1、英語試題庫 ：/ docin /zsf0079廈門大學(xué)2004年博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題附答案和詳解Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Part A (20 points)Directions: There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You

2、 should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneIt seemed to me, and still does, that the system of American business often produces wrong, immoral and irresponsible decisions, even though the personal morality

3、of the people running the businesses is often above reproach. The system has a different morality as a group than the people do as individuals, which permits it to willfully produce ineffective or dangerous products, deal dictatorially and often unfairly with suppliers, pay bribes for business, abro

4、gate the rights of employees by demanding blind loyalty to management or tamper with the democratic process of government through illegal political contributions.I am not a psychologist, so I can't offer a professional opinion on what happens to the freedom of individual minds when they are blen

5、ded into the group management through process of business. But my private analysis is this: morality has to do with people. If an action is viewed primarily from the perspective of its effect on people, it is put into the moral realm.Business in America, however, is impersonal. This is particularly

6、true of large American multi-national corporations. They are viewed by their employees and publics as faceless. They have no personality. The ultimate measure of success and failure of these businesses is not their effect on people but rather their earnings per share of stock. If earnings are high,

7、the business is considered good. If they are low or in the red ink, it is considered a failure. The first question to greet any business proposal is how will it affect profits? People do not enter the equation of a business decisions except to the extent that the effect on them will hurt or enhance

8、earnings per share. In such a completely impersonal context,business decisions of questionable personal morality are easily justified. The unwavering devotion to the bottom line brings this about, and the American public until now has been more than willing to accept this. When someone is forced int

9、o early retirement in a management power-play or supplier is cheated out of sale by under-the-table dealings, the public reaction is generally, “Oh, well. That's business.” And management's reaction is often,“it's what's on the bottom line that counts.” A person who shoots and kills

10、another is sentenced to life in prison. A business man who makes a defective product which kills people may get a nominal fine or a verbal slap on the hands, if he is ever brought to trial at all.1In the author's view, if an American business makes an immoral decision as a group, the managing in

11、dividuals _.Amay be excused from trialBare often above reproachCmay differ in interpreting moralityDshould not escape responsibility2What American business often do to the government is to _.Ainfluence its administrationBcontribute towards government democracyCact in the government's nameDcollab

12、orate with government for the bottom line3From the passage we may well understand that the author _.Aappeals relentlessly to the law court for justiceBfinds personal morality sometimes questionableCknows much about immoral dealings of American businessesDregards profit-making as a business's pri

13、mary goal4The public attitude towards immoral business decisions is generally _.Atolerant Bindignant Cindifferent Dsupportive5“A verbal slap on the hands” in the last sentence may be interpreted as _.Apunishment done physically but mildlyBpunishment carded out without delayCno punishment in factDa c

14、ontradiction to the lawPassage TwoThe official logo of the Information Awareness Office, the Pentagon's secretive new terrorist-detection experiment, isn't subtle. A picture of the globe, under the watchful gaze of that spooky pyramid on the dollar bill, the one with the all-seeing eye of Go

15、d at the top underlining that, the project's motto: SCIENTIA EST POTENTIA (knowledge is power).All in all, not a bad description of the office's loftyand controversialambition. Quietly created after the September 11 attacks, the office's Total Information Awareness project aims to enable

16、 federal investigators to engage in a kind of super “data mining” inventing software to traw through commercial and government computer databases in search of suspicious patterns that might indicate terror plans.The 9 · 11 hijackers, for instance, enrolled in flight schools, rented apartments,u

17、sed credit cards and bought airline together. The details of all these transactions were routinely stored in various companies' computers. The Feds argue that if they had had the ability to scan the computers that logged the terrorists' movements and purchases, they might have been able to c

18、onnect the dots between the men.Yet from the day the research program was launched at the start of the year, it has been the target of intense suspicion, from both right and left. In order to identify possibly conspiratorial behavior by a few individuals, the computers would have to sift through the

19、 personal information of millions of innocent peoplewithout their knowledge or consent. Potentially, the government could keep track of what you buy, whom you call, where you traveljust by tapping into the files that various businesses already keep on you. Advocates insist safeguards will be built i

20、nto any search system, but critics are not reassured. “Put the pieces together, and you could build a capability to track the city-to-city movements of any citizen,” says the ACLU's Katie Corrigan.The project's PR hasn't been helped by the fact that its leader is retired Navy Adm. John P

21、oindexter, best known for his part in the Iran-contra affair. Poindexter was convicted of lying to Congress about the Reagan administration's plan to divert profits from Iranian arms sales to fund the Nicaraguan rebels. His conviction was later overturned, but that doesn't mollify those worr

22、ied about his return to power at the helm of such a sweeping program.Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld brusquely waved off the criticism. “I would recommend people take a nice deep breath,” he said. “Nothing terrible is going to happen. ”But on Capitol Hill Democrats and some Republicansincluding re

23、tiring House Majority Leader Dick Armeyare concerned that the project is part of a wider White House strategy to erode civil liberties in pursuit of security. (A court recently granted the government expanded surveillance powers.) They are especially irritated that they knew nothing about the $10 mi

24、llion experiment, since the Pentagon quietly buried it under “technology development” in the Defense bill. Now they're demanding greater scrutiny. Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein says she wants to freeze the program's funding until Congress can hold hearings. Poindexter may not be able to i

25、gnore the rumblings. “He forgot the question you always ask,” says one Pentagon official, “How would this look on the front page tomorrow?”6Which of the following statements about the Total Information Awareness project is NOT mentioned in the passage?AThe project enable the Feds to identify every t

26、error plan.BThe project was created after the September 11 attacks.CThe project has been the target of intense suspicion.DThe project is headed by Iran-contra's Poindexter.7Which of the following may replace the phrase “trawl through” (Line 4, Para. 2)?AKeep track of. BSift through. CStore in. D

27、Sap into.8What's the purpose of this passage?ATo introduce the main purpose of the project to the readers.BTo express the author's opposition to the project.CTo appeal to the public to fight against the project.DTo inform the readers of the controversy over the project.9Why are Democrats and

28、 some Republicans concerned that the project will erode civil liberties?ABecause people worry about Poindexter's return to power at the helm of such a program.BBecause people would not know or agree when the Feds trawl through their information.CBecause people know nothing about the $ 10 million

29、 experiment of the Information Awareness office.DBecause people argue if they can scan the computers that logged the terrorists' movement.10Which of the following may summarize the main idea of this passage?AIran-contra's Poindexter heads the Pentagon's new terrorist-alert program.BThe P

30、entagon plans to eyeball America's databases.CThe Pentagon's new terrorist-detection project is drawing fire.DWhite House is going to erode civil liberties.Part B (20 points)Asbestos (石棉) is tile generic name for a number of naturally occurring fibrous mineral silicates of which the most com

31、mon types are crocidolite, also known as blue asbestos, and chrysotile (white asbestos).Employed for at least 2000 years, it is valued by industry because of its tensile strength and flexibility, and its resistance to acids, heat and friction. Asbestos has had a very wide variety of applications. It

32、 has been commonly employed in the building industry as a fireproofing agent and as a strengthener. The metal frames of buildings were sprayed with an asbestos solution to prevent the spread of fires, while asbestos was routinely mixed in with cement to provide greater resistance to weathering agent

33、s. It is also used in motor-vehicle brake linings, gas-mask filters, certain types of talcum powder, fire-resistant clothing, corrugated-iron roofing and in water and air pipes. As a result of such wide employment, it is likely that most people have been exposed to at least a small quantity of asbes

34、tos fibers.During inhalation, all particles which enter the respiratory tract pass through a series of filter mechanisms. Particles are filtered out at different points of the respiratory tract depending on their size. The smaller the particle, the further into the respiratory tract it may penetrate

35、 before being arrested. The first set of filters consists of the hairs and mucous (黏液的) lining of the nose and mouth which prevent the entry of larger particles. When large particles are inhaled, they stimulate this mucous lining, which results in coughing and the consequent expulsion of the particl

36、es. The mucous lining extends downwards through hair lined bronchial (支氣管的) tubes of increasingly fine diameter which further filter the air before it reaches the respiratory bronchioles, a series of very fine tubes attached to air exchange chambers known as alveoli (肺泡). The alveoli are composed of

37、 a thin layer of cells through which oxygen passes into blood vessels and is then distributed to the bloodstream.Particles smaller than eight micrometers may reach the alveoli. This is the case with blue asbestos particles, which are very straight and slender and tend not to be arrested by mucous an

38、d expelled. As a result, they may reach the alveoli and penetrate the delicate cells lining the wails.Some asbestos fibrils (particles) which reach the alveoli may be surrounded by scavenger cells known as macrophages, which serve to remove the fibrils from the body by expectoration (吐痰) or excretio

39、n. Other particles may remain in the alveoli with no adverse effects in case where the asbestos particles have penetrated the alveolar wall, scar tissue develops. This reduces the effectiveness of the alveoli and so less oxygen passes into the blood and less carbon dioxide is removed from it. This c

40、ondition is known as asbestosis (石棉沉滯癥). The process of scarring may take place gradually and the disease may not be diagnosed until 20 or 30 year after the initial exposure.Directions: The passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phr

41、ase from the box below, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.ACoughingKmucous liningBVersatilityLsmallCReachMpenetrateDAsbestosisNefficiencyEScarringOinhaledFExtendP30 yearsG20 years

42、QparticlesHApplicationsRusedISmallerSblueJFiltersTprogressDue to its versatility， asbestos has been (1) since ancient times in a wide range of (2) . When asbestos (3) are (4) they pass through a series of (5) which arrest their (6) . The stimulation of (7) causes (8) which expels them from the respi

43、ratory tract, if particles are very (9) , which is the case with (10) asbestos, they may (11) as far as the alveoli. Some of these particles may (12) the alveolar wall and cause (13) to develop, This reduces the (14) of the lung and causes the condition known as (15) . Symptoms of the disease may ta

44、ke up to (16) to appear.Directions: The previous passage is to be continued by the following passage about as bes to-related diseases, in which four phrases have been left out. Read the passage and select the best phrase from the box for each gap. You should decide on the best choice and mark the co

45、rresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Athe incidence of mesothelioma is extremely lowBwhich may extend from 25 to 30 year after initial exposureCwhereas the latter consist of a collection of fluid in the chest region outside the lungsDon the other hand， are ex

46、clusively associated with exposure to the less harmful white asbestosEsuspect that exposure to even minimal levels of asbestos is unacceptableFcausing scarring which limits the functioning of the lungsGresulting from inadequate ventilationHdevelop the barrel-shaped chests associated with emphysema(肺

47、氣腫) (where the skin assumes a bluish color)and club fingersThe inhalation of asbestos particles is associated with a number of lung diseases such as asbestosis and lung cancer. Asbestosis is caused by the entry of asbestos particles into the walls of the alveoli, (17) . The lung loses its elasticity

48、 and may change shape The initial symptoms of asbestosis are a tightness in the chest and breathlessness. In its later stages, sufferers (18) .Lung cancer, the generic term for malignant tumors of the alveoli and bronchial tubes, has been shown to be directly related to the inhalation of asbestos pa

49、rticles. As in the case of asbestosis, there is generally a period of latency (19) , despite the absence of further exposure. Research suggests that there is a direct correlation between the degree of exposure to asbestos and the incidence of lung cancers. Where exposure occurs, the level of risk is

50、 further increased by cigarette smoking. Asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes have a 90% greater risks of contracting lung cancer than workers who do not smoke.Exposure to blue asbestos has been shown to produce mesothelioma, a rare cancer of the outer lining of the lung or pleura. In a normal popu

51、lation (20) . Where epidemiological surveys have revealed a higher incidence of the disease, it is almost always related to asbestos exposure.Part Vocabulary and Structure(20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C an

52、d D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1Exxon Mobil has spent Dollars 3.5bn on the clean-up, environmental _ and compensation, voluntarily paying Dollars 300m to more than 11,000 affected Alas

53、kans.Arehabilitation Bpurity Cdefilement Daffection2Today this city is a highly skilled society without the urban sprawl and rural poverty that usually _ larger nations.Aconflict Bdissert Cafflict Ddissemble3Although the two companies talked about how little _ there is between them, they still expec

54、t to eliminate about 10,000 positions from among a combined work force of 140,000 after their mergence.Aoverlap Bcombination Ccongregation Dinundation4It is true that Matviyenko's heading of the campaign would _ certain staffing shuffles in the leadership, and now only a few members of the compa

55、ny were in the know.Aconcur Bconvoke Centail Dalternate5It is said that something was _ way back when Enron CEO Jeffrey William departed the company only six months after being elevated to the post from CFO, but the president denied it last night.Aacquisitive Bamiss Callusive Dtentative6Movies are o

56、ften held up as either the paragons or pariahs of our society at large；towering achievements on the one hand and endless _ on the other.Awallows BaccomplishmentsCawards Dextravagance7Permission to build the factory has been delayed by the complex _ between industrial and environmental interests.Aint

57、erplay BcollaborationCconcurrence D attribution8Rescue teams from all over the world _ on the earthquake-stricken area after the news spread that the quake, which measured 7.9 on the Richter scale, had claimed a toll of 15,000 lives.Adiversified Bdisseminated Cconverged Daccelerated9In the past few years, the little lan