEGASEOUSHYDROCARBONSWITHHATOMNUMBERGREATERTHAN4INMOLECULARFORMULAAREINACCORDANCEWITHEACHOTHERTHEDELTAV0,M/41,M4