1、Part 1 The AngloSaxon Period（449-1066）秧格魯-撒克遜時(shí)期1. Historical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C.AngloSaxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D.Roman empire從albion撤軍，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（條頓人or日耳曼人）陸續(xù)登陸此地 2. Literature 1,pagan異教徒文學(xué) 2 christian基督徒文學(xué) alliterative verse頭韻詩Epic: Beowulf貝奧

2、武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan寫，插入由christian寫2) a mixture of history and legend.，englands national epic民國史詩Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格魯

3、-諾曼時(shí)期1. Historical BackgroundRoman conquest,接著是english conquest，最后是norman conquest。The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷戰(zhàn)役）KingsBarons男爵Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy統(tǒng)治集團(tuán) was formed2. The languageUpper classes

4、: French, Latin The common people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the common English people. 3.The

5、 literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry騎士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures. Subject matter:Geoffreys Hi

6、story杰弗里史記，riming chronicles押韻編年史，metricalverse格律詩體，doggerel verse打油詩體1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的騎士2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亞歷山大大帝3) Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3. main literatureSir Gawai

7、n and the green knight.高文爵士和綠衣騎士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle綠腰帶）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (13401400)杰弗里.喬叟時(shí)期1. Historical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain.In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The Eng

8、lish won, they controlled large French territory領(lǐng)土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetryWar of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2. What's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等級(jí)制度social system. 2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-cent

9、ered thinking, mind ideology思想體系3. Life and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family. Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣. He married the sister of Gaunt's wife. He became a government official.He is very muc

10、h exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture. E. G. Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著十日談,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.喬叟第一次在英國用韻腳韻律詩形式來創(chuàng)作詩歌，開創(chuàng)了英國文學(xué)以重音-音節(jié)為基礎(chǔ)的格律詩先河。首創(chuàng)heroic couplet英雄雙行體。His career can be divided i

11、nto several periods1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863. English The Canterbury tales4. The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the storie

12、s in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot pos

13、sibly be. -Pretentiousness, pretending偽裝too muchChaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1) it gives a comprehensive廣泛的 picture of Chaucers time2) the dramatic str

14、ucture3) Chaucers humor4) Chaucers contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the Engl

15、ish language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5. Popular ballads大眾民謠A ballad is a narrative敘述 poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲劇的 incidents. They are written in a special musical

16、 pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相連并押韻的兩行詩）two line in a unit or quatrain 四行詩_ ababcdcdCharacteristics:1) The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale2) There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals with a single episode插曲3) the

17、story is often told through dialogue and action4) the theme is often tragic悲劇的5) The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza節(jié)，段在英國把民謠當(dāng)文學(xué)形式研究的第一人是托馬斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他將民謠收錄到英詩輯古Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale羅賓漢和阿林代爾 Get Up and Bar the Door.起來去關(guān)門 Sir

18、 Patrick Spens派屈克。斯賓塞爵士Part IV The Renaissance文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期1. Historical Background1) The reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558_1603) England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity2) The defeat of the Spanish Armada艦隊(duì) by the English navy in 1588. After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海軍的power

19、.3) Humanism人文主義Renaissance: it is a French word that means “rebirth”復(fù)活 in English. In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture. That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years o

20、f neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare幸福 of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being. 4）主要作者介紹Thomas More : Utopia托馬斯。莫爾：烏托邦Thomas Wyatt:懷亞特：把sonnet十四行詩引入英國第一人Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯賓塞：仙后John Lyly: Eupheus約翰。黎里：艷詞，首創(chuàng)euphuism絢

21、麗體Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。馬洛：把blank verse無韻詩作為英語戲劇主要表達(dá)方式的開創(chuàng)者English drama是英國文藝復(fù)興的主流2. The writersWilliam Shakespeare (15641616)1) His life and work 1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlains國王侍從 company, became very famous.He became a shareholder股東 in the Globe

22、and bought a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnetsHis plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.RomancesThe importance of his writing( more can be added)1) Shakespeare represented the tread腳步 of histo

23、ry in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace)2) Shakespeares humanism. His plays reflected the spirit of his age.3He was a great poet4） He was a master of the English language.5） His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI6） Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奧賽羅 King

24、 Lear,李爾王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麥克白 are regarded as Shakespeares four great tragedies.Hamblet:講的是丹麥故事，反映的是英國的事情主要人物：Claudius克勞迪斯，死去國王的弟弟，Queen Gertrude喬特魯?shù)茫和踝拥哪赣H，Polonius波洛琉斯：愛說閑話的官員，Ophelia奧菲利亞：官員的女兒，Laertes雷歐提斯：官員的兒子The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人主要人物：Bassanio巴薩尼奧，Antonio安東尼奧，Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy J

25、ew猶太人，Portia鮑西亞：Bassanios girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡：shylocks daughter, Lorenzo羅蘭佐：Bassanios friend and Jessicas boyfriend,Nerissa尼莉莎：Portias waiting-woman侍女 ，Gratiano:葛萊西安諾：Bassanios another friend and Nerissas boyfriend 地點(diǎn)：Belmont貝爾蒙特Sonnet 18:The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summers d

26、ay?thou art more lovely and more temperat.-The English summer: warm, not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine-Proposing a comparison：Even better to a summers day-Rough windsnature ，The duration持續(xù) of summer: ends very soon ，Hot_ the sunSummer is beautiful, but it will change into winte

27、r，ButchangeThis poem is similar the Spencer斯賓塞s sonnetsSpencer is using tide潮水_time，Shakespeare is using summertimeSonnet 29:The first eight lines: “when ,in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes, I all alone.” unlucky, unfortunate despised by other peopleDescribes his unfavorable condition, therefore

28、 he is very sad.Line 9-12：The authorthe lark云雀His great happinessthe memory of his friend brings his happiness-Magical effectFrancis Bacon：十七世紀(jì)初，英國的杰出散文家1. his life：Pope蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind，Bacons work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the lit

29、erary, and the professional works. The final edition of essays contains 58 essays.2. writing (Of Truth,談?wù)胬?Of Studies 談讀書)Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17世紀(jì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)與王政復(fù)辟時(shí)期1. Historical Background1) English Bourgeois Revolution英國資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命During the reign of Elizabeth, Engl

30、and enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development. James I (Stuart斯圖亞特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface. James I imposed擔(dān)負(fù)的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product_monopoly壟斷, but pe

31、ople believed in free tradeKing VS. The Parliament (has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)2) the persecution迫害者 of the PuritansCharles I was beheaded砍頭. After the civil War, the parliament was in powerCrowell克羅韋爾 became the Lord君主 Protector (1653) Charles II, an

32、d restoration, James IIWilliam Orange singed “ The Bill of Rights” which greatly restricted約束 the power of the English King. The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried

33、 out under a religious cloak2，literature 這一時(shí)期的四約翰（John Milton彌爾頓，John Bunyan班揚(yáng)，John Donne多恩，John Dryden德萊頓）成為文壇杰出人物，metaphysical poet玄學(xué)派 and French drama的影響成為兩個(gè)重要的文學(xué)概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bun

34、yan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文學(xué)評(píng)論of Dryden. Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic史詩 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言.2. Writers John Donne:玄學(xué)派代表人物John Milton： Paradise Lost失樂園：consists o

35、f 12 books（its based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亞當(dāng) and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plot）The character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又帶點(diǎn)邪惡色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毀滅 by the flaw缺點(diǎn) of slef-love.1. his go

36、od mastery熟練 of LatinHis writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin2. revolutionary enthusiasmHis attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedomHis language-Long, complex sentence structures-Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神話-Some sentences begin in the middle or at th

37、e end. Some are inverted John Bunyan The book: The pilgrims Progress天路歷程，its written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的舊體形式，大量運(yùn)用了中世紀(jì)時(shí)的比喻和夢的形式。In the Pilgrims Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load負(fù)荷 o

38、n his back from the city of Destruction毀滅城. The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒. Christ基督-Vanity虛榮心 Fair-HeavenStyle: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣經(jīng)的“ The Vanity虛榮心 Fair,” an Excerpt摘錄 from Part 1 The Pilgrims ProgressPart VI The 18th CenturyTh

39、e Age of Enlightenment in England英國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期1. Historical BackgroundIn 1688, the constitutional憲法的 monarchy君主制. The monarch was deprived剝奪 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament議會(huì) became the actual leader of the country. England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.Parli

40、amentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派輝格黨, the conservative Tory保守派托利黨， on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利黨中的狂熱分子形成第三方勢力被稱作詹姆斯派，妄圖恢復(fù)斯圖亞特王朝All the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of th

41、e weak kings. People desire peace and stabilityAny extreme actions are regarded as irrational.無理性The puritans revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive過度的 zeal熱情 and subversion顛覆, irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒謬. People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.Moderation溫和, tolera

42、nce寬容, restraint約束, rule規(guī)則, order次序, these qualities are the most important. With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone經(jīng)歷 remarkable changes. Some special features:1) political writings2) newspapers and journals雜志3) coffeehouse4) the new morality道德5) science and technologyNewton

43、牛頓s scientific discoverymen were living in a mechanistic機(jī)械地 world which ran as precisely精確地 as a clock.6) the French influence18世紀(jì)的英國文學(xué)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)散文prose而不是詩歌的時(shí)代。文學(xué)主流是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，小說是主要的文學(xué)樣式Authors 1. Daniel Defoe丹尼爾。笛福作者介紹：He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代派小說的先河。Work：Hymn t

44、o the Pillory立伽頌: a set of doggerel verses打油詩 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 魯濱遜漂流記：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此書根據(jù)Alexander Selkirk經(jīng)歷改編.The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without stro

45、ng paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗2. Jonathan swift喬納森。斯威夫特1） life: He was born in Dublin都柏林（愛爾蘭首都），He was the most remarkable satirist諷刺家 in the 18th ce

46、ntury who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic貴族的 society of his age with mercy.寬容，he supports the conservative Tory2） works:the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.Gullivers Travels格列弗游記：包括4部分1，Lilliputians厘厘普特人：矮人, 2， tBrobdingnagians伯羅白丁拉格人：giants, 3， the flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飛島：o

47、n the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4，Houyhnhnms胡己姆：horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聰明，也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo雅虎：repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.長相像人，行為丑陋A modes

48、t proposal一個(gè)小小的建議：is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty權(quán)力 of irish people。強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé)了英國對愛爾蘭人民的剝削和壓迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swifts great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主3）Joseph Addison約瑟夫。愛迪生 Life: he is the

49、 central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作為The Tatler閑談?wù)叩弥饕迦撕蛅he Spactator旁觀者得合辦者，他把期刊散文藝術(shù)發(fā)展到極致。這兩本雜志brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome健康。These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special int

50、erests of women readers. Sir Roger是他塑造的經(jīng)典形象。4) Henry Fielding亨利。菲爾?。河耸兰o(jì)最偉大的小說家。主要作品：Jonathan Wild喬納森。威爾德，the history of tom jones, a foundling棄嬰湯姆。瓊斯的故事, amelia阿米莉亞5）Thomas Gray托馬斯。格雷：浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的先驅(qū)。主要作品：Elegy written in a country churchyard墓園挽歌：表達(dá)了對農(nóng)民貧苦遭遇的同情，歌頌了他們的質(zhì)樸品質(zhì)。前幾句是：the curfew tolls the knell

51、 of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea.6)Oliver Goldsmith 奧利弗。歌爾德斯密斯：he was born in Ireland. As an essayist散文家，he is among the best in the century. As a poet, he makes the riming couplets英雄雙行體 as natural and simple as his prose.主要作品：novel：the vicar of wakefield維克菲德爾的牧師，comedy:She s

52、toops to Conquer委曲求全，essay:the critizen of the world世界公民，poems:The traveler旅行者 and the Deserted Village.荒村7）Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。謝里丹：主要作品：諷刺喜?。簍he rivals對手，the school for scandal造謠學(xué)校：(presents a brilliant portrayal描繪 of englands high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners

53、 of that age.主要人物：Charles查爾斯，Joseph約瑟夫：charlesbrother, sir oliver surface奧利弗。薩費(fèi)恩：their wealthy uncle)8)William Blake ( 17571827)1) LifeHe lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets i

54、n English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary夢想的 experience: Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniquesHe believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯the romantic revival復(fù)活to break away with the convention習(xí)俗，協(xié)議

55、2) His workSongs of Innocence天真之歌delightSongs of Experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌confusion困惑They show two contrary states of human soulsLondon:I wander thro each charterd street, near where the .It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive綜合的

56、 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.資本家Background: industrial revolution, the fog cityThe scene was in London, in Blakes time. The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night.It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blakes best known

57、 poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator1. The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger. Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questionsare not able to be answeredThe Chimney-Sweeper掃煙囪的孩子:a

58、little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney9 ) Robert Burns羅伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my hearts in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo約翰。安徒生，我愛，a red, red rose一朵紅紅的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主義時(shí)期A new