1、高中英語-Unit-4-Grammar不定式(2)課件-重慶大學(xué)版必修4高一A: Why are you wearing a pair of wings?B: I wear wings like a bird.A: What is our mission today?B: We have a lot of food and medicine to the area. Put the example sentence in the chart to match its part of speech. Then find more examples from Sentence Bank to su

2、pport your choice.To fly was my dream.I want to fly in the sky.We have a lot of food and medicine to fly to the area.My plan is to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.I wear wings to fly like a bird.To learn English well is quite necessary.When to start has not yet been decided.I want to borrow a book fro

3、m the library.I showed the students how to do the work.You still have a lot of work to do today.Jeffs wish is to visit the moon one day.The most difficult part is where to start.You still have a lot of work to do today.He is too frightened to move.Jeffs wish is to visit the moon one day.To learn Eng

4、lish well is quite necessary.I want to borrow a book from the library.When to start has not yet been decided.The most difficult part is where to start.I showed the students how to do the work.It is not easy to be an English teacher.I found it easy to learn English well.Tell the usages of the infinit

5、ives in the following sentences.1) Dr. Bush wants to have a sound sleep.2) To climb the high mountain seems an impossible task to my grandparents.3) It is possible to finish the work in a weeks time.objectsubjectsubject4) What do you think is the right thing to do?5) My wish is to become a physicist

6、.6) Tom found it easy to master a foreign language.7) He often goes to the cyber cafe to chat with his no-line friends.objectattributivepredicativeadverbial of purposeTranslate the following sentences into English by using infinitive.1) It is unbelievable _ (一年一年之內(nèi)要修好這座橋之內(nèi)要修好這座橋).2) He is always _ (

7、第一個到學(xué)校第一個到學(xué)校).3) We find it interesting _ _ (通過這種方式學(xué)英語通過這種方式學(xué)英語).to build this bridge within one yearthe first one to get to schoolto learn Englishin this way4) We decided _ (把計劃做點改動把計劃做點改動).5) It is a pleasure _ (和他談話和他談話).6) She is sure _ (通過考試通過考試).7) I am not so foolish as _ (相信他所說的話相信他所說的話).to

8、change the plan a little bitto talk to himto pass the examto believe what he said Complete the conversation with the proper forms of the given words and phrases. Some of them might be used twice.make tell stay start invite celebrate know travel be go take part in introduceLeo: Cindy, you seem not ha

9、ppy today. Whats wrong with you?Cindy: I think I dont know how _ friends with my Chinese classmates.to make Dont worry. I suggest its a good idea _ a new friend who has similar interests with you. Maybe he or she is glad _ you _ some interesting activities. What a fantastic suggestion! But _ a conve

10、rsation is difficult for me. You know, I dont speak Chinese well.to maketo inviteto take part into start You can ask him or her _ you about some Chinese festivals or places of interests. For example, let him or her _ to you how _ the Dragon Boat Festival or how the Three Gorges get the name.to telli

11、ntroduceto celebrate Sounds interesting! I hope a friend can also advise me when _ careful about what I say in some occasions, like a formal meeting or a family reunion.to be Yes. In the beginning, it is not easy _ the language and the customs. As long as you stay here and make many new friends, _ a

12、n expert in Chinese and the culture is an easy job.to knowto be Great! I decide _ back to England this summer vacation. I decide _ in China. My plan is _ a couple of new friends and _ around China in two months.not to goto stayto maketo travel一、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語一、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語 To see one time is better than to he

13、ar a hundred times. To persevere means victory!注注：在很多情況下在很多情況下, 特別是在口語中特別是在口語中, 常常采用先行采用先行it代替主語代替主語, 而把不定式后置：而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子，于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子，如：如：It took us five hours .It made us very a

14、ngry .不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通?？稍诓欢ㄊ浇Y(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名詞詞組名詞詞組” 來表示，如：來表示，如：It is not hard to do a bit of good.It was difficult to do the work.某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時，某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時，常在不定式之前加上常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名詞詞組名詞詞組” 來來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況，如：說明不定式所指的是誰的情況，如：Its kind to think so much of us.It

15、s very nice to be so considerate.Its unwise to turn down the proposal.It was careless to make such a mistake. 主語和表語都是不定式主語和表語都是不定式(其含義往往一其含義往往一是條件，一是結(jié)果是條件，一是結(jié)果)，如如: To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2. 主語是以主語是以aim, duty, hope, i

16、dea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以 what 引導(dǎo)的名引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容，如：如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to s

17、tart work at once. : 在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語部分有動作在某些句型中，當(dāng)主語部分有動作動詞動詞時，作表語的不定式可以省略時，作表語的不定式可以省略符號符號 “”，如：，如：All we have to do is .The only thing I can do now is .All I could do was . 1. “”。這類。這類動詞常見的有：動詞常見的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend,

18、promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：等，例如：Ive arranged .I didnt think / expect .2. “”。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞。（這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞從句）。這類動詞常見的有：從句）。這類動詞常見的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain

19、, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。等。 疑問詞（也稱連接代疑問詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：副詞）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：除外），如：I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / wh

20、ere to put it.注注 : 如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補語的補語, 則應(yīng)使用先行則應(yīng)使用先行 it，把不定式后，把不定式后置，例如：置，例如：I find it difficult to understand him.We thought it wrong not to help her.They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注注 ：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語, 只有在個別場合只有在個別場合, 即在含有否定意義的帶即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞有介詞

21、except 或或 but (=except) 的結(jié)構(gòu)中的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用，例如：才能這樣用，例如：He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.The child did nothing except weep.She can do anything but sing.He will do anything for you except lend you money.They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.注意不定式符號的省略問題！注意不定式符號的省略問題！ 1. 不定式作

22、定語通常只能放在被修飾的名不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如：詞之后，如： Its time . He is not a man . Have you anything ? She usually has a lot of meetings in the evening. I want to get something during the vocation.2. 能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如：詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I hav

23、e no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3. 某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形容某些能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形容詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時，也能帶不定式詞，轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時，也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如：結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，如： He was ob

24、viously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，如：有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系，如：He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注注: 處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下，如果不定式是，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的，它后面應(yīng)加上必要的，如：，如：She has a lot of things to attend .The nurse has five chil

25、dren to look .Lets first find a room to put the things .5. 有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系, 可以在不定式之前加上可以在不定式之前加上for + 名詞詞名詞詞組組, 如：如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示容詞、副詞等，表示等。等。1. 表示目的：表示目的：They ran over to we

26、lcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時，通常句子不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語的主語就是它的邏輯主語(參見以上三句參見以上三句)，但也有例外的情況，例如：但也有例外的情況，例如：I stopped for him to speak to me.He opened the door for the children to come in.He brought a porter to carry th

27、e boxes / bags.They sent a man to mend the window.He stood up to be seen better.為了強調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別為了強調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞 not 時，通?？梢詴r，通常可以在不定式符號在不定式符號 to 之前加上之前加上 in order 或或 so as，如：如：He came here to see Charlie.He shouted and waved to be noticed.He went early not to miss the train

28、.I turned the radio down not to disturb him.表示目的的不定式可以置于句首表示目的的不定式可以置于句首, 這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但卻不可以加上，但卻不可以加上so as, 如：如：To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. To get the best results, use clean water. 2. 表示結(jié)果：表示結(jié)果： What have I sa

29、id to make you so angry? He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesigh

30、t is too poor to read such small letters.下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果，也無否定含義：否定含義：Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.)I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) 有時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個有時，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還能表示一個隨后發(fā)生的動作，相當(dāng)于一個并列限隨后發(fā)生的動作，相當(dāng)于一個并列限定動詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示定動詞詞組，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也表示

31、結(jié)果，如：結(jié)果，如：She woke early to find it was raining.He got home to learn that his father was ill. 這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾這種表示結(jié)果的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)具有下列幾個特點：個特點： 不定式所表示的動作是隨后發(fā)生的不定式所表示的動作是隨后發(fā)生的, 相當(dāng)于一個限定動詞詞組相當(dāng)于一個限定動詞詞組, 如如: He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. 不

32、定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與不定式根據(jù)是否需要停頓而決定與主句是否用逗號隔開。主句是否用逗號隔開。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令令人意想不到人意想不到”的意味的意味, 其中以其中以“使使人不愉快的結(jié)果人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見。較為常見。(有時有時也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果)，如：如： He went home to fin

33、d his old friend George waiting for him. 不定式之前有時可以加上不定式之前有時可以加上only或或but only，以加強語氣，如：，以加強語氣，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，注：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的，往往形式相似，這時，須根據(jù)詞匯意往往形式相似，這時，須根據(jù)詞匯意義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較：義認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別，試比較：He

34、arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to the station to inquire about the t

35、imes of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.) She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.Dont force yourself when you have nothing to say.He believed the earth .Did you see a y

36、oung man ? 表示表示“希望希望”“”“愿望愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的等心理狀態(tài)的動詞動詞, 如如: wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。等。What do you desire me ?The director preferred her . 含有含有“讓讓”“”“允許允許”“”“促使促使”“”“致致使使”等祈使意義的動詞，如：等祈使意義的動詞，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。等。His father put h

37、im . 帶有帶有“請求請求”“”“懇求懇求”等感情色彩等感情色彩的動詞，如：的動詞，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。等。He begged me .She was always worrying her father . 含有含有“建議建議”“”“勸告勸告”等意義的動詞，等意義的動詞，如：如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。等。 He urged us . The dentist advised me . 含有含有“命令命令”“”“強迫強迫”“”“禁止禁止”等等意義的動詞，如：意義的動詞，如：ord

38、er, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。等。 He required us . The doctor ordered him . I warn you . 其他還有：其他還有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。等。 He promised to teach me . We should train them . We are waiting for the train .2

39、. 既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作既能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)又能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的動詞：賓語補足語的動詞： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, setDid you see anyone ?Dont imagine yourself .We find him .He set the boys .Ill leave him .有些動詞用有些動詞用與用與用作

40、賓語補足語作賓語補足語, 所表達(dá)的意義是有差別所表達(dá)的意義是有差別的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性的。一般說來，用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成動作或動作的完成(即全過程即全過程); 而用現(xiàn)而用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動作正在進行在分詞則表示動作正在進行, 即即: 謂語謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時, 現(xiàn)在分詞所現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作正在進行表示的動作正在進行, 如：如：Did you see anyone enter the house?He saw his father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song

41、.She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注注：使用不定式作賓語補足語時，在有：使用不定式作賓語補足語時，在有些動詞后面，不定式符號些動詞后面，不定式符號to 應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。應(yīng)當(dāng)省略。 下列動詞用不定式作賓語補足語時，下列動詞用不定式作賓語補足語時，必須省去不定式符號必須省去不定式符號to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen toHe observed someone open the door.I watched them get into the

42、 car.Did you notice him leave the room?feel 一詞在使用一詞在使用 to do 型不定式作賓型不定式作賓語補足語時，不帶語補足語時，不帶 to；在使用；在使用 to be 型型不定式時，要帶不定式時，要帶 to，如：如：He felt them to be right.Did you feel the earth shake? help 一詞在使用不定式作賓語補足一詞在使用不定式作賓語補足語時，可以帶語時，可以帶 to，也可以不帶，也可以不帶 to，如：如：Do you often help your mother (to) do the housew

43、ork?使用不定式作賓語補足語的句子，改使用不定式作賓語補足語的句子，改為為被動結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu)以后，賓語補足語就成了主以后，賓語補足語就成了主語補足語，這時，語補足語，這時，“to”不可以省略不可以省略，如：如：The boss made them work from morning till night.They were made to work from morning till night.不定式的一般式所表示的動作，通常與主不定式的一般式所表示的動作，通常與主要謂語所表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）同時（或要謂語所表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或者是在它之后發(fā)生幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或者是

44、在它之后發(fā)生例如例如: Who heard him say that?They invited us to go there this summer.如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示如果不定式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，這個不定式就要用的動作之前發(fā)生，這個不定式就要用，如：，如：Im glad to have seen your mother.七、不定式的完成式有下列用法七、不定式的完成式有下列用法1. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如：構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he

45、 has written a new book about workers.)The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)2. 在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語, 如：如： You are lucky to have got tickets to th

46、e concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people.3. 在某些動詞后作賓語，如：在某些動詞后作賓語，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told y

47、ou about it, but I forgot to do so.4. 有時還可以作主語、定語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合有時還可以作主語、定語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如：賓語，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主語主語） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定語定語） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（復(fù)合賓語復(fù)合賓語） She felt it an honour to have t

48、aken part in the work. （復(fù)合賓語復(fù)合賓語） 八、不定式的進行式主要有下列幾種用法八、不定式的進行式主要有下列幾種用法1. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如：構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，如：They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be getting along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.2. 在某些動詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如：在某些動詞后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for

49、 us here.3. 在某些動詞后作賓語，如：在某些動詞后作賓語，如： He pretended to be listening attentively.4. 有時可以作主語或狀語，如：有時可以作主語或狀語，如： I am glad to be working with you. (狀語狀語) Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主語主語) They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the

50、 others.Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.1. 作主語：作主語：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2. 作賓語：作賓語：She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語：構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4. 構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語：構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語： The

51、books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5. 作定語：作定語： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6. 作狀語：作狀語： She was too young to be assigned such work.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主語）（主語）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (賓語賓語)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （復(fù)合賓語）（復(fù)合賓語）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （復(fù)合謂語）（復(fù)合謂語）She was t