1、8.Fracture:MicroscopicAspectsfracturen斷裂microscopica微觀的macroscopica宏觀的crackn裂紋nucleationn形核propagationn擴(kuò)展ductilea韌性的brittlea脆性的brittlenessn脆性semi-brittlea半脆性的failuren失效coalescencen連接voidn空洞cross-sectional橫截面的shearv剪切transgranulara穿晶的preferentiallyadv優(yōu)先地intergranulara沿晶的magnificationn放大indentationn凹陷

2、8.1morphologyn組織，形態(tài)dimplev生微渦rupturen斷裂neckingn頸縮elastica彈性的ceramicsn陶瓷polymern聚合物tipn尖端cleavagefracture解理斷裂grainboundary晶界crystallographicplane晶體學(xué)面grainn晶粒crazen微裂紋tensilea拉伸的stressconcentration應(yīng)力集中precursorn預(yù)兆shearingbanding剪切帶flowstress流變應(yīng)力compositen復(fù)合材料fibrousa纖維的matrixn基體reinforcementn增強(qiáng)bonding

3、n結(jié)合compressionn壓縮kinkingn扭斷mechanismn機(jī)制plastica塑性的microbucklingn微觀彎曲8.2mobiledislocation可動位錯interatomica原子間的bondn鍵cohesivestress內(nèi)聚應(yīng)力perfectcrystal完整晶體Youngsmodulus楊氏模量defectn缺陷whiskern晶須immobilea不可動的slipplane滑移面restrictionn限制criterionn判據(jù)fibern纖維rollv軋制heterogeneityn不均勻性striationn擦痕interiorn內(nèi)部airbubb

4、le氣泡parametern參數(shù)inflexibilityn不變性dimplen韌窩triaxiala三軸的equiaxiala等軸的ellipticala橢圓的elastic-plastic彈塑性qualitativea定性的stainlesssteel不銹鋼interfacialbonding界面結(jié)合triaxialityn三軸，cleavagev解理，分裂crystallographica.結(jié)晶學(xué)的crystallinen晶體orientationn.取向，排列方向facetn倒角screwdislocation螺旋位錯cleavagestep解理臺階convergencen會聚face

5、-centeredcubic面心立方體body-centeredcubic體心立方體hexagonalclose-packed密排六方體tungstenn鎢molybdenumn鉬chromiumn鉻berylliumn鈹magnesiumn鎂quenchv淬火tempern回火annealingn退火crystallattice結(jié)晶點(diǎn)陣sensitizeda激活trajectoryn軌跡phosphorusn磷10.RecoveryandRecrystallizationrecoveryn回復(fù)recrystallizationn再結(jié)晶transformationn轉(zhuǎn)變,相變alloyn合金m

6、eltinga熔化的cold-workeda冷加工的terminala終點(diǎn)的curvaturen曲線Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯自由能entropyn熵10.1storedenergy儲存能subgrainn亞晶impurityn雜質(zhì)extrusionn擠壓thermala熱的inverselyproportion反比例10.2relaxationprocess馳豫過程vacancyn空位interstitialatom間隙原子vacancymotion空位移動hardnessn硬度resistivityn電阻率point-defect點(diǎn)缺陷self-explanatorya不解自明的

7、elasticstrain彈性應(yīng)變stackingfaults堆垛層錯latticedefect點(diǎn)陣缺陷dislocationtangle位錯纏結(jié)cellulara多孔的misorienteda取向錯誤的two-dimensional二維的diffusionn擴(kuò)散Lauepattern勞厄斑diffractionspot衍射斑點(diǎn)etch-pittechnique點(diǎn)蝕坑技術(shù)10.3vacancymigration空位遷移self-diffusion自擴(kuò)散dislocationclimb位錯攀移10.4statisticalfluctuationbulgeradiisphericalprotrud

8、eincubationvelocitycoincidentsubboundary10.5a 統(tǒng)計(jì)的n 波動v 凸出來radius pl 半徑a 球的 , 球形的v （使）突出/伸出n 孕育期n 速度、速率同時(shí)發(fā)生的亞晶界形核率ad 等溫地vi 撞擊線形分配n 核n 模型v求的積分a 可以忽略的n 修正a 反曲的v 衰退nucleationrateisothermallyimpingelinearportionnucleusphantomintegratenegligiblemodificationsigmoiddecaymetallographic a 金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的 potential n 電勢

9、、電位 molen 摩爾volumen 體積coefficient n 系數(shù) critical a 臨界的10.6dashed curve 點(diǎn)劃線inverse relationship 反函數(shù)關(guān)系 brass n 黃銅 fine-grained a 細(xì)晶的 optimize v 優(yōu)化10.7rodn 棒soft solder軟焊劑bendv彎曲deformation texture 形變織構(gòu) annealing texture:退火織構(gòu)recrystallization texture 再結(jié)晶織構(gòu) cube texture 立方織構(gòu) mismatch v 錯配 merit n 優(yōu)點(diǎn) anis

10、otropyn各向異性magnetica有磁性的sheetn薄板secondary recrystallization 二次再結(jié)晶 bracket n 方括弧的一邊 intersectionn 交叉點(diǎn)，交點(diǎn)grooven 溝槽retardv阻止diametern直徑concavea凹的steady-state 穩(wěn)態(tài)的 fascinatinga吸引人的tungsten n 鎢 filamentn 燈絲thorian 二氧化釷creepv 蠕變r(jià)esistance n 阻力 undoped a 無攙雜的 sketchn 略圖interlockv 連接dopev摻入dopantn攙雜物sinteri

11、ngn燒結(jié)物volatilizev（使）揮發(fā)ingotn鑄錠fibertexture纖維織構(gòu)submicroscopica亞顯微的poren氣孔Chapter14SomeApplicationsofPhysicalMetallurgymetallurgyn冶金學(xué)manipulatev操作optimizea最佳化weldjointn焊點(diǎn)solderjointn焊接點(diǎn)devicen儀器14.1strengtheningmechanism強(qiáng)化機(jī)制workhardening加工硬化solidsolutionhardening固溶硬化particlehardening粒子硬化burgersvector柏

12、氏矢量virtuallyad實(shí)際上reciprocal倒易的flowstress流動應(yīng)力foreignatom異類原子misfitn錯配interstiticala間隙的symmetricala對稱的octahedralvoid八面體空位unsymmetrica不對稱的tetragonala正方形的screwn螺釘dilatationala膨脹的distortionn扭轉(zhuǎn)，畸變etchv侵蝕dilutehydrofluoricacid稀釋氫氟酸膜14.2nitrogenn氮revealv揭示amorphousa非晶的gaugen標(biāo)距bulkn整體Charpyimpacttest擺錘式?jīng)_擊試驗(yàn)t

13、orchn焊燈horizontala水平的synonymousa同義的castiron鑄鐵flaken薄片nodulara球狀的graphiten石墨quotev引用homogenizationn均勻性corrosionn腐蝕weldabilityn焊接性formabilityn成形性machinabilityn可加工性reliabilityn可靠性whisker金屬晶須pearlitica珠光體的ultimatea基本的patentn專利lamellara層狀的cellulara多孔的substructuren亞結(jié)構(gòu)latchn板條substitutionala代位的solid-soluti

14、onhardening固溶硬化octahedrala八面體的interstitialvoid間隙空位dipolara兩極的precipitationhardening析出硬化subzero零度以下的negligiblea可忽略的millisecondn毫秒autotempering自動回火structurehardening結(jié)構(gòu)硬化lathmartensite板條馬氏體dislocationhardening位錯強(qiáng)化platemartensite片狀馬氏體residuala殘余的microcrackingn顯微裂變substantiallya實(shí)質(zhì)上redistributionn再分配spont

15、aneouscracking自發(fā)破裂spheroidizev球化eutectoidtemperature共析溫度Ostwaldripeningprocess奧斯特瓦爾德熟化過程Bainiten貝氏體retainedaustenite殘余奧氏體regainn回伸率age-hardening時(shí)效硬化vanadiumn釩molybdenumn鉬detrimentala有害的retardv延遲overagingn過時(shí)效cohesionn內(nèi)聚力ausformedsteel奧氏體鋼martensiticsteel馬氏體鋼high-hardenability高硬化能力iinheriteddislocation遺傳的位錯subsequentlyadv后續(xù)的refinementn細(xì)化twinneda形成李晶的equivalenta相等的stress-truestraindiagram應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線neckdown頸縮斷開maragingsteel馬氏體時(shí)效鋼decomposition化學(xué)分解iron-nickelph