1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文 學(xué) 院 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 工商管理 年級班別 學(xué) 號 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 年 月 日目 錄譯文 生產(chǎn)運作管理理論.11.基本概念.12 生產(chǎn)運作管理的地位.13.生產(chǎn)與運作管理學(xué)的發(fā)展.24. 生產(chǎn)運作管理的任務(wù).35 生產(chǎn)運作管理的任務(wù).46 生產(chǎn)運作管理的內(nèi)容.47 生產(chǎn)管理的指導(dǎo)原則.5英文原文 production operation management theory.71 production operation management duty.72 production operation management status.73

2、production and operation management study development.94 production operation management duty.105 production operation management tasks.116 production of the content management.117 production management guidelines.12譯文：生產(chǎn)運作管理理論生產(chǎn)與運作管理概述生產(chǎn)運作管理的任務(wù) 1.基本概念1.1 生產(chǎn)與運作管理（production and operation management）

3、：是指對生產(chǎn)與運作活動的計劃、組織和控制。1.2 生產(chǎn)與運作活動：是指“投入變換產(chǎn)出”的過程，即投入一定的資源，經(jīng)過一系列多種形式的變換，使其價值增值，最后以某種形式產(chǎn)出供給給社會的過程，也可以說，是一個社會組織通過獲取和利用各種資源向社會提供有用產(chǎn)品的過程。其中投入包括：人力、設(shè)備、物料、信息、技術(shù)、能源、土地等勞動資源要素。產(chǎn)出包括兩大類：有形產(chǎn)品和無形產(chǎn)品。中間的變換過程，也就是勞動過程、價值增值過程，即運作過程。2 生產(chǎn)運作管理的地位企業(yè)是一個有機(jī)的整體，企業(yè)管理就是一個完整的系統(tǒng)， 它是有許多子系統(tǒng)組成的。生產(chǎn)管理作為一個子系統(tǒng)，在企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)中處于什么地位，主要從它和其它子系統(tǒng)之間

4、的關(guān)系上來考察。2.1生產(chǎn)管理與其它子系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系 2.1.1生產(chǎn)管理與經(jīng)營決策的關(guān)系經(jīng)營決策決策性地位、處于企業(yè)的上層、確定企業(yè)的目標(biāo)、方針、戰(zhàn)略、計劃。生產(chǎn)管理執(zhí)行性地位、處于企業(yè)的中層、根據(jù)經(jīng)營決策下達(dá)的具體任務(wù)、組織生產(chǎn)活動并保證實現(xiàn)。它們之間是決策和執(zhí)行的關(guān)系 2.1.2生產(chǎn)管理與技術(shù)開發(fā)管理技術(shù)開發(fā)是為生產(chǎn)管理提供設(shè)計圖紙、先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)、先進(jìn)制造材料等。技術(shù)開發(fā)管理是生產(chǎn)管理的技術(shù)保證和后盾。生產(chǎn)管理為技術(shù)開發(fā)管理進(jìn)行的科學(xué)實驗提供信息和設(shè)備。它們在企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)中同處于執(zhí)行性地位，保持著密切的協(xié)作關(guān)系。 2.1.3生產(chǎn)管理與銷售管理的關(guān)系生產(chǎn)管理為銷售部門提供滿足市場消費、適銷對路的

5、產(chǎn)品和零部件，搞好生產(chǎn)管理對開展銷售管理工作、提高產(chǎn)品的市場占有率和增加企業(yè)活力有重要的意義。生產(chǎn)管理對銷售管理起保障作用。同時銷售管理為生產(chǎn)提供市場信息，是生產(chǎn)管理的產(chǎn)品的價值實現(xiàn)的保證。同處于生產(chǎn)性的地位，有著十分緊密的協(xié)作關(guān)系。2.2 生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略的重要組成 企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略是總體戰(zhàn)略和各分戰(zhàn)略的集合體。它形成一個戰(zhàn)略體系，生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)略是其中重要的組成部分。生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)略是企業(yè)根據(jù)所選定的目標(biāo)市場和產(chǎn)品特點來構(gòu)造其生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)時所遵循的指導(dǎo)思想，以及在這種指導(dǎo)思想下的一系列決策計劃、內(nèi)容和程序。特點：貢獻(xiàn)性、一致性、操作性 根據(jù)決策內(nèi)容的特點，一般企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略都可以分為三個層次：企業(yè)級戰(zhàn)略、部門級戰(zhàn)略

6、和職能級戰(zhàn)略。生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)略屬于職能級戰(zhàn)略，擔(dān)負(fù)著支持部門戰(zhàn)略的義務(wù).2.3 生產(chǎn)管理與企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢關(guān)系 新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、成本、質(zhì)量、交貨期四大競爭優(yōu)勢都與生產(chǎn)管理狀況密切相關(guān)。這四個基本要素?zé)o不取決于生產(chǎn)管理的方式和效率。 其實，企業(yè)管理工作的內(nèi)容很多，基本上可分為：經(jīng)營管理和生產(chǎn)管理兩大部分。經(jīng)營管理是對企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動的管理，主要解決企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動問題，使企業(yè)同外部環(huán)境取得動態(tài)平衡；而生產(chǎn)管理是對企業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的管理，主要解決企業(yè)內(nèi)部人、財、物等各種資源的最優(yōu)組合問題。3.生產(chǎn)與運作管理學(xué)的發(fā)展3.1生產(chǎn)管理學(xué)人們對上述變換處理研究主要在可看見的產(chǎn)品變革過程中起初那里搜尋。從研究方法上來說，也沒

7、有把它看作上述的“投入變換產(chǎn)出”的過程來研究，而主要是研究有形產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)制造過程的組織、計劃與控制。所以當(dāng)時該學(xué)科被稱為“生產(chǎn)管理學(xué)”。3.2 生產(chǎn)與運作概念的形成 3.2.1隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、技術(shù)進(jìn)步以及社會工業(yè)化、信息化的發(fā)展，人們除了對各種有形產(chǎn)品的需求之外，對有形產(chǎn)品之后的相關(guān)服務(wù)的需求也逐漸提高。 3.2.2隨著社會分工的出現(xiàn)，原來附屬于生產(chǎn)過程的一些業(yè)務(wù)，服務(wù)過程相繼分離并獨立出來，形成后來的流通、零售、金融、房地產(chǎn)等服務(wù)行業(yè)，使社會第三產(chǎn)業(yè)比重越來越大。因此，對提供無形產(chǎn)品的運作過程進(jìn)行管理和研究的必要性應(yīng)運而生。人們開始把有形產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程和無形產(chǎn)品都看作一種“投入變換產(chǎn)出”的過程。

8、這種變換過程的產(chǎn)出結(jié)果無論是有形還是無形，都具有下述特征：能夠滿足人的某種需要，即具有一定的使用價值；需要投入一定的資源，經(jīng)過一定的變換過程才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)；在變換過程總要投入一定的勞動，實現(xiàn)價值增值。 因此，人們開始把對無形產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)出過程的管理研究也納入生產(chǎn)管理的范疇中去?；蛘哒f，生產(chǎn)管理的研究范圍從制造業(yè)擴(kuò)大到了非制造業(yè)。這樣就擴(kuò)大了生產(chǎn)管理的概念。無論是有形產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程，還是無形產(chǎn)品的提供過程，被統(tǒng)稱為運作過程。但從管理的角度來說，這兩種變換過程實際上是有許多不同點的。4. 生產(chǎn)運作管理的任務(wù)4.1 生產(chǎn)運作系統(tǒng)運動規(guī)律生產(chǎn)管理采取了一個次級系統(tǒng), 有它本身運動規(guī)則。 生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的運動規(guī)律就是輸

9、入生產(chǎn)要素，經(jīng)過生產(chǎn)過程，輸出產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，并且在生產(chǎn)過程的進(jìn)行中不停地進(jìn)行信息反饋。4.2 生產(chǎn)運作管理系統(tǒng)的組成4.2.1產(chǎn)品與服務(wù) 產(chǎn)品是具有一定使用價值的成品或半成品。 服務(wù)主要指無形產(chǎn)品。 要求：取決于用戶和市場的需要，即品種對路、質(zhì)量優(yōu)良、價格便宜、交貨及時。4.2.2生產(chǎn)要素人流 人勞動力物流 財資金物土地、建筑物、機(jī)器設(shè)備、工藝設(shè)備、原材料、零部件、能源信息流 信息、計劃、工藝圖紙、情報等作用：從事生產(chǎn)活動的前提條件是實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)管理目標(biāo)的保證生產(chǎn)要素滿足的三個要求：在質(zhì)量、數(shù)量、時間上必須符合生產(chǎn)過程的要求；生產(chǎn)要素在生產(chǎn)過程中有效的結(jié)合起來生產(chǎn)要素在生產(chǎn)過程中形成一個有機(jī)的整體4

10、.2.3生產(chǎn)過程 概念：產(chǎn)品的形成過程，也是人力、物力、財力的消耗過程。 要求： 實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)管理目標(biāo)，以最經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)方式（消耗盡可能少的方式），對產(chǎn)品的品種、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、成本、交貨期、進(jìn)行具體的計劃、并確保實施。4.2.4反饋 定義：把生產(chǎn)過程輸出的信息返回到輸入的一端。作用：對生產(chǎn)過程的控制及時提供良機(jī)。 目的：保證生產(chǎn)過程的正常進(jìn)行和生產(chǎn)計劃任務(wù)的完成。5 生產(chǎn)運作管理的任務(wù)： 運用組織、計劃、控制等職能，把投入生產(chǎn)過程的各種生產(chǎn)要素有效的結(jié)合起來，形成有機(jī)的體系，按照最經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)方式生產(chǎn)出滿足社會需要的產(chǎn)品。6 生產(chǎn)運作管理的內(nèi)容 生產(chǎn)管理要實現(xiàn)自己的任務(wù)，就需要做許多工作6.1生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備與

11、生產(chǎn)組織 是指生產(chǎn)的物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備工作、技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備工作和組織工作。6.2生產(chǎn)計劃 是生產(chǎn)運作管理的精華。指與產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的生產(chǎn)計劃工作和負(fù)荷分配工作。6.3 生產(chǎn)控制 指圍繞著完成計劃任務(wù)所進(jìn)行的檢查，調(diào)整管理工作。6.4先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)運作模式 為適應(yīng)企業(yè)國際化和企業(yè)激烈的競爭形勢，盡快提高企業(yè)管理水平使生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營一體化，是現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)與運作管理的熱點。7 生產(chǎn)管理的指導(dǎo)原則7.1講求經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 定義：最少的勞動消耗和資金占用，生產(chǎn)出盡可能多的適銷對路的產(chǎn)品。 原因：提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益是市場經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的出發(fā)點，當(dāng)然也就是企業(yè)管理工作的出發(fā)點。 具體表現(xiàn)：在實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)管理的目標(biāo)上，做到數(shù)量多、質(zhì)量好、交貨及時、成本低廉。 綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)

12、效益：對產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量、成本、交貨期、經(jīng)過綜合考慮，在分別確定不同要求的基礎(chǔ)上，使經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最優(yōu)。7.2 堅持以銷定產(chǎn) 定義：根據(jù)市場的要求安排生產(chǎn)計劃。 原因：商品生產(chǎn)規(guī)律的要求。商品生產(chǎn)者生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品不是為了自己，而是為了出售。 堅持以銷定產(chǎn)要做哪些事情：做好市場調(diào)查、預(yù)測和決策。 加強(qiáng)對生產(chǎn)管理者的教育，樹立正確的經(jīng)營思想，克服只埋頭生產(chǎn)、不顧市場需要、不重視銷售的單純生產(chǎn)觀點。 正確處理生產(chǎn)同銷售的關(guān)系，原則是：重視銷售，又兼顧生產(chǎn)。7.3 實行科學(xué)管理 定義：在生產(chǎn)過程中，運用符合現(xiàn)代大工業(yè)要求的一套制度和方法。 應(yīng)做到： 建立統(tǒng)一的生產(chǎn)指揮系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)行組織、計劃和控制生產(chǎn)，保證生產(chǎn)過程

13、正常進(jìn)行。 做好基礎(chǔ)工作，即建立和貫徹自己的規(guī)章制度。加強(qiáng)職工培訓(xùn)，不斷進(jìn)行知識更新。7.4組織均衡生產(chǎn) 定義：在相等的時間內(nèi)，生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品相等或均勻遞增。 例如：某機(jī)械廠的旬均衡率為3、3、4，即上、中、下旬分別完成合同生產(chǎn)任務(wù)的30%、30%、40%，有節(jié)奏、按比例的生產(chǎn)。 好處： （1）提高設(shè)備和工時的利用率。 （2）建立正常的生產(chǎn)秩序和管理秩序，保證產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和安全生產(chǎn)。 （3）節(jié)約物資消耗，降低成本、加速流動資金周轉(zhuǎn)。7.5 實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略對生產(chǎn)過程的要求： （1）節(jié)約原料和能源。 （2）淘汰有毒原材料并在全部排放物和廢料離開生產(chǎn)過程以前減少它們的數(shù)量和毒性。對產(chǎn)品要求：減少產(chǎn)品在

14、整個生產(chǎn)周期中對人類和環(huán)境的有害影響。 總的來說，生產(chǎn)管理的原則就是階段性、適應(yīng)性、科學(xué)性和均衡性，其中經(jīng)濟(jì)性是基本的，其他三項是為經(jīng)濟(jì)性服務(wù)的。在這期間，還要兼顧可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略方針。原文：production operation management theoryproduction and operation management outline1.production operation management dutybasic concept 1.1 production and operation management：to produces with the operation

15、 plan, the organization and the control. 1.2 production and operation：”investment- transformation- delivers”, invests the certain resources, passes through a series of many kind forms transformation, makes its value to rise in value, finally delivers the supplies by some kind of form to societys pro

16、cess.also,it is a social organization through gains and uses each kind of resources toprovide the useful product to the society the process.the investment includes: labor resources essential factor and so on manpower, equipment,material, information, technology, energy, landdelivers including two ki

17、nds: visible product and immaterial product2. production operation management statusthe enterprise is an organic whole, the business management is acomplete system, it has many subsystems to compose. the production management took a sub- system, is at any position in the business management system,

18、mainly from it with other subsystem between relational inspection.2.1 production management and other subsystems relations: 2.1.1 the production management and manages policy-making the relationsthe management decision-making - decision-making status, is in theenterprise the upper formation, the det

19、ermination enterprises goal,the policy, the strategy and the plan.the production management - execution status, is in the enterprise the intermediate deck, the basis manages the concrete duty, the organization which the decision-making issues produces moves and guarantees the realization.2.1.2 produ

20、ction management and technical development management the technical development is provides the design paper, the advanced production technology, the advanced manufacture material for the production management and so on. the technical development management is the production management technical gua

21、rantee and the backing.production management: the scientific experiment carries on which for the technical development management provides the information and the equipment.they with are at the execution position in the business management system, is maintaining the close cooperation relations.2.1.3

22、 the production management and sells the management the relationsthe production management provides satisfies the product and the spare part for the sale branch which the market expends, is suitable forsale, does well the production management to do the sale super visory work, to enhance the product

23、 the market share and the increaseenterprise vitality has the vital significance. the production management to sells manages the safeguard function. simultaneouslysells the management to provide the market information for the production, is the production management product value realization guarant

24、ee. with is at the production position, has the extremely close cooperation relations.2.2 the production strategy is the enterprise manages strategic the important compositionthe enterprise strategy is the overall strategy and each minute strategic aggregate. it forms a strategic system, the product

25、ion strategy is important constituent.characteristic: contribution, uniformity, operational according to the policy-making content characteristic, the common enterprises strategy all may divide into three levels: enterprise strategy, department strategy and function strategy. the production strategy

26、 belongs to the function strategy, is shouldering the support department strategy duty.2.3 production management and enterprise competitive advantage relationsnew product development, cost, quality, date of delivery four competitive advantage all with production management condition close correlatio

27、n. these four basic essential factors are decided all by the production management way and the efficiency.actually, business management work content very many, basically may divide into management and production management two major parts. the management is manages active to the enterprise the manag

28、ement, mainly solves enterprises production technology economic activity problem, causes the enterprise to obtain the dynamical equilibrium with the external environment; but the production management is produces the system to the enterprise the management,mainly solves the enterprise interior perso

29、n, the wealth, and so on each kind of resources most superior combination question.3.production and operation management study development3.1 production managementthe people to above transform the process research mainly in the visible product transformation process at first there search。said from t

30、he research technique, also has not regarded as it above the investment - transformation - delivers the process to study, but mainly is the research visible product production manufacture process organization, the plan and the control. at that time therefore this discipline is called the production

31、management study.3.2 production and operation concept formationalong with economical development, technology advancement as well as social industrialization, information development, the people besides to each kind of visible product demand, also gradually enhance after the visible product correlati

32、on service demand.along with the social division of labor appearance, originally attached belongs to the production process some services, the service process separates one after another and independently comes out, form after service industry and so on the circulation, retail sales , finance, real

33、estate, caused the social tertiary industry proportion to be more and more strongtherefore, to provides the immaterial product the operation process to carry on the management and the research necessity arises at the historic moment. the people start the visible product production process and the im

34、material product to regard as one kind the investment - transformation - delivers the process. this kind of transformation process delivers finally regardless of is visible or invisible, all has the following characteristic: can meet persons some kind of needs, namely has the certain use valueneeds

35、to invest the certain resources, passes through the certain transformation process only then to be able to realize.must invest the certain work in the transformation process, the realization value incrementtherefore, the people start to deliver to the immaterial product the process the management re

36、search also to bring into line with the production management in the category. in other words the production management research scope expanded from the manufacturing industry to the non- manufacturing industry. like this expanded the production management concept. regardless of is the visible produ

37、ct production process, or the immaterial product provides the process, is called as the operation process. but said from the management angle that, these two kind of transformation sprocess has many different spots in fact.4.production operation management duty4.1 production operation system movemen

38、t rulethe production management took a sub- system, has its itself the movement rule.4.2production operation management system components4.2.1products and services is a product of a certain value of finished or semi-finished products. mainly intangible products. requirements : depending on the user

39、and the needs of the market, that is the correct path varieties, good quality, low price, prompt delivery.4.2.2production factors labor- flowlogistics- funds the other thing-land, buildings, machinery and equipment, process equipment, raw materials, components, energy information flow of information

40、, plans, drawings technology, intelligencerole : to engage in productive activities is a prerequisite for achieving goals of the management of production guarantee factors of production to meet the three requirements in the quality, quantity, time must meet the requirements of the production process

41、; production factors in the production process of effectively combining production elements in the production process to form an organic whole. 4.2.3production process concept : product formation process, as well as human, material and financial resources to the process of attrition. request：product

42、ion management objectives in the most economical mode of production (less consumption as much as possible the way), the product variety, quantity, quality, cost, delivery time, a specific plan and to ensure the implementation.4.2.4 feedbackdefinition : production process output to input information

43、to the end. role : the right to control the production process to provide timely opportunity. objective : to ensure the normal process of production and production plan for the completion of the task. 5 production operation management tasks use of organization, planning and control functions, input

44、production process of various production factors combining effective, forming an organic system, according to the most economical mode of production produced to meet the needs of the community products. 6 production of the content management production management to achieve its mandate, it needs a l

45、ot of work6.1 production preparations and organization of production refers to the production of material preparation, technical preparation and organization work 6.2 production plan production operation is the essence of management. product-related means of production planning and load distribution

46、. 6.3 production control refer to the completion around the planned tasks for the inspection, restructuring management 6.4 advanced production mode of operation to meet international enterprises and enterprises of fierce competition situation and improve enterprise management level of production int

47、egration, of modern production and operation management of hot spots. 7 production management guidelines 7.1 economic benefits definition : at least the labor and capital consumption occupied as much as possible to produce niche products. reasons : to improve economic efficiency of the market econom

48、y and the starting point, of course, it is a business management point of departure. specific performance : production management objectives and ensure a large number of good quality, prompt delivery, and low cost. comprehensive economic benefits : the right product quality, quantity, cost, delivery

49、 time, after consideration, the different requirements were determined on the basis of cost-effectiveness to make optimal.7.2 sell reversed definition : according to the request for production planning. reasons : commodity production the requirements of the law. commodity producers that their produc

50、ts not only for their own sake but to sell. adhere to marketing reversed what to do things out : the market research, forecasting and decision-making. production managers to enhance education, foster a correct business thinking, overcome only bury their heads in production, regardless of market needs. sales of attention not simply a production perspective. correctly handle the production and sales of relations, the principl