畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）英文翻譯年級(jí)、專業(yè)2007級(jí)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化三班姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師LOADERS1OVERVIEW11BASICCONCEPTALOADERISATYPEOFCONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENTENGINEERINGVEHICLEMACHINERYTHATISPRIMARILYUSEDTO“LOAD“MATERIALINTOANOTHERTYPEOFMACHINERYDUMPTRUCK,CONVEYORBELT,RAILCAR,ETCLOADERSAREUSEDMAINLYFORUPLOADINGMATERIALSINTOTRUCKS,LAYINGPIPE,CLEARINGRUBBLE,ANDDIGGINGALOADERISNOTTHEMOSTEFFICIENTMACHINEFORDIGGINGASITCANNOTDIGVERYDEEPBELOWTHELEVELOFITSWHEELS,LIKEABACKHOECANTHEIRDEEPBUCKETCANUSUALLYSTOREABOUT36CUBICMETERSOFEARTHTHEFRONTLOADERSBUCKETCAPACITYISMUCHBIGGERTHANABUCKETCAPACITYOFABACKHOELOADERLOADERSARENOTCLASSIFIEDASEARTHMOVINGMACHINERY,ASTHEIRPRIMARYPURPOSEISOTHERTHANEARTHMOVINGUNLIKEMOSTBULLDOZERS,MOSTLOADERSAREWHEELEDANDNOTTRACKED,ALTHOUGHTRACKLOADERSARECOMMONTHEYARESUCCESFULWHERESHARPEDGEDMATERIALSINCONSTRUCTIONDEBRISWOULDDAMAGERUBBERWHEELS,ORWHERETHEGROUNDISSOFTANDMUDDYWHEELSPROVIDEBETTERMOBILITYANDSPEEDANDDONOTDAMAGEPAVEDROADSASMUCHASTRACKS,BUTPROVIDELESSTRACTIONUNLIKESTANDARDTRACTORSFITTEDWITHAFRONTBUCKET,MANYLARGELOADERSDONOTUSEAUTOMOTIVESTEERINGMECHANISMSINSTEAD,THEYSTEERBYAHYDRAULICALLYACTUATEDPIVOTPOINTSETEXACTLYBETWEENTHEFRONTANDREARAXLESTHISISREFERREDTOAS“ARTICULATEDSTEERING“ANDALLOWSTHEFRONTAXLETOBESOLID,ALLOWINGITTOCARRYGREATERWEIGHTARTICULATEDSTEERINGPROVIDESBETTERMANEUVERABILITYFORAGIVENWHEELBASESINCETHEFRONTWHEELSANDATTACHMENTROTATEONTHESAMEAXIS,THEOPERATORISABLETO“STEER“HISLOADINANARCAFTERPOSITIONINGTHEMACHINE,WHICHCANBEUSEFULTHELOADERASSEMBLYMAYBEAREMOVABLEATTACHMENTORPERMANENTLYMOUNTEDOFTENTHEBUCKETCANBEREPLACEDWITHOTHERDEVICESORTOOLSFOREXAMPLE,MANYCANMOUNTFORKSTOLIFTHEAVYPALLETSORSHIPPINGCONTAINERS,ANDAHYDRAULICALLYOPENING“CLAMSHELL“BUCKETALLOWSALOADERTOACTASALIGHTDOZERORSCRAPERINCONSTRUCTIONAREASLOADERSAREALSOUSEDTOTRANSPORTBUILDINGMATERIALSSUCHASBRICKS,PIPE,METALBARS,ANDDIGGINGTOOLSOVERSHORTDISTANCESLOADERSAREALSOUSEDFORSNOWREMOVAL,USINGTHEIRBUCKETORASNOWBASKET,BUTUSUALLYUSINGASNOWPLOWATTACHMENTTHEYCLEARSNOWFROMSTREETS,HIGHWAYSANDPARKINGLOTSTHEYSOMETIMESLOADSNOWINTODUMPTRUCKSFORTRANSPORTFRONTLOADERSGAINEDPOPULARITYDURINGTHELASTTWODECADES,ESPECIALLYINURBANENGINEERINGPROJECTSANDSMALLEARTHMOVINGWORKSMANYENGINEERINGVEHICLEMANUFACTURERSOFFERAWIDERANGEOFLOADERS,THEMOSTNOTABLEARETHOSEOFJOHNDEERE,CATERPILLAR,CASE,VOLVO,KOMATSUANDLIEBHERR12APPLICATIONS1234567897891011121LOADINGMATERIALS；2EARTHMOVING；3FORESTRENGINEERING；4SNOWREMOVING；5UNDERGROUNDWORK；6LOADINGANDUNLOADING；7PIPELAYING；8MAINTAINPAVEMENT；9LANDCLEARING；10GARDENWORK；11ROLLINGCOMPACTION；12TUNNELCONSTRUCTION13TYPES112334567891MINITYPELOADER；2SMALLTYPEWHEELLOADER；3MEDIUMTYPEWHEELLOADER；4LARGETYPEWHEELLOADER；5TRACKTYPELOADER；6SKIDSTEERLOADER；7UNDERGROUNDMININGLOADER；8MULTITERRAINLOADER；9WHEELBACKHOELOADER；2COMPONENTSANDFEATURES21COMPONENTS1、BUCKET；2FRONTAXLE；3INSTRUMENTATIONCONSOLE；4CABANDOPERATINGSYSTEM；5ENGINEANDTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM；6ENGINEHOOD；7COUNTERWEIGHT；8REARAXLE；9REARFRAME；10ELECTRICALSYSTEM；11FRONTFRAME；12MUDGUARD；13BOOM；14ROCKERARMCYLINDER；15CONNECTINGROD；16ROCKERARM；17BOOMCYLINDER；18FRAME22BUCKETFEATURES1EDGESTEELWITHEXTRAHARDENEDANDTOUGHENEDWEARPLATESOFUPTO500BRINELLGIVESTHEBUCKETLONGEROPERATINGLIFE2BUCKETSHELLANDSIDEPLATESOFUPTO400BRINELLTOWITHSTANDABRASIVEWEARREINFORCEDMOUNTINGPOINTSWHERETHEATTACHMENTISINSTALLEDGIVELESSWEAR3BUCKETCUTTINGEDGESOFABRASIVERESISTANTSTEELOFUPTO500BRINELLREPLACEABLEBOLTONWEARPLATESONBUCKETFLOOR,500BRINELL4BOLTONEDGESAVERSANDSEGMENTSPROTECTTHECUTTINGEDGEFROMUNNECESSARYWEAR5VOLVOTOOTHSYSTEMWITHBOLTONORWELDONADAPTERSOFUPTO515BRINELLGIVESEXCELLENTPENETRATIONANDLESSBUCKETWEAR3NEWTECHNOLOGYOFWHEELLOADER31INTRODUCTIONKOMATSUINTEGRATEDDESIGNOFFERSTHEBESTVALUE,RELIABILITY,ANDVERSATILITYHYDRAULICS,POWERTRAIN,FRAME,ANDALLOTHERMAJORCOMPONENTSAREENGINEEREDBYKOMATSUYOUGETAMACHINEWHOSECOMPONENTSAREDESIGNEDTOWORKTOGETHERFORHIGHERPRODUCTION,GREATERRELIABILITY,ANDMOREVERSATILITYKOMATSUSHIGHLYPRODUCTIVE,INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY,ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYMACHINESBUILTFORTHE21STCENTURY32HIGHPRODUCTIVITYANDLOWFUELCONSUMPTION1TWOMODEENGINEPOWERSELECTSYSTEMTHISWHEELLOADEROFFERSTWOSELECTABLEENGINEOPERATINGMODESNORMALANDPOWERTHEOPERATORCANADJUSTTHEMACHINESENGINEPERFORMANCETOMATCHTHECONDITIONREQUIREMENTSTHISSYSTEMISCONTROLLEDWITHADIALONTHERIGHTSIDECONTROLPANEL（1）NORMALMODEPROVIDESMAXIMUMFUELEFFICIENCYFORMOSTGENERALLOADINGCONDITIONS（2）POWERMODEPROVIDESMAXIMUMPOWEROUTPUTFORHARDDIGGINGCONDITIONSORHILLCLIMBOPERATIONS2AUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONWITHFOURMODESELECTSYSTEMTHISOPERATORCONTROLLEDSYSTEMALLOWSTHESELECTIONOFMANUALSHIFTINGORTHREELEVELSOFAUTOMATICSHIFTINGMODESLOW,MEDIUM,ANDHIGHTHEOPERATORCANMATCHTHEMACHINESOPERATINGREQUIREMENTSWITHOPTIMUMPERFORMANCEEFFICIENCYTHISSYSTEMISCONTROLLEDWITHADIALONTHERIGHTSIDEOFTHECONTROLPANEL（1）MANUALTHETRANSMISSIONISFIXEDTOTHEGEARSPEEDANDSELECTEDWITHTHEGEARSHIFTLEVER（2）AUTOLOWLOWMODEPROVIDESSMOOTHGEARSHIFTINGATLOWENGINESPEEDSSUITABLEFORGENERALEXCAVATINGANDLOADINGWHILEOFFERINGREDUCEDFUELCONSUMPTION（3）AUTOMEDIUMMEDIUMMODEPROVIDESGEARSHIFTINGATMIDRANGEENGINESPEEDSREQUIREDFORMOREAGGRESSIVECONDITIONS（4）AUTOHIGHHIGHMODEPROVIDESMAXIMUMRIMPULLANDFASTCYCLETIMESBYSHIFTINGTHETRANSMISSIONATHIGHENGINESPEEDSTHISMODEISSUITABLEFORHILLCLIMBANDLOADANDCARRYOPERATIONS3DUALSPEEDHYDRAULICSYSTEMKOMATSUSAUTOMATICDUALSPEEDHYDRAULICSYSTEMINCREASESOPERATIONALEFFICIENCYANDPRODUCTIVITYBYMATCHINGTHEHYDRAULICDEMANDSTOTHEWORKCONDITIONS（1）DIGGINGOPERATIONSENGINEPOWERUSEDTOOPERATETHESWITCHPUMPISTRANSFERREDTOTHETRANSMISSIONTOPROVIDEINCREASEDRIMPULLWHENDIGGING（2）LIFTINGOPERATIONSTHESWITCHPUMPASSISTSTHELOADERPUMPTOPROVIDEINCREASEDLIFTINGSPEEDANDPOWERWHENLIFTINGANDLOADING33INCREASEDRELIABILITY1KOMATSUCOMPONENTSKOMATSUMANUFACTURESTHEENGINE,TORQUECONVERTER,TRANSMISSION,HYDRAULICUNITS,ANDELECTRICALPARTSONTHISWHEELLOADERKOMATSULOADERSAREMANUFACTUREDWITHANINTEGRATEDPRODUCTIONSYSTEMUNDERASTRICTQUALITYCONTROLSYSTEM2FLATFACETOFACEORINGSEALSFLATFACETOFACEORINGSEALSAREUSEDTOSECURELYSEALALLHYDRAULICHOSECONNECTIONSANDPREVENTOILLEAKAGE3CYLINDERBUFFERRINGSBUFFERRINGSAREINSTALLEDTOTHEHEADSIDEOFTHEALLHYDRAULICCYLINDERSTOLOWERTHELOADONTHERODSEALS,PROLONGCYLINDERLIFEBY30ANDMAXIMIZEOVERALLRELIABILITY4WETMULTIDISCBRAKESANDFULLYHYDRAULICBRAKINGSYSTEMTHEWETDISCSERVICEANDPARKINGBRAKESAREFULLYSEALEDANDADJUSTMENTFREETOREDUCECONTAMINATION,WEARANDMAINTENANCEADDEDRELIABILITYISDESIGNEDINTOTHEBRAKINGSYSTEMBYTHEUSEOFTWOINDEPENDENTHYDRAULICCIRCUITSPROVIDINGHYDRAULICBACKUPSHOULDONEOFTHECIRCUITSFAILIFTHEBRAKEOILPRESSUREDROPS,AWARNINGLAMPFLASHESANDANALARMSOUNDSINTERMITTENTLYIFTHEBRAKEPRESSURECONTINUESTODROP,THEPARKINGBRAKEISAUTOMATICALLYAPPLIEDPROVIDINGADOUBLESAFETYSYSTEM5HIGHRIGIDITYFRAMESTHEFRONTANDREARFRAMESALONGWITHTHELOADERLINKAGEHAVEHIGHRIGIDITYTOWITHSTANDREPEATEDTWISTINGANDBENDINGLOADSTOTHELOADERBODYANDLINKAGEBOTHTHEUPPERANDLOWERCENTERPIVOTBEARINGSUSETAPEREDROLLERBEARINGSFORINCREASEDDURABILITY譯文裝載機(jī)1概述11基本概念裝載機(jī)是一種主要用于向另一種機(jī)械（自卸車(chē)、輸送皮帶、鐵路運(yùn)輸車(chē)輛等）“裝載”物料的建設(shè)機(jī)械（工程車(chē)輛）設(shè)備。裝載機(jī)主要用于向卡車(chē)裝載物料，以及鋪設(shè)管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作為挖土作業(yè)裝載機(jī)不是最有效的機(jī)械，與挖掘機(jī)不同，裝載機(jī)不適用于輪胎支承面以下較深處的挖掘作業(yè)。裝載機(jī)的深底鏟斗一般可裝載36立方米的土壤。鏟斗前置裝載機(jī)的斗容量遠(yuǎn)大于挖掘裝載機(jī)的斗容量。裝載機(jī)不屬于鏟土運(yùn)輸機(jī)械，因其主要用途并非土方運(yùn)輸。盡管履帶式裝載機(jī)是普遍的，但與大多數(shù)推土機(jī)不同，大多數(shù)裝載機(jī)是輪式的而并非履帶式。履帶式裝載機(jī)適用于棱角銳利的建筑材料會(huì)破壞橡膠輪胎的場(chǎng)合，或者在松軟泥濘道路上的作業(yè)。輪式裝載機(jī)具有良好的機(jī)動(dòng)性和較高的工作速度，并且不像履帶那樣破壞鋪裝路面，但其所能提供的牽引力較小。與安裝前置鏟斗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)拖拉機(jī)不同，許多大型裝載機(jī)不使用汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)。取而代之，它們通過(guò)液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的安裝于前、后橋之間的轉(zhuǎn)向鉸接裝置轉(zhuǎn)向。這種轉(zhuǎn)向稱為“鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向”，它可使前橋固定，并使其承受更大的重量。對(duì)于一定的軸距鉸接轉(zhuǎn)向提供了較好的機(jī)動(dòng)性。由于前輪與工作裝置繞同一車(chē)軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，駕駛員在使機(jī)械定位后可使鏟斗沿弧線“轉(zhuǎn)向”，這一點(diǎn)是實(shí)用的。裝載機(jī)的工作裝置可以是更換式的或者是固定安裝。鏟斗常?？捎闷渌b置或工具更換，例如，許多裝載機(jī)可以安裝叉車(chē)工裝提升重型貨物或者裝運(yùn)集裝箱，裝備液壓開(kāi)啟式“蛤殼”型鏟斗可以使裝載機(jī)像推土機(jī)或鏟運(yùn)機(jī)一樣作業(yè)。在各種建筑工地上裝載機(jī)也經(jīng)常用來(lái)近距離轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)建筑材料，例如磚塊、管材、鋼筋、各種挖掘工具等。借助鏟斗或除雪鏟，裝載機(jī)也用于除雪作業(yè)，但通常使用除雪裝置。它們用來(lái)清除街道、公路和停車(chē)場(chǎng)上的積雪。有時(shí)用裝載機(jī)將積雪裝載到自卸車(chē)上進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。近20年來(lái)，特別是在城市建設(shè)工程和小型土方運(yùn)輸工程中，裝載機(jī)獲得了普遍的應(yīng)用。許多工程車(chē)輛制造商可生產(chǎn)多種類型的裝載機(jī)，其中最知名的有約翰迪爾、卡特彼勒、凱斯、沃爾沃、小松和利勃海爾等品牌。12應(yīng)用123456789789101112L裝載材料；2鏟土運(yùn)輸；3林業(yè)工程；4除雪作業(yè)；5井下作業(yè)；6裝卸貨物；7鋪設(shè)管道；8維修路面；9場(chǎng)地清理；10園林工作；11碾壓路面；12隧道作業(yè)13類型112334567891微型裝載機(jī)；2小型輪式裝載機(jī)；3中型輪式裝載機(jī)；4R大型輪式裝載機(jī)；5履帶式裝載機(jī)；6R滑移轉(zhuǎn)向裝載機(jī)；7井下作業(yè)裝載機(jī)；8多功能裝載機(jī)；9輪式挖掘裝載機(jī)；10側(cè)卸式裝載機(jī)2組成與特點(diǎn)21組成1鏟斗；2前橋；3儀表盤(pán)；4駕駛室及操作系統(tǒng)；5發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)及傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；6發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩；7配重；8后橋；9后機(jī)架；10電氣系統(tǒng)；11前機(jī)架；12擋泥板；13動(dòng)臂；14搖臂油缸；15連桿；16搖臂；17動(dòng)臂油缸；18機(jī)架22鏟斗特點(diǎn)1鏟斗棱邊為超硬耐磨鋼板，布氏硬度達(dá)到500，具有較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命。2鏟斗殼體與側(cè)板的布氏硬度達(dá)400,以抵抗磨料磨損。經(jīng)強(qiáng)化處理的附件安裝鉸點(diǎn)減少了磨損。3鏟斗切削刀刃為抗磨料磨損鋼材，布氏硬度達(dá)500。鏟斗底板上安裝有耐磨襯板，由螺栓緊固可更換，布氏硬度為500。4螺栓緊固的邊緣節(jié)省塊和分段防止了切削刃的不必要磨損。5沃爾沃斗齒系統(tǒng)配備有螺栓緊固型或焊接型連接器，布氏硬度達(dá)515，具有最佳的插入深度和較小的磨損。3輪式裝載機(jī)新技術(shù)31簡(jiǎn)介小松集成設(shè)計(jì)可獲得最大的價(jià)值、最高的可靠性與多功能性。液壓系統(tǒng)、傳動(dòng)裝置、機(jī)架等主要部件均由小松制造。機(jī)械部件通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)使其共同協(xié)調(diào)工作，以獲得更大的生產(chǎn)能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與環(huán)境友好型機(jī)械產(chǎn)品為21世紀(jì)而制造。32高生產(chǎn)率與低燃料消耗1雙模式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率選擇