1、必修四各單元語法知識(shí)Unitl 主調(diào)一致 SubjectVerb Agreement概念引入：I am a teacherShe often does her homework in the morning.There is only one box on the table.There are 50 students in our class.語法講解：【直接引語和間接引語P1什么是主謂一致？1）語法形式上要一致，即主語小更數(shù)形式與謂語要一致C2）意義上要一致，即主語意義上的小更數(shù)要與謂語的不更數(shù)形式一致。3）就近原則，即謂用動(dòng)詞的單.豆形式取決于坡靠近它的詞語c一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞與可數(shù)名

2、詞的數(shù)用動(dòng)詞中數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞其數(shù)用動(dòng)詞竟數(shù)。在英語的句子中，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。如何判定，則要看句子的意思。多數(shù)情況下，根據(jù)句子 的主語形式就能判定，但有的則要看整句的意思，及強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。下面我們就常用的、易混的幾種情況作一下解擇。比如： He are a teacher. I is a student.一、語法一致原則1、睢數(shù)主語，不定式，動(dòng)名詞或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)A student is studying English.Serving the people is my great happiness.When we deliver the goods has

3、n't been decided.When and where we will go hasn't been decided.但當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的句子做主語，若后面是“be干名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，謂語隨名詞變化。What you did is right. What you need are these dictionaries.2、更數(shù)名詞/代詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用受數(shù)形式All the students clever, (are)They English very much. (like)3、用and或bothand連接的單數(shù)名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語及主語從句作主語

4、謂語動(dòng)詞用更數(shù)形式。 Both my father and my mother farmers. (are)What I think and what I do been fairly in disagreement. (have)注意：(1)當(dāng)and連接的并列單數(shù)名詞前有each, every, n。或者many a等限定詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。Each student and each teacher _been given a task. (has)Every flower and every bush to be cut down. (is)(2)當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果表示同一人

5、或同一物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用玳數(shù)，此時(shí)and后面的名詞無冠詞。The worker and writer (be) from Wuhan. (is)The worker and the writer (be) from Beijing. (are)4、不定代詞 somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等作主語，渭語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；Something (has / have) gone wrong with my watch, (h

6、as)Anybody who ( break / breaks) the rule will be punished. (breaks)5、each of /either of . /one of謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).none of /neither of可單可豆,根據(jù)說話人的意思決定:*但代 表不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，用他數(shù)1) Each of the students a book, (has)2) None of us perfect. (are, is)3) Neither of them the answer. (know/knows)4) None of this me. (worries)Non

7、e of this money mine, (is)neither作形容詞時(shí)與單數(shù)名詞連用，渭語動(dòng)詞川中數(shù)。Neither statement true. (was) 6、“many a +不數(shù)名詞2必修四各單元語法知識(shí)more than one+單數(shù)名詞one and a half十更數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單.數(shù)1 .) many a foreigner been to the Great Wall, (has)2 . )More than one student turned up at the meeting, (was)3 .) One and a half bananas eat

8、en by the boy. (was)7 . Some /a lot of /half of . /the rest of . . /part of /plenty of /分?jǐn)?shù)() +of the majority of + 名詞”等 作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞的弱旦數(shù)取決于。f后的名詞或代詞的小更數(shù)形式。 Two-thirds of the students from countryside, (come) Ninety percent of the work been done, (has)8 .定語從句中的主渭一致。(1)與先行詞一致。定語從句中主語是關(guān)系代詞wh。，that, which時(shí)，

9、從句謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。1, who your teacher, will share happiness and sorrow with you. (am)(2) which/as代替一句話內(nèi)容，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)As known, I am beautiful, (is)(3) one of +曳數(shù)名詞+定語從句，從句中的謂語用更數(shù)形式；the only/exact one of+夏數(shù)名詞+定語從句，從句中的i科 語用單數(shù)形式。Tom is one of the students who_ good at playing football, (are)Tom is the only o

10、ne of the students who good at playing football, (is)二、意義一致原則：9. 集體名詞 family, audience, crew, club, class, company, committee, party, crowd group, army, government, the public等作主語時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)形式：如果指集體中的各個(gè)成員，謂語動(dòng)詞用更數(shù)形式。The group made up of nine students, (is)The group dancing happily, (are) 注意1：集

11、合名詞cattle, clothes, people, the police表示且數(shù)意義謂語動(dòng)詞永遠(yuǎn)§數(shù). people民族(可數(shù)名詞，peoples) The Chinese people _a brave people (is) Chinese people making our country richer and richer. (are)2. PopulationThe population of China over 1.3 billion and 80% of the population farmers (is, are)10 .表示時(shí)間、距離、金錢，度量衡等更數(shù)名詞

12、作主語，表達(dá)一個(gè)整體概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式 Two years passed since I left Ningbo (has)One million dollars a great sum of money. (is)11 .有些名詞如：fish, deer, sheep, means, works, species,等用作單數(shù)或身數(shù)均可，謂語動(dòng)詞隨其含義而定。 This glass works built in 1978. (is) Two steel works east of the city. (are) Every means been tried, (has) ®

13、 Many species died out. (have)12 .學(xué)科名詞，或 以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語時(shí)，如 physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics 等，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。Physics _a fundamental subject in science. (is)13 .成雙成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的更數(shù)名詞如 glasses, shoes, trousers, pants, gloves, socks, slippe

14、rs, scissors 等作主語時(shí)，謂語 通常用復(fù)數(shù)，*但如果前有a/the pair of, a/the suit of等詞語修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞與pair, suit等一致,用單數(shù)1) My trousers very nice. (are) 2)A pair of shoes under the bed. ( is)14.主語是疑問代詞who, what, which,不定代詞all, more, most, any, none等以及名詞half, part, the rest等既可表示 且數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義，其謂語視它們所代指的名詞而定。1 .)Which _more valuabl

15、e, health or wealth? (is)2 .)Which_ prettier, these or those? (are)3 .) we had some paper, but the rest _put back. (was)15. the + adj,作主語,the+adj.» 表示一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用顯數(shù)，如 the old, the young, the rich, the poor 等,the+ adj., 表示某個(gè)人或一類抽象的事物，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),iai the beautiful, the good等The old taken good care of in

16、 our society, (are)The rich for the decision but the poor -against it. (was)The wounded a young boy. (was)The beautiful not always the same as the good, (is)16. a/this/that + kind of +名詞(總數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù):如果主語是kinds (types) of+名詞或更數(shù)名 詞。f+ a ( this, that) kind時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用近數(shù)形式。即kind(s) of +n,，渭語與kind一致n+

17、of this kind 謂語與名詞一致 The kind of apples well, (sell) (sells) Men of this kind dangerous .(are)注意：由kind, form, type, species, series等修飾的主語，其謂語形式取決于這些詞的小賃數(shù)，而不是他們后面所跟的 名詞1. This new type of machine_ now on show, (is)2. Some new forms of art discussed at the meeting, (were)17.主語是a large/small quantity o

18、f +名詞(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù):如果是wlarge (great) quantifies of + 名詞(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))”時(shí)，消語動(dòng)詞要用且數(shù)。也就是說謂語動(dòng)詞隨quantity單曳數(shù)而定There _a large quantity of mi Ik/apples on the farm (is) Large quantities of water /coal/bricks needed here (are)18 . a number of (a group of , a variety of> 名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用且數(shù)形式:The number of (the var

19、iety of .) 十名詞且數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式0A number of workers out of work. (are)The number of the students in our school eight thousand. (is)19 .兩數(shù)相減或相除，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：兩數(shù)相加或相乘,謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù)。Q) Sixty minus seventeen forty-three. (leaves) Six and eight fourteen, (makes/make)20 .若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的匏數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式?！癟he

20、 Arabian Nights" _ an interesting story-book, (is)The United states on the south of Canada, (is)21 .名詞性物主代詞作主語，消語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)指代對(duì)象而定Your shoes are white; Mme black, (are)His coat yellow; Hers red. (is) (is)a.就近一致原則謂語動(dòng)詞的聃、且數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定于最靠近它的詞語。22 .由or, nor, either. . or, neither. nor, not only. but also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作

21、主語,隨后的動(dòng)詞形式通常按照“就 近原則”處理。1 .You or she _good at English. (is)2 .either you or he wrong? (Are)23 .以here, there開頭的句子，謂語動(dòng)詞的單且數(shù)形式看后面的主語而定，如果主語不止一個(gè)，謂語動(dòng)詞與最近的主語保持 一致。 Here _some bread, (is)There _a pen and three pencils on the desk, (is)24 .在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致Such the result (is)Such _the facts (are)On th

22、e wall many pictures (are)四.隨前原則25 .當(dāng)主i吾后面B艮有 as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with , like, rather than, together with , but , except, besides, ,including等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)由主語的單、受數(shù)而定。1. The teacher with two students at the meeting . (was / were)2. Email, as well as the telephones, a

23、n important part in daily communication.3必修四各單元語法知識(shí)C. are playing D. playA is playing B. have played鞏固練習(xí)一 Choose the best answer1. The league Secretary and monitor asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. is B. are C. has D. were2. Each man and each woman asked to attend.A. are B. is C. has D. were3

24、. Many a student seen this painting.A. has B. have C. is seen D. sees4. Tom as well as two of his classmates invited to the party.A. was B. were C. has D. have5. Half of the apples good.A. Is B. are C. was D. be6. "All present and all going on well. " our monitor said.A. is, is B. are, are

25、C. is, are D. are, is7. Mary as well as her sisters Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study8. I, who your teacher, will try my best to help you with your study.A. be B. am C. are D. is9. The rich not always happy.A. are B. is C. has D. have10. He is one of the students w

26、ho elected.A. are B. have C. has D. is11. Chairman Mao' s works published.A. has been B. have been C. was D. is12. Ten thousand dollars more than I can afford.A. has beenB. have beenC. is D. are13 70 percent of the students herefrom the countryside.A. isB are C comes D has come614 can be done be

27、en done.A. All; have. B. All that; haveC. All; has D. All that; has15.John has two brothers, but eitherout of work now.A. are B. isC. has D. have16. Your trousers dirty, You must have washed.A. is; it B. are; It C. are; them D. is; them17. The Olympic Games held every yearsA. is; four B. are; four C

28、. is; five D. are; five18. No one but her parents it.A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are knowing19. The university estimates that living expenses for international students around $8,450 a year, which a burden for some of them.A. are; isB. are; are C. is; areD. is; is20. The famous musician, as we

29、ll as his students, to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 TaipeiFlower Expo.A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited21. The rest of the magazines within half an hour.A. is sold out B. are sold out C. was sold out D. were sold out22. What we need good text book

30、sA. is B. areC. have D. as必修四各單元語法知識(shí)必修四Unit2-4動(dòng)詞ing在句子中的作用動(dòng)名詞是非謂動(dòng)詞的又一種形式。它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，都是在動(dòng)詞原形的詞末加rng,在現(xiàn)代語法中，這兩種形式同 視為"rng形式二 這兩種形式的另一個(gè)相同之處是：它們都是由動(dòng)詞變化而成的，它們都保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征，它們都能 帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。動(dòng)名詞-概述動(dòng)名詞是非限定動(dòng)詞的一種形式，由動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成。它既有動(dòng)詞的特征，又有名詞的特征，故稱。動(dòng)名詞也有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 的變化，如表所示（以及物動(dòng)詞write為例），不及物

31、動(dòng)詞沒有語態(tài)的變化。時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一股式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written動(dòng)名詞-動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)由not加動(dòng)名詞組成。如：Trying without success is better than not trying at all.實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有成功也比不實(shí)驗(yàn)好。He hated himself for not having work hard.他悔恨自己沒有用功。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常情況下，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為謂語動(dòng)詞的主語。如果動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動(dòng)詞的主語時(shí)，則需要有自己的

32、邏輯主 語一物主代詞或名詞所有格加動(dòng)名詞就構(gòu)成r動(dòng)名詞的夏合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以作主語，賓語等。（1）邏輯主語是有生命的名詞作主語時(shí)，必須用名詞或代詞所有格，作賓語時(shí)（尤其在口語中），也可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格。如：Do you think my going there will be of any help?你看我去會(huì)有什么幫助嗎？（賓語）The student * s knowing English well helps him in learning French.這位學(xué)生通曉英語對(duì)他學(xué)法語很有幫助。（主語）Do you mind my （me） smoking ?你介意我抽煙嗎

33、？（賓語）They insist on Mary t s （Mary） going with them there.他們堅(jiān)持要瑪麗跟他們一起去那兒。（介詞賓語）（2）邏輯主語是無生命名詞是，通常只用名詞普通格。如：Do you hear the ram pattering on the roof?你聽見雨點(diǎn)打在屋頂上了嗎？Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?我們對(duì)贏得比賽有抬望嗎？（3）邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞this, that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, any

34、one時(shí)，只用普通 格。如：She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。動(dòng)名詞的形式（一般式，完成式和被動(dòng)式）（1）動(dòng)名詞的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在渭語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：We are very interested in collecting stamps.我們對(duì)集郵很感興趣。必修四各單元語法知識(shí)His coming will be of great help to us .他來對(duì)我們大有幫助。但是有些明確表示時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞和介詞after, on, upon,或for之后，常用一般式代替完

35、成式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之 前。如：I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次看到長(zhǎng)城的情景。On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn * t help crying.一聽到這個(gè)槽糕的消息，母親就禁不住哭了起來。Thank you for giving us so much help.謝謝你給了我們這么多幫助。(2)動(dòng)名詞的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語動(dòng)詞之前完成或結(jié)束。He regrets not having taken part m

36、the work.他后悔沒有參加這項(xiàng) 1：作。We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我們因提前完成r這項(xiàng)工作而受到r表揚(yáng)。動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是行為承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：She is proud of being admitted into the university.她為被大學(xué)錄取而感到自豪。The meeting was put off without his having been consulted,會(huì)議延期并未和他商量。He doesn, t mind having been cri

37、ticized.他不介意過去受到的批評(píng)。動(dòng)名詞的作用動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、表語、定語、狀語等。1、作主語Reading is an art.讀書是一種藝術(shù)。Climbing mountains is really fun, 爬山是真有趣°Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種作條件下 I：作不是愉快而是痛苦。動(dòng)名詞作主語，有時(shí)先用近作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞置于句末。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spil

38、t milk.灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It was hard getting on the crowded street car.上這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children.和孩子們一起玩真好oThere is no joking about such matters.對(duì)這種事情不是開玩笑。動(dòng)名詞作主語的幾種類型動(dòng)名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動(dòng)名詞在句子中作主語的情況進(jìn)行討論。動(dòng)名詞作

39、主語有如下幾種常見情況：1.直接位于句首做主語。例如：Swimming is a good sport in summer.2,用it作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語)置于句尾作后置主語。動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，不太常用it作先行主語，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如：It is no use telling him not to worry.常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better> wonderful, enjoyablinteresting, foolish,difficult, useless, senseless, worthwhiler 等。注意:important essent

40、ial, necessary等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。3.用于"There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：必修四各單元語法知識(shí)There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時(shí)回來。4,用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：No smoking （ =No smoking is allowed （here）.No parking.5.動(dòng)名詞的匏合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，?？梢栽谇懊婕由弦粋€(gè)名詞或代詞的所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的豆合結(jié)構(gòu)（這時(shí)，名詞或代詞的所 有格做動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語）。動(dòng)名詞的豆合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語。例如：Their coming t

41、o help was a great encouragement to us.動(dòng)名詞作與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語的比較動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作，不定式多用來表示特指或具 體動(dòng)作。比較：Smoking is not good for health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.注意：D在口語中,用動(dòng)名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見。2）在 “It is no use.» 44 It is no good."，"It is fun"，0 It is a wast

42、e of time. 等句型中，通常用動(dòng)名詞作真實(shí)主語：It is no use/good./a waste of time talking about that.It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.3）在疑問句中，通常用動(dòng)名詞的豆合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的更合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語：Does your saying that mean anything to him?Does it for you to say that mean anything to him?4）在“There be”句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語：The

43、re is no telling what will happen.It is impossible to tell what will happen.5）當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一：Seeing is believing.*To see is to believe.2、作賓語（1）作動(dòng)詞的賓語某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能用不定式°常見的此類動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, considerr enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help,i

44、maginet include> keep, keep on» mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about set aboutt succeed in, worry about» burst out» insist on, can' t stand, be used to, get used to. devoteto， look forward to,pay attention to, get down to 等。如：They went o

45、n walking and never stopped talking.他們繼續(xù)走，說個(gè)不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海源上走真是樂事。（2）作介詞的賓語我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的il劃。We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.9必修四各單元語法知識(shí)Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始活？（3）作形容詞的賓語The music is well worth listeni

46、ng to more than once, 這種曲子很值得多聽?zhēng)妆?。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。3、作賓補(bǔ)1、動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語常放在賓語后面，表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)性的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)過程或一種狀態(tài)。When we returned, we found a stranger standing m front of the house.2、當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，原來作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補(bǔ)足語。They found the film very excitin

47、g.=The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的幾類動(dòng)詞：1）表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的感官動(dòng)詞，（常見的有 see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, catch, listen to 等）+ sb + doing sth （作賓補(bǔ)）I felt somebody standing behind me.I caught a stranger sliding into the manager1 s office.2）表示指使意義的動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞，（常見的有have, set, k

48、eep, get, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth （作賓補(bǔ)）We kept the fire burning all night long.我們讓火整夜燃燒者。I won have you running about in the room我不允許你在房間里跑來跑去。This sets me thinking.You shouldn, t keep your lights burning in the day.4、see, hear, feel, watch等動(dòng)詞之后用Tng形式和動(dòng)詞不定式（省to）作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別:We heard the telephone r

49、ing.We heard the telephone ringing.前者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，后者表示（或強(qiáng)調(diào)）動(dòng)作的全過程。4、作表語動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動(dòng)名詞與主語通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。（Cleaning the windows is your task.）What I hate most is being laughed at,我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。（Being laughed atis what I ha

50、te most.）1 .表示主語的內(nèi)容，可以轉(zhuǎn)換到句首作主語Her job is keeping thu lecture hall cluan as possible.=keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her jobHis hobby is painting. = Painting is his job.2 .表示主語具有的特征、性質(zhì)和狀態(tài)（動(dòng)詞ing相當(dāng)一個(gè)形容詞），作表語用的現(xiàn)在分詞，許多是由能夠表示人們某種感情或 情緒的動(dòng)詞變化而來的。常見的有：astonishing, amusing, confusing, disapp

51、ointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring.moving, tiring, in teres ting, surpri sing, puzzl ingf exci ting 等（這類分詞表示“令人的”含義）° 如：The problem is quite puzzling.The news sounds encouraging.5、作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途C如：a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machm

52、e=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading8必修四各單元語法知識(shí)a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping1.的個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作前置定語，一般具有

53、兩種含義。說明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。a reading room = a room which is used for reading running shoes 二shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working：作方法reading material 閱讀材料No one is allowed to speak loud in the reading room.There is a swimming pool in our school.表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也

54、可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí) 的狀態(tài)C (注意動(dòng)名詞作定語說明被修飾詞作用意義：現(xiàn)在分詞做定語說明被修飾詞正在做什么) developing countries : countries that are developing 發(fā)展中國(guó)家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困擾人的問題 sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 walking stick f杖 living room 起居室runnin

55、g water自來水2,作定語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，做后置定語，相節(jié)于一個(gè)定語從句。 They lived in a house facing south. (=which is facing south) 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。Do you know the boy playing basket? (=Who is playing basket)你認(rèn)識(shí)在打籃球的那個(gè)小男孩嗎？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle 正在訪問日本的那個(gè)男人是我的叔叔。In th

56、e following years he worked even hard.在接下來的幾年中，他工作更努力了。The man talking to(=the man who is talking to) the teacher is our monitor * s father. 正在與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。5、作狀語動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作狀語，在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等,相當(dāng)于相對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語從句。動(dòng) 詞-ing形式作時(shí)間、悅因、條件、讓步狀語時(shí)多位千句首：作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語時(shí)常位于句末°1表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。(有時(shí)可在動(dòng)詞

57、-ing前加一個(gè)表時(shí)間的連詞，如when, while等)Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我們已經(jīng)作好r充分準(zhǔn)備，現(xiàn)在可以應(yīng)考(= After we have made full preparations.)Hearing the news, they jumped with great joy.Having finished his homework, Henry went home. (= After having finished his homework./After he had finished his homework, Henry went home.) 2表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。Being ill, he didn* t go to school yesterday