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THEFORMOFVARIANTSWITHPIGGYBACKEPROMERASABLEPROGRAMMABLEROMSOCKETSORDEVICESWITHEPROMINSTEADOFROM。THESEDEVICESARENATURALLYMOREEXPENSIVETHANEQUIVALENTROMDEVICE,BUTDOPROVIDECOMPLETECIRCUITEQUIVALENTSEPROMBASEDDEVICESAREALSOEXTREMELYATTRACTIVEFORLOWVOLUMEAPPLICATIONSWHERETHEYPROVIDETHEADVANTAGESOFASINGLECHIPDEVICE,INTERMSOFONCHIPI/O,ETC,WITHTHECONVENIENCEOFFLEXIBLEUSERPROGRAMMABILITYRANDOMACCESSMEMORYRAMRAMISFORTHESTORAGEOFWORKINGVARIABLESANDDATAUSEDDURINGPROGRAMEXECUTIONTHESIZEOFTHISMEMORYVARIESWITHDEVICETYPEBUTITHASTHESAMECHARACTERISTICWIDTH4,8,16BITSETCASTHEPROCESSOR,SPECIALFUNCTIONREGISTERS,SUCHASSTACKPOINTERORTIMERREGISTERAREOFTENLOGICALLYINCORPORATEDINTOTHERAMAREAITISALSOCOMMONINHARARDTYPEMICROCOMPUTERSTOTREATTHERAMAREAASACOLLECTIONOFREGISTERITISUNNECESSARYTOMAKEDISTINCTIONBETWEENRAMANDPROCESSORREGISTERASISDONEINTHECASEOFAMICROPROCESSORSYSTEMSINCERAMANDREGISTERSARENOTUSUALLYPHYSICALLYSEPARATEDINAMICROCOMPUTERCENTRALPROCESSINGUNITCPUTHECPUISMUCHLIKETHATOFANYMICROPROCESSORMANYAPPLICATIONSOFMICROCOMPUTERSANDMICROCONTROLLERSINVOLVETHEHANDLINGOFBINARYCODEDDECIMALBCDDATAFORNUMERICALDISPLAYS,FOREXAMPLE,HENCEITISCOMMONTOFINDTHATTHECPUISWELLADAPTEDTOHANDLINGTHISTYPEOFDATAITISALSOCOMMONTOFINDGOODFACILITIESFORTESTING,SETTINGANDRESETTINGINDIVIDUALBITSOFMEMORYORI/OSINCEMANYCONTROLLERAPPLICATIONSINVOLVETHETURNINGONANDOFFOFSINGLEOUTPUTLINESORTHEREADINGTHESINGLELINETHESELINESAREREADILYINTERFACEDTOTWOSTATEDEVICESSUCHASSWITCHES,THERMOSTATS,SOLIDSTATERELAYS,VALVES,MOTOR,ETCPARALLELINPUT/OUTPUTPARALLELINPUTANDOUTPUTSCHEMESVARYSOMEWHATINDIFFERENTMICROCOMPUTERINMOSTAMECHANISMISPROVIDEDTOATLEASTALLOWSOMEFLEXIBILITYOFCHOOSINGWHICHPINSAREOUTPUTSANDWHICHAREINPUTSTHISMAYAPPLYTOALLORSOMEOFTHEPORTSSOMEI/OLINESARESUITABLEFORDIRECTINTERFACINGTO,FOREXAMPLE,FLUORESCENTDISPLAYS,ORCANPROVIDESUFFICIENTCURRENTTOMAKEINTERFACINGOTHERCOMPONENTSSTRAIGHTFORWARDSOMEDEVICESALLOWANI/OPORTTOBECONFIGUREDASASYSTEMBUSTOALLOWOFFCHIPMEMORYANDI/OEXPANSIONTHISFACILITYISPOTENTIALLYUSEFULASAPRODUCTRANGEDEVELOPS,SINCESUCCESSIVEENHANCEMENTSMAYBECOMETOOBIGFORONCHIPMEMORYANDITISUNDESIRABLENOTTOBUILDONTHEEXISTINGSOFTWAREBASESERIALINPUT/OUTPUTSERIALCOMMUNICATIONWITHTERMINALDEVICESISCOMMONMEANSOFPROVIDINGALINKUSINGASMALLNUMBEROFLINESTHISSORTOFCOMMUNICATIONCANALSOBEEXPLOITEDFORINTERFACINGSPECIALFUNCTIONCHIPSORLINKINGSEVERALMICROCOMPUTERSTOGETHERBOTHTHECOMMONASYNCHRONOUSSYNCHRONOUSCOMMUNICATIONSCHEMESREQUIREPROTOCOLSTHATPROVIDEFRAMINGSTARTANDSTOPINFORMATIONTHISCANBEIMPLEMENTEDASAHARDWAREFACILITYORUSARTUNIVERSALSYNCHRONOUSASYNCHRONOUSRECEIVER/TRANSMITTERRELIEVINGTHEPROCESSORANDTHEAPPLICATIONSPROGRAMMEROFTHISLOWLEVEL,TIMECONSUMING,DETAILTISMERELYNECESSARYTOSELECTEDABAUDRATEANDPOSSIBLYOTHEROPTIONSNUMBEROFSTOPBITS,PARITY,ETCANDLOADORREADFROMTHESERIALTRANSMITTERORRECEIVERBUFFERSERIALIZATIONOFTHEDATAINTHEAPPROPRIATEFORMATISTHENHANDLEDBYTHEHARDWARECIRCUITTIMING/COUNTERFACILITIESMANYAPPLICATIONOFSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERSREQUIREACCURATEEVALUATIONOFELAPSEDREALTIMETHISCANBEDETERMINEDBYCAREFULASSESSMENTOFTHEEXECUTIONTIMEOFEACHBRANCHINAPROGRAMBUTTHISRAPIDLYBECOMESINEFFICIENTFORALLBUTSIMPLESTPROGRAMSTHEPREFERREDAPPROACHISTOUSETIMERCIRCUITTHATCANINDEPENDENTLYCOUNTPRECISETIMEINCREMENTSANDGENERATEANINTERRUPTAFTERAPRESETTIMEHASELAPSEDTHISTYPEOFTIMERISUSUALLYARRANGEDTOBERELOADABLEWITHTHEREQUIREDCOUNTTHETIMERTHENDECREMENTSTHISVALUEPRODUCINGANINTERRUPTORSETTINGAFLAGWHENTHECOUNTERREACHESZEROBETTERTIMERSTHENHAVETHEABILITYTOAUTOMATICALLYRELOADTHEINITIALCOUNTVALUETHISRELIEVESTHEPROGRAMMEROFTHERESPONSIBILITYOFRELOADINGTHECOUNTERANDASSESSINGELAPSEDTIMEBEFORETHETIMERRESTARTED,WHICHOTHERWISEWOUNDBENECESSARYIFCONTINUOUSPRECISELYTIMEDINTERRUPTSWEREREQUIREDASINACLOCK,FOREXAMPLESOMETIMESASSOCIATEDWITHTIMERISANEVENTCOUNTERWITHTHISFACILITYTHEREISUSUALLYASPECIALINPUTPIN,THATCANDRIVETHECOUNTERDIRECTLYTIMINGCOMPONENTSTHECLOCKCIRCUITRYOFMOSTMICROCOMPUTERSREQUIRESONLYSIMPLETIMINGCOMPONENTSIFMAXIMUMPERFORMANCEISREQUIRED,ACRYSTALMUSTBEUSEDTOENSURETHEMAXIMUMCLOCKFREQUENCYISAPPROACHEDBUTNOTEXCEEDEDMANYCLOCKCIRCUITSALSOWORKWITHARESISTORANDCAPACITORASLOWCOSTTIMINGCOMPONENTSORCANBEDRIVENFROMANEXTERNALSOURCETHISLATTERARRANGEMENTISUSEFULISEXTERNALSYNCHRONIZATIONOFTHEMICROCOMPUTERISREQUIREDWORDSANDTERMSCULMINATIONN頂點(diǎn)SPILTADJ分離的VOLATILEN易變的COMMITV保證ALBEITCONJ雖然CUSTOMADJ定制的VARIANTADJ不同的PIGGYBACKADJ背負(fù)式的SOCKETN插座BPLC1PLCSPROGRAMMABLELOGICALCONTROLLERFACEEVERMORECOMPLEXCHALLENGESTHESEDAYSWHEREONCETHEYQUIETLYREPLACEDRELAYSANDGAVEANOCCASIONALREPORTTOACORPORATEMAINFRAME,THEYARENOWGROUPEDINTOCELLS,GIVENNEWJOBANDNEWLANGUAGES,ANDAREFORCEDTOCOMPETEAGAINSTAGROWINGARRAYOFCONTROLPRODUCTSFORTHISYEARSANNUALPLCTECHNOLOGYUPDATE,WEQUERIEDPLCMAKERSONTHESETOPICSANDMOREPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESHIGHERLEVELPLCPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESHAVEBEENAROUNDFORSOMETIME,BUTLATELYTHEIRPOPULARITYHASMUSHROOMING“ASRAYMONDLEVEILLE,VICEPRESIDENTPROGRAMMABLECONTROLSAREBEINGUSEDFORMOREANDMORESOPHISTICATEDOPERATIONS,LANGUAGESOTHERTHANLADDERLOGICBECOMEMOREPRACTICAL,EFFICIENT,ANDPOWERFULFOREXAMPLE,ITSVERYDIFFICULTTOWRITEATRIGONOMETRICFUNCTIONUSINGLADDERLOGIC“LANGUA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