1、2011年職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試用書（理工類）第四部 閱讀理解第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇 Weaving with Light*第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses*第三十八篇 Longer Lives for Wild Elephants+第四十五篇 Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others+第四十六篇Marvelous Metamaterials第一篇至第三十篇為C級(jí)，第三十一篇至第四十篇為B級(jí)，第四十

2、一篇至第五十篇為A級(jí)第六部分 完型填空 第三篇    What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?*第十二篇    Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens+第十五篇    Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores 目錄說明：本書目錄中未加符號(hào)標(biāo)的文章難度相當(dāng)于C級(jí)考試水平，供報(bào)考C級(jí)考試的學(xué)員閱讀；標(biāo)有“*”的文章相當(dāng)于B級(jí)考試水平；標(biāo)有“+”的文章

3、，相當(dāng)于A級(jí)考試水平。我們希望，報(bào)考B級(jí)的學(xué)員同時(shí)閱讀未加標(biāo)注的文章，報(bào)考A級(jí)的學(xué)員同時(shí)閱讀標(biāo)有“*”的文章。涂顏色部分為2011年教材新增文章（與2010年教材對(duì)比）第四部分閱讀理解閱讀下面的短文。每篇短文的后面有 5個(gè)問題，每個(gè)問題有 4個(gè)備選答案。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容選擇正確的答案。第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict

4、that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1 Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting &

5、quot;peak oil""Peak oil "is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that

6、 global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peal Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil produc

7、tion would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily in

8、fluenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecastUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47

9、major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6 They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 pe

10、rcent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.詞匯：Conserve v 保護(hù)，保存crude oil原油spark v閃耀；激發(fā)；鼓舞curve n曲線irreversible adj不可逆的，不可改變的insufficient adj.充分的，不足的注釋：1ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì))的縮寫。該學(xué)會(huì)成立于l876年，現(xiàn)

11、已成為世界最大的科技協(xié)會(huì)。多年來，ACS一直致力于為全球化學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)及個(gè)人提供高品質(zhì)的文獻(xiàn)資訊及服務(wù)。ACS出版的期刊有34種，這些期刊在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中是被引用次數(shù)最多的化學(xué)期刊，EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)家MKing Hubbert于1956年創(chuàng)建的，這是一個(gè)隨時(shí)間增長(zhǎng)的模型，Hubbert將其引入油氣田開發(fā)，經(jīng)推導(dǎo)使其成為一個(gè)可以預(yù)測(cè)油氣田累積產(chǎn)量、瞬時(shí)產(chǎn)量、年產(chǎn)量和可采儲(chǔ)量等多項(xiàng)開發(fā)指標(biāo)的多功能預(yù)測(cè)模型。3a bell shaped curve：鐘形曲線4that of peak oil：that指代concept。

12、5account for：說明，解釋6conventional crude oil：常規(guī)原油7oil reserves：石油儲(chǔ)量。通常使用復(fù)數(shù)形式reserves。練習(xí)：1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "sparked" appearing in paragraph 2?Aflashed Bstimulated Cchanged Dended2The term "a bell shaped curve" appearing in paragraph 2 indicates

13、 that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat curveBkeep growing Ckeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the USin l 970BIt has been used to predict

14、oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil production will peak in 2014BIt predi

15、cts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scientistsDScientists of 47 major oil-produ

16、cing countries答案與題解：1B spark一詞做及物動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)有"發(fā)動(dòng)"、"激發(fā)"的意思，在此意為stimulated，即"引發(fā)"，這個(gè)句子的意思是：全球石油消費(fèi)的快速增長(zhǎng)已引發(fā)了對(duì)"石油峰值"預(yù)測(cè)的興趣。2D此句接下來的句子中所提到的a related concept即是與a bell shaped curve相關(guān)的概念，也就是說，接下來的這個(gè)句子對(duì)a bell shaped curve做了解釋，即世界石油生產(chǎn)達(dá)到最大峰值后將下降。3D 文章的第三段告訴我們，Hubbert預(yù)測(cè)模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石

17、油生產(chǎn)于1970年將達(dá)到峰值。這一模型自受到公認(rèn)后，已用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。第四段說，這一模型對(duì)于某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期而言，其計(jì)算尚不充分。這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。所以，A、B和C都是對(duì)Hubbert模型的正確說明。4A選項(xiàng)8、C和D所述內(nèi)容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家使用新的模型評(píng)估了47個(gè)主要的產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，并預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油生產(chǎn)到2014年將達(dá)最高峰值。所以，A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一個(gè)句子提供了答案。第六篇 Waving With Light In the Sierra Madre mountain range of

18、 west central Mexico1, the native Huichol people2 live much the way their ancestors did-without electricity. Thats because its too expensive to string power lines3 to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves, the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in c

19、ities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity-at home or on the road, they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dark, they must stop whatever theyre doing. Now, a team of scientists, designers, and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol

20、with light after the sun setsThe scientists technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes, bags, or other items. By collecting the suns energy during the day, these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at nightTheir inventors have named the

21、fabrics “Portable Lights.” Portable Lights have the potential to transform the lives of people without electricity around the world, says project leader Sheila Kennedy"Our invention," Kennedy says, "came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United Stat

22、es and move it into new markets for people who didn't have a lot of money"At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs6These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlightsLEDs are completely different from th

23、e light bulbsMost of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lightsInside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2，200 degrees CelsiusAt that temperature，bulbs give off light we can seeNinety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights, however, is heatand invisibleWith all tha

24、t wasted energy, bulbs burn out quicklyThey are also easily brokenLEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structureWhen an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces lightUnlike incandescent bulbs, they Can pr

25、oduce light of various colorsWithin an LED, the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced詞匯：Portable adj輕便的，手提式的lightemitting diode(LED) 發(fā)光二極管bulb n燈泡；球狀物incandescent adj白灼的coil n線圈，卷，圈molecule n分子注釋： 1Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中

26、西部的馬德雷山脈o Sierra；一詞在西班牙語(yǔ)中本身就包含了“山脈”的意思，確切地說是“呈齒狀起伏的山脈”，因?yàn)樵谖靼嘌勒Z(yǔ)中Sierra有“鋸子”的意思。2Huichol people：維克人。他們是居住在墨西哥中西部地區(qū)馬德雷山脈的土著印地安人。該地區(qū)山路崎嶇，所以西班牙人未涉足于此，墨西哥文化也沒能影響維克人的土著文化。據(jù)估計(jì)，維克印地安人現(xiàn)僅存約一萬(wàn)人。3string power lines：架設(shè)輸電線。4Now，a team of scientistsis usin9：a team of scientists可以視作單數(shù)，也可以視作復(fù)數(shù)。本句用作單數(shù)，所以后接的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is。5At

27、 the core of：此處the core of意為the basic or most important part of(最重要的部分)。6At the core of Portable Light technology are devices called highbrightness lightemitting diodes, or HB LEDs：本句是倒裝句，主語(yǔ)是“devices called highbrightness lightemitting diodes，or HB LEDs”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是“are”。highbrightness lightemitting diode

28、s可譯為“高亮度發(fā)光二極管。練習(xí)：1To make a living, the Huichol create artwork and Asell it to tourists in their villages Bsell it in cities far away from their villages Cdisplay it in their village museum Dkeep it in their homes to attract tourists2Why can Portable Lights emit light? AElectronic crystals are woven

29、 into fabrics BItems such as clothes and bags are used to carry lights CThe sun's energy is collected during the day DAll of the above3What does Sheila Kennedy say about Portable Lights? AThis invention can change the lives of people，both rich and poor BThey are widely used in the United States

30、CPortable Lights can help poor people around the world to get light DThey are expensive to make but easy to carry4What is the most important part of the Portable Light technology? AHB LEDs BGlass Bulbs CIncandescent lights DHeated metal coils5LEDs are different from light bulbs in that ALEDs are inc

31、andescent lights while light bulbs are not BLEDs have a metal coil while light bulbs have not CLEDs emit colored light while most light bulbs don't DLEDs are made up of tiny pieces of rock while light bulbs are not答案與題解：1B 短文的第一段提供了答案，該段告訴我們，維克人為了謀生，制作工藝品，并到幾百英里以外的城市去銷售。2D文章的第二和第三段包括了A、B和C所述內(nèi)容。所

32、以D是答案。3C 短文的第四和第五段提供了答案。短文第四段的句子說了Potable Lights可以在世界范圍內(nèi)改變窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤用不上電的人們的生活，C準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了這層意思，所以是答案0 A不是答案，說Potable Lights能改變富人窮人的生活，不符合原文的意思。短文沒有提及Portable Lights在美國(guó)使用，也沒有說Portable Lights是否花費(fèi)很大。所以B和D都不是答案。4A第六段的第一句提供了答案。Portable Lights技術(shù)的最主要部分是highbrightness lightemitting diodes，即高亮度發(fā)光二極管。5C短文的第六段對(duì)light bul

33、bs進(jìn)行了描述。第二句中的those glass bulbs即指第一句中的light bulbs。因此，LEDs不是incandescent lights(白熾燈)，也沒有金屬絲。所以A和B均是錯(cuò)誤的選擇。最后一段的第一個(gè)句子LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure中的like pieces of rock，不等于 pieces。第三十四篇 Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do c

34、hicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to personIt's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's mindsNot every

35、one runs from the tiny disease carders, though3In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual wayThey are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteriesViruses and batteries may seem lik

36、e an unusual pair，but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with5 the ideaAt the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new waysIn the case of the virus-built batteries, the s

37、cientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniquesBelcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery“Were working on things we traditionally dont associa

38、te with nature” says HammondMany batteries are already pretty smallYou can hold AC and D batteries6 in your handThe coinlike batteries that power watches are often smaller than a pennyHowever。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year befor

39、eAs these devices shrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit insideThe ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small packageRight now，Belcher's model battery，a metallic disk completely built by viruses，looks like a regular watch batteryBut inside，its components are very sm

40、allso tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscopeHow small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your headPlace your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair ispretty thin，right? Although the width of each person's hair is a b

41、it different，you could probably fit about l o of these virusbuilt battery parts，side to side，across one hairThese microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7詞匯：chicken pox水痘microorganism n微生物metallic adj金屬的collaborator n合作者，協(xié)作者pluck v拔，摘，采注釋：1no wonder：不足為奇的，難怪2steer clear of：避開，繞開3though：

42、意思為“然而，可是”。在句中使用時(shí)通常放在句末。4Cambridge，Massachusetts：馬薩諸塞州的劍橋市。本文第三段提到的the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge即指坐落于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院。麻省理工學(xué)院于1861年由著名自然科學(xué)家威廉·巴羅吉杰斯創(chuàng)立。這是美國(guó)的一所私立研究型大學(xué)，培養(yǎng)高級(jí)科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科為主的、世界一流的綜合性大學(xué)。5came up with：提出6A，C and D batteries：A、C、D均為電池型號(hào)。7These microbatteries ma

43、y change the way we look at viruses：這些微型電池可能會(huì)改變我們看待病毒的方式。作者想表達(dá)的意思是：人們一直認(rèn)為病毒有害無益，現(xiàn)在病毒可用來制作電池，人們對(duì)病毒的看法可能會(huì)因此而發(fā)生變化。練習(xí)： 1According to the first paragraph，people try to Akill microorganisms related to chicken pox，the flu，etc Bkeep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible Cstay away from vir

44、uses because they are causes of various diseases Dcure themselves of virusrelated diseases by taking medicines2What is Belcher's team doing at present? AIt is finding ways to get rid of viruses BIt is massproducing microbatteries CIt is making batteries with viruses DIt is analyzing virus genes3

45、What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5？ ABroaden BSpread CExtend DExpand：4. Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6？ AIt is made of metal BIt is a kind of watch battery CIt can only be seen with a

46、microscope DIt is a metallic disk with viruses inside it5. How tiny is one battery part? AIts width is one tenth of a hair BIt equals the width of a hair CIt is as thin as a piece of paper DIts width is too tiny to measure答案與題解：1C短文第一段的大致意思是，許多疾病都由病毒引起，諸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人們想盡辦法躲避病毒。這是C所表達(dá)的意思。A不是正確選擇，因?yàn)槲恼?/p>

47、并沒有說人們想方設(shè)法去殺死病毒。B的后半句的內(nèi)容(病毒肉眼看不見)和D的內(nèi)容(吃藥治療病毒引起的疾病)文中沒有提到.2C短文的第二段明確提供了答案。3D 根據(jù)上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收縮”，即“縮小”。所以，它的反義詞是expand(增大，擴(kuò)張)。C不是正確選擇，因?yàn)閑xtend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加長(zhǎng)”。A的意思是“加寬”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展開”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反義詞，但在第五段這個(gè)語(yǔ)境里，B不是最佳選擇。4D第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金屬圓盤”，它是微型電池的外形，其內(nèi)部是由病毒構(gòu)成的電

48、池部件。微型電池不是由金屬組成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，這種電池looks like a regular watch battery，與手表里電池外形相似，但并不等同手表電池，所以B也不是正確選擇。文章只是說電池的部件(但并沒有說整個(gè)電池)小到只能用顯微鏡才能看到，所以C也不是正確的選擇。D才是第六段所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，因此是答案。5A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about lo of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本題的答案。第三十八篇Longe

49、r Lives for Wild ElephantsMost people think of zoos as safe places for animals，where struggles such as difficulty finding food and avoiding predators don't exist. Without such problems, animals in zoos should live to a ripe old agelBut mat may not be true for2 the largest land animals on Earth.

50、Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor healthThey develop diseases，joint problems and behavior changesSometimesthey even become infertileor unable to have babiesTo learn more about how captivity affects elephants, a team of international scientists compared the life span

51、s of female elephants born in zoos with female elephants living outdoors in their native landsZoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care，documenting factors such as birth dates，illnesses，weight and deathThese records made it possible for the researchers to analyze 40years of data on

52、 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos across EuropeThe scientists compared the life spans of the zooborn elephants with the life spans of thousands of female wild elephants in Africa and Asian elephants that work in logging camps3，over approximately the same time periodThe team found that female

53、African elephants born in zoos lived an average of l 6.9 yearsTheir wild counterparts who died of natural causes lived an average of 56 yearsmore than three times as longFemale Asian elephants followed a similar patternIn zoos, they lived l 89 s years, while those in the logging camps lived 41.7 yea

54、rs Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants seem to fare so much better than their zoo-raised counterpartsGeorgia Mason，a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada who led the study, thinks stress and obesity may be to blame4Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they wo

55、uld in the wild，and most are very fatElephant social lives are also much different in zoos than in the wild，where they live in large herds and family groupsAnother finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early than Asian elephants captured in the wild

56、and brought to zoosMason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to surviveThe study raises some questions about acquiring more elephants to keep in zoosWhile some threatened and endangered species living in zoos reproduce successfully and maintain

57、 healthy populations，that doesn't appear to be the case with elephants"Currently，zoos al e net consumers of elephants，not net producers，" Mason says詞匯：Predator n食肉動(dòng)物Ripe adj成熟的Infertile adj不生育的Captivity n監(jiān)禁；束縛Fare v過活，生活Obesity adj過度肥胖；肥胖癥注釋：11ive to a ripe old age：這是一種固定用法，意思是live to an age that is considered to be very old(長(zhǎng)壽，高壽)。2be true for：或者be true of：對(duì)適用。短文中第二段第一句：But that may not be true for the largest land animals on Earth這里，作為主語(yǔ)的that指的是第一段所陳述的內(nèi)容。這個(gè)句子要傳達(dá)的意思是：動(dòng)物園對(duì)其他動(dòng)物來說是一