1、一、句子成分句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。. 主語(yǔ)： 主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We often speak English

2、in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句）It is necessary to master a foreign langua

3、ge.(it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）. 謂語(yǔ)： 謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students. 表語(yǔ)： 表語(yǔ)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,

4、become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty-one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing footb

5、all.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）. 賓語(yǔ)： 賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries

6、do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）I think (that) he is fit for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)的種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如： They electe

7、d him their monitor. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： 英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如：make等）+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）We saw her

8、 entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）. 定語(yǔ)： 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等形式表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in

9、 our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）. 狀語(yǔ)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語(yǔ)?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ig

10、ht travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短語(yǔ)）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語(yǔ)）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)的種類：How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

11、）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）In order to catch up with the others, I must w

12、ork harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）練習(xí)： 標(biāo)出下列各句子成分（A-主語(yǔ)；B-謂語(yǔ)；C-賓語(yǔ)；D-狀語(yǔ)；E-賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；F-系動(dòng)詞；G-表語(yǔ) H-定語(yǔ)）1. Ineed money and respect. 2. I am a junior middle school student. 3. I read a lot. 4. We meet ev

13、ery week to play with each other. 5. My hobby is playing chess. 6. My mum taught me how to play when I was seven years old. 7. On my eighth birthday, I won for the first time. 8. Im saving my money to buy a chess computer. 9. We want to climb mountains as well as to listen to music. 10. People all o

14、ver the world gave him interesting things from different countries. 11. I decide to become a musician at the age of five. 12. The teacher made us sing songs from time to time. 13. She asked me where the library is. 14. What you said sounds reasonable. 15. Some companies have made the manufacturing o

15、f clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.16. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.二. 英語(yǔ)句型. 陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1. 陳述句的定義： 陳述句是用來(lái)陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或表達(dá)說(shuō)話人看法（包括肯定

16、和否定）的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號(hào)“.”。Tom has a new car. The flower isnt beautiful. 2. 陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成(1) 如果肯定陳述句的謂語(yǔ)部分含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞be，則只需在這些動(dòng)詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We cant get there before dark.（否定）(2) 如果陳述句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，而其中又沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，

17、則需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)在該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加dont, doesnt或didnt。同時(shí)把該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵?。He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesnt play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）She didnt win the game.（否定）(3) 如果句子是there be結(jié)構(gòu)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是have（有），除了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问街猓渲腥绻衧ome要變?yōu)閍ny。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has

18、 some books. He doesnt have any books.(4) 除not以外，否定詞no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可構(gòu)成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film. 祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法祈使句是用來(lái)表示命令、請(qǐng)求、建議、號(hào)召等的句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，句末用感嘆號(hào)“！”或句號(hào)“.”。朗讀時(shí)一般用降調(diào)。1. 肯定的祈使

19、句： （1）祈使句主語(yǔ)是you時(shí)，you常省略，但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)方或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的情緒時(shí)可以有主語(yǔ)或 稱呼語(yǔ)。 Be quiet. You be quiet!（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請(qǐng)求，do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。 Do come back at once! Do be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語(yǔ)氣，但please用在句末時(shí)，必須用逗號(hào)與其余部分分 開(kāi)。 Open the window, please.（4）Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時(shí)，后面需跟人稱代詞或稱呼語(yǔ)，人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。 Let Jack wait a minute. Lets

20、go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Lets和 Let us是有區(qū)別的。Lets包括說(shuō)話者，而Let us不包括聽(tīng)話者在內(nèi)。 這點(diǎn)從反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)可明顯看出。 Lets go skating, shall we?（表示內(nèi)部的建議） Let us try again, will you?（表示向別人發(fā)出請(qǐng)求）2. 否定的祈使句： 通常以Dont或Never開(kāi)頭。其結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：“Dont (Never) +動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分” 例如：Dont do that again!Never leave todays work for tomorrow!Dont be late next time!.

21、 一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑問(wèn)句： （1）一般疑問(wèn)句的肯定形式 一般疑問(wèn)句一般是指以助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞或have（有）開(kāi)始，通常要求以yes或no來(lái)回答 的疑問(wèn)句，一般疑問(wèn)句讀時(shí)通常用升調(diào)。 Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim? （2）一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu) 在一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，把副詞not放在一般疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)之后。但如果用not的簡(jiǎn)略形式 -nt，則須將-nt與一般疑問(wèn)句句首的be, have，助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞寫在一起。在實(shí)際運(yùn)用 中，一般都采用簡(jiǎn)略式。 Are you not a footb

22、all fan? Arent you a football fan? Will she not like it? Wont she like it? 與漢語(yǔ)不同的是，英語(yǔ)一般疑問(wèn)句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語(yǔ)是否定還是肯定，全由答語(yǔ)的否定或肯定來(lái) 決定。若答語(yǔ)是肯定的，則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；若答語(yǔ)是否定的，則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。 Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷嗎？ Yes, I am. No, I am not. Wont she like it? Yes, she will. No, she wont.2. 特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)句由“疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞+一般疑問(wèn)句”構(gòu)成，句子

23、一般用倒裝語(yǔ)序，但如果主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)代詞或由疑問(wèn)代詞修飾時(shí)，用陳述句的語(yǔ)序。特殊疑問(wèn)句不能用yes或no回答，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。例如：Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑問(wèn)句詢問(wèn)內(nèi)容疑問(wèn)詞或句型例句回答職業(yè)，身份 what What is your father? He is a doctor. 姓名或關(guān)系 who Who is that boy? He is Jack.He is my brother

24、相貌特征 whatlike? What is she like?What does she look like? She is beautiful. 目的 whatfor? What did they come here for? To attend a meeting. 原因 why Why did they come here? Because they have a meeting to attend. 天氣 howwhatlike? How is the weather today?What is the weather like today? Its fine. 顏色 what co

25、lor？ What dolor is her skirt? Its red. 尺寸 what size What size does he wear? He wears 40. 幾點(diǎn)鐘 what time What time is it? Its 7:30. 星期幾 what day What day is today? Its Tuesday. 幾號(hào)，日期 what is the date ? What is the date today? Its May 2. 年齡（多大） how old How old is he? He is 38. 持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間（多久） how long How l

26、ong have you been here? For five months. 長(zhǎng)度（多長(zhǎng)） how long How long is the bridge? Its 500 metres. 距離（多遠(yuǎn)） how far How far is it from here to the zoo? Its 6 kilometres. 頻度（多經(jīng)常） how often How often do you come back? Once a week. 時(shí)間經(jīng)過(guò)（多快） how soon How soon will she arrive? In a week. 數(shù)量（多少） how many（可數(shù)名詞

27、）how much（不可數(shù)名詞） How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want?Three.Two cups. 價(jià)格 how much How much is it?How much does it cost? Five dollars. 高度（多高） how tall（人，樹(shù)）how high（山，建筑物） How tall is she?How high is the tower? Shes 1.73 metres.Its 450 metres. 3. 選擇疑問(wèn)句： 選擇疑問(wèn)句是說(shuō)話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況，讓對(duì)方選

28、擇回答的疑問(wèn)句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問(wèn)句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接，or前面的部分讀升調(diào)，or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。選擇疑問(wèn)句不能用yes或no回答，而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4. 反意疑問(wèn)句： 反意疑問(wèn)句是指在陳述句之后附加一個(gè)意思與之相反的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，問(wèn)對(duì)方是否贊同的疑問(wèn)句,附加問(wèn)句的否定式必

29、須縮寫。（1）肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問(wèn)句，否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問(wèn)句。 I am your teacher, arent I? He didnt study hard, did he?（2）如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never（從不，決不），hardly（幾乎不）或其他表示否定代詞或形容 詞，如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等，則附加問(wèn)句只能用肯定式。 如： They hardly write to each other, do they? He has found nothing, has he? Few peopl

30、e knew the secret, did they? （3）當(dāng)反意疑問(wèn)句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問(wèn)句”時(shí)，英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語(yǔ)回答時(shí) 只看實(shí)際情況，若答語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”，答語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就 用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”，而譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，則必須把yes譯“不是”，把no譯成“是的”。 -You wont be away for long, will you? 你不會(huì)離開(kāi)太久，是嗎？ -Yes, I will.不，我會(huì)離開(kāi)很久。 -No, I wont.是的，我不會(huì)離開(kāi)很久。 -I dont think shell come by bike, will s

31、he? 我認(rèn)為她不會(huì)騎自行車，會(huì)嗎？ -Yes, she will.不，她會(huì)騎自行車來(lái)。 -No, she wont.是的，她不會(huì)騎自行車來(lái)。. 由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)以及驚異等感情的句子,句末用感嘆號(hào)“！”，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)，感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞。1. what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句： （1）What + a/an +形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)） What a beautiful city it is! What an interesting story she told! （

32、2）What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)） What expensive watches they are! What terrible weather it is! 2how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句： （1）How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)） How cold it is! How hard he works! （2）How+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)） How he loves his son! How I miss you!（3）How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)） How tall a tree it is!（4）上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

33、 What a clever boy he is! How clever the boy is! What a cold day it is! How cold it is!一、單選(2*20) 1. -Excuse me, _ is the nearest bookshop? -Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.A. how B. what C. where D. who2. -_ is it from our school to the Bell Tower? -About half an hours bus rid

34、e. Shall we go and visit it?A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much3. -Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _? -No. She got up too late.A. had she B. hadnt she C. did she D. didnt she4. -The room is so dirty. _ we clean it? -Of course.A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall5. -_, sir? -Size

35、 41, I thinkA. What size do you need B. What can I do for youC. How do you like this shirtD. Whats the matter with you6. -_ good weather! Why not go out for a walk?A. What B. How C. What a D. How a7. -Its a nice car. _ have you been in it? -Just to Shanghai.A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How

36、 far8. -_ to the United States? -No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A. Have you beenB. Have you goneC. Did you go D. Will you go9. -_ were you away from school last year? -About two weeks.A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When10. -_ do you want?-I want a CD of popular songs.A. Whi

37、ch CDB. How many CDsC. What CD D. How much11. _ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor?A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose12. -_ is your mother today, Jim?-She is much better.A. How B. What C. Where D. How old13. -_he _ at this school last term?-Yes, I think so.A. Didstudy B. DoesstudyC. Wasstudy D. Did

38、studied14. -_ did you begin to learn English?-Three years ago.A. When B. Why C. Where D. What 15. -_ do you write to your pen-friend?-Once a week.A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often16. _ nice flowers! Where did you pick them?A. How B. What C. What a D. How a17. The sick mans allowed to t

39、ake a walk in the garden every day, _?A. is he B. isnt he C. has he D. hasnt he18. _ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green.A. Not B. Wont C. Dont D. Doesnt19. He found nothing in the room, _?A. doesnt heB. does heC. didnt he D. did he20. You havent changed your mind, _?A. do you B. are

40、 youC. have you D. did you二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換(2*10) 1. Bruce bought a dictionary yesterday. (改為否定句) Bruce _ _ a dictionary yesterday.2. Mr. Smith does morning exercises every day. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句) _ Mr. Smith _ morning exercises every day?3. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. (就劃線部分提問(wèn)) _ _ Allan go back to England next month?4. There are some apples on the table. (改為否定句) There _ _ apples on the table.5. When she sees you, she will tell you the news(就劃線部分提問(wèn)) _ _ she tell me the news?6. Uncl