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WORLDTRADEANDINTERNATIONALTRADEINTODAYSCOMPLEXECONOMICWORLD,NEITHERINDIVIDUALSNORNATIONSARESELFSUFFICIENTNATIONSHAVEUTILIZEDDIFFERENTECONOMICRESOURCESPEOPLEHAVEDEVELOPEDDIFFERENTSKILLSTHISISTHEFOUNDATIONOFWORLDTRADEANDECONOMICACTIVITYASARESULTOFTHISTRADEANDACTIVITY,INTERNATIONALFINANCEANDBANKINGHAVEEVOLVEDFOREXAMPLE,THEUNITEDSTATESISAMAJORCONSUMEROFCOFFEE,YETITDOESNOTHAVETHECLIMATETOGROWANYORITSOWNCONSEQUENTLY,THEUNITEDSTATESMUSTIMPORTCOFFEEFROMCOUNTRIESSUCHASBRAZIL,COLOMBIAANDGUATEMALATHATGROWCOFFEEEFFICIENTLYONTHEOTHERHAND,THEUNITEDSTATESHASLARGEINDUSTRIALPLANTSCAPABLEOFPRODUCINGAVARIETYOFGOODS,SUCHASCHEMICALSANDAIRPLANES,WHICHCANBESOLDTONATIONSTHATNEEDTHEMIFNATIONSTRADEDITEMFORITEM,SUCHASONEAUTOMOBILEFOR10,000BAGSOFCOFFEE,FOREIGNTRADEWOULDBEEXTREMELYCUMBERSOMEANDRESTRICTIVESOINSTEADOFBATTER,WHICHISTRADEOFGOODSWITHOUTANEXCHANGEOFMONEY,THEUNITEDSTATERECEIVESMONEYINPAYMENTFORWHATITSELLSITPAYSFORBRAZILIANCOFFEEWITHDOLLARS,WHICHBRAZILCANTHENUSETOBUYWOOLFROMAUSTRALIA,WHICHINTURNCANBUYTEXTILESGREATBRITAIN,WHICHCANTHENBUYTOBACCOFROMTHEUNITEDSTATEFOREIGNTRADE,THEEXCHANGEOFGOODSBETWEENNATIONS,TAKESPLACEFORMANYREASONSTHEFIRST,ASMENTIONEDABOVEISTHATNONATIONHASALLOFTHECOMMODITIESTHATITNEEDSRAWMATERIALSARESCATTEREDAROUNDTHEWORLDLARGEDEPOSITSOFCOPPERAREMINEDINPERUANDZAIRE,DIAMONDSAREMINEDINSOUTHAFRICAANDPETROLEUMISRECOVEREDINTHEMIDDLEEASTCOUNTRIESTHATDONOTHAVETHESERESOURCESWITHINTHEIROWNBOUNDARIESMUSTBUYFROMCOUNTRIESTHATEXPORTTHEMFOREIGNTRADEALSOOCCURSBECAUSEACOUNTRYOFTENDOESNOTHAVEENOUGHOFAPARTICULARITEMTOMEETITSNEEDSALTHOUGHTHEUNITEDSTATESISAMAJORPRODUCEROFSUGAR,ITCONSUMESMORETHANITCANPRODUCEINTERNALLYANDTHUSMUSTIMPORTSUGARTHIRD,ONENATIONCANSELLSOMEITEMSATALOWERCOSTTHANOTHERCOUNTRIESJAPANHASBEENABLETOEXPORTLARGEQUANTITIESOFRADIOSANDTELEVISIONSETSBECAUSEITCANPRODUCETHEMMOREEFFICIENTLYTHANOTHERCOUNTRIESITISCHEAPERFORTHEUNITEDSTATESTOBUYTHESEFROMJAPANTHANTOPRODUCETHEMDOMESTICALLYACCORDINGTOECONOMICTHEORY,JAPANSHOULDPRODUCEANDEXPORTTHOSEITEMSFROMWHICHITDERIVESACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEITSHOULDALSOBUYANDIMPORTWHATITNEEDSFROMTHOSECOUNTRIESTHATHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTHEDESIREDITEMSFINALLY,FOREIGNTRADETAKESPLACEBECAUSEOFINNOVATIONORSTYLEEVENTHOUGHTHEUNITEDSTATESPRODUCESMOREAUTOMOBILESTHANANYOTHERCOUNTRY,ITSTILLIMPORTSLARGENUMBERSOFAUTOSFROMGERMANY,JAPANANDSWEDEN,PRIMARILYBECAUSETHEREISAMARKETFORTHEMINTHEUNITEDSTATESFORMOSTNATIONS,EXPORTSANDIMPORTSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTINTERNATIONALACTIVITYWHENNATIONSEXPORTMORETHANTHEYIMPORT,THEYARESAIDTOHAVEAFAVORABLEBALANCEOFTRADEWHENTHEYIMPORTMORETHANTHEYEXPORT,ANUNFAVORABLEBALANCEOFTRADEEXISTSNATIONSTRYTOMAINTAINAFAVORABLEBALANCEOFTRADE,WHICHASSURESTHEMOFTHEMEANSTOBUYNECESSARYIMPORTSINTERNATIONALTRADEISTHEEXCHANGEOFGOODSANDSERVICESPRODUCEDINONECOUNTRYFORGOODSANDSERVICESPRODUCEDINANOTHERCOUNTRYTHEREARESEVERALREASONSFORITTHEDISTRIBUTIONLFNATURALRESOURCESAROUNDTHEWORLDISSOMEWHATHAPHAZARDSOMENATIONSPOSSESSNATURALDEPOSITSINEXCESSOFTHEIROWNREQUIREMENTSWHILEOTHERNATIONSHAVENONEFOREXAMPLE,BRITAINHASLARGERESERVESOFCOALBUTLACKSMANYMINERALSSUCHASNICKEL,COPPER,ALUMINUMETC,WHEREASTHEARABSTATESHAVEVASTOILDEPOSITSBUTLITTLEELSEINTHECULTIVATIONOFNATURALPRODUCTSCLIMATESWHEREASOTHERS,SUCHASCITRUSFRUITS,REQUIREAMEDITERRANEANCLIMATEMOREOVER,SOMENATIONSAREUNABLETOPRODUCESUFFICIENTOFAPARTICULARPRODUCTTOSATISFYALARGEHOMEDEMAND,FOREXAMPLE,BRITAINANDWHEATTHESEARETHEREASONSWHYINTERNATIONALTRADEFIRSTBEGANWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMANUFACTURINGANDTECHNOLOGY,THEREAROSEANOTHERINCENTIVEFORNATIONSTOEXCHANGETHEIRPRODUCTSITWASFOUNDTHATITMADEECONOMICSENSEFORANATIONTOSPECIALIZEINCERTAINACTIVITIESANDPRODUCETHOSEGOODSFORWHICHITHADTHEMOSTADVANTAGES,ANDTOEXCHANGETHOSEGOODSFORTHEPRODUCTSOFOTHERNATIONSWHICHANDADVANTAGESINDIFFERENTFIELDSTHISTRADEISBASEDONTHEPRINCIPLEOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGETHETHEORYOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE,ALSOCALLEDTHECOMPARATIVECOSTTHEORY,WASDEVELOPEDBYDAVIDRICARDO,ANDOTHERECONOMISTSINTHENINETEENTHCENTURYITPOINTSOUTTHATTRADEBETWEENCOUNTRIESCANBEPROFITABLEFORALL,EVENIFONEOFTHECOUNTRIESCANPRODUCEEVERYCOMMODITYMORECHEAPLYASLONGASTHEREAREMINOR,RELATIVEDIFFERENCESINTHEEFFICIENCYOFPRODUCINGACOMMODITYEVENTHEPOOFCOUNTRYCANHAVEACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINPRODUCINGITTHEPARADOXISBESTILLUSTRATEDBYTHISTRADITIONALEXAMPLETHEBESTLAWYERINTOWNISALSOTHEBESTTYPISTINTOWNSINCETHISLAWYERCANNOTAFFORDTOGIVEUPPRECIOUSTIMEFROMLEGALANDTYPINGMATTERSBUTTHETYPISTSCOMPARATIVEDISADVANTAGEISLEASTINTYPINGTHEREFORE,THETYPISTHASARELATIVECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTYPINGTHISPRINCIPLEISTHEBASISOFSPECIALIZATIONINTOTRADESANDOCCUPATIONSATTHESAMETIME,COMPLETESPECIALIZATIONMAYNEVEROCCUREVENWHENITISECONOMICALLYADVANTAGEOUSFORSTRATEGICORDOMESTICREASONS,ACOUNTRYMAYCONTINUETOPRODUCEGOODSFORWHICHITDOESNOTHAVEANADVANTAGETHEBENEFITSLFSPECIALIZATIONMAYALSOBEAFFECTINGBYTRANSPORTCOSTSGOODSANDRAWMATERIALSHAVETOBETRANSPORTEDAROUNDTHEWORLDANDTHECOSTOFTHETRANSPORTNARROWSTHELIMITSBETWEENWHICHITWILLPROVEPROFITABLETOTRADEANOTHERIMPEDIMENTTOTHEFREEFLOWOFGOODSBETWEENNATIONSISTHEPOSSIBLEINTRODUCTIONOFARTIFICIALBARRIERSTOTRADE,SUCHASTARIFFSORQUOTASINADDITIONTOVISIBLETRADE,WHICHINVOLVESTHEIMPORTANDEXP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