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TANCECOMECOM,THELATINAMERICANFREETRADEASSOCIATIONLAFTA,THECENTRALAMERICANCOMMONMARKETCACM,THECARIBBEANFREETRADEAREACARIFTA,THECARIBBEANCOMMUNITYANDCOMMONMARKETCARICOM世界貿(mào)易和國際貿(mào)易在當(dāng)今復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界個(gè)人和國家都不是自給自足。國家有利用不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)資源，人們開發(fā)了不同的技能。這是世界貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的基礎(chǔ)。此貿(mào)易和活動中，導(dǎo)致的國際金融和銀行已經(jīng)演化。例如，美國是主要使用者的咖啡，但它并沒有增加任何氣候或自己。因此，美國必須引進(jìn)高效種植咖啡的國家如巴西、哥倫比亞、危地馬拉咖啡。在另一方面，美國有大型工廠能生產(chǎn)多種化工和，可以出售給需要它們的國家的飛機(jī)等的貨物。如果國家交易如為10000袋咖啡，一個(gè)汽車的項(xiàng)的項(xiàng)外貿(mào)會非常麻煩和制約。如此的即無錢交換的商品貿(mào)易的口味而不是美國用于它的銷售支付收到錢。它為巴西咖啡，巴西可以隨后使用。反過來可以買紡織品，然后可以買到從美國來的煙草，買澳大利亞的羊毛用美元支付。外貿(mào)，各國之間的商品交換，原因是很多地方都需要很多不同的商品。首先，沒有一個(gè)國家的商品能滿足國家本身的所有需要，各種原料分散在世界各地，大型銅礦分布在秘魯和扎伊爾，南非生產(chǎn)鉆石，中東石油資源豐富，自己國界內(nèi)部不能生產(chǎn)的資源，必須向生產(chǎn)這些資源的國家購買。對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)生是因?yàn)槊總€(gè)國家沒有足夠的能力生產(chǎn)所有滿足本國需要的產(chǎn)品，雖然美國是主要的糖生產(chǎn)國，但是其國內(nèi)消耗遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其生產(chǎn)能力，因此其必須進(jìn)口。第三，一個(gè)國家可以賣一個(gè)比其他國家較低的成本的一些項(xiàng)目。日本已經(jīng)能夠出口收音和電視機(jī)，因?yàn)樗梢员绕渌麌腋行У拇罅可a(chǎn)它們。美國從日本購買比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)這些便宜。根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，日本應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口的是從它派生的一個(gè)比較優(yōu)勢的項(xiàng)目，還應(yīng)該購買那些在本國生產(chǎn)成本比其他國家高的產(chǎn)品。最后，對外貿(mào)易需要那些創(chuàng)新的產(chǎn)品，盡管美國是世界上最大的汽車生產(chǎn)國，但是仍需要從德國、日本、瑞典進(jìn)口大量汽車，主要是為了滿足本國的市場需要。對于大多數(shù)國家，出口和進(jìn)口是最重要的國際活動。當(dāng)國家的出口多于進(jìn)口，這是一種貿(mào)易順差，當(dāng)進(jìn)口多于出口，是貿(mào)易逆差。聯(lián)合國試圖保持良好的貿(mào)易平衡，保證用必要的手段來購買他們需要進(jìn)口的貨物，在一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)在與另一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)服務(wù)的交流。它有幾個(gè)原因。分布在世界各地的天然資源，很不平衡，在一些國家有些資源擁有過多，而其他礦藏相對較少，甚至沒有。例如，英國煤炭儲量很大，但是缺乏如鎳，銅，鋁等多種礦物質(zhì)，而阿拉伯國家有豐富的石油儲量，但其他資源幾乎沒有。在自然生物方面，如柑橘類水果，適合在地中海氣候地區(qū)種植，此外，一些國家生產(chǎn)的某種產(chǎn)品不能滿足本國的需要，例如，英國的小麥。這是貿(mào)易發(fā)生的原因之一。隨著制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展，因而產(chǎn)生了另一個(gè)國家鼓勵，交流他們的產(chǎn)品。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，它使一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)在一定意義上，專門生產(chǎn)這些商品的活動，并為其中最有優(yōu)勢，以換取其他國家的產(chǎn)品和優(yōu)勢的貨物，在不同的領(lǐng)域。這種貿(mào)易是基于比較優(yōu)勢的原則。對比較優(yōu)勢理論，也被稱為比較成本理論是由大衛(wèi)李嘉圖發(fā)展，在19世紀(jì)的其他經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。它指出，國家之間的貿(mào)易可以為所有有利可圖，即使其中一個(gè)國家能生產(chǎn)各種商品更便宜。在生產(chǎn)一種商品，甚至國家的效率，只要有輕微的，相對的差異可以在生產(chǎn)它的比較優(yōu)勢。矛盾的是最好的說明了這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的例子在城市最好的律師亦是城里最好的打字員。由于該律師不能放棄從法律和打字事項(xiàng)寶貴的時(shí)間。但相比打字員的劣勢是至少在打字。因此，打字員在打字上有相對比較優(yōu)勢。這個(gè)原則是行業(yè)專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的基礎(chǔ)，即使它在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是有利的，完成專業(yè)化可能永遠(yuǎn)不可能發(fā)生，出于戰(zhàn)略的原因，一個(gè)國家可以繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)它并不具有優(yōu)勢的商品。專業(yè)化的好處也可能會影響了運(yùn)輸成本商品和原材料都必須在世界各地運(yùn)送，運(yùn)輸成本的降低將證明它是有利可圖的貿(mào)易。造成另一個(gè)國家的貨物自由流動的障礙可能是人為的障礙，如推行貿(mào)易關(guān)稅或配額。除了有形貿(mào)易，其中涉及貨物進(jìn)口和出口的商品；也有無形貿(mào)易，其中涉及國家之間的服務(wù)交換。如希臘和挪威等國家運(yùn)用大型海洋運(yùn)輸船隊(duì)并提供服務(wù)。這就是一種無形貿(mào)易。當(dāng)一個(gè)出口商安排裝運(yùn)，他租了一條船貨艙，并為出口貨物購買了穩(wěn)健的保險(xiǎn)。而在海上，貨物很容易受到許多危險(xiǎn)。因此，保險(xiǎn)是一項(xiàng)服務(wù)。這成為一些國家的專業(yè)。比如英國由于勞合社倫敦的發(fā)展，額成為這項(xiàng)服務(wù)的主要出口國，以賺取投保其他國家的外貿(mào)費(fèi)。在一些國家內(nèi)，他們擁有的商品或制成品出口的方式很少，但他們有一個(gè)溫和晴朗的氣候。在冬季，用旅游來吸引游客的國家，由于酒店住宿，餐費(fèi)，出租車大量資金等，是旅游形成另一種無形的貿(mào)易形式。因此，這是在無形貿(mào)易方面可以作為重要的原材料