1、談濟(jì)南市大氣污染的成因及防治濟(jì)南市的空氣質(zhì)量自去年1 月 28 日向社會公布以來，已成為廣大市民十分關(guān)注的熱點難點和焦點問題。就濟(jì)南的大氣污染成因和防治措施，提出初步的看法和意見，以供探討。一、濟(jì)南市的環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量狀況幾年來， 濟(jì)南市的城市建設(shè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)有了較大的發(fā)展。濟(jì)南作為一個北方內(nèi)陸城市，空氣質(zhì)量具有北方城市的普遍特點，呈現(xiàn)典型的煤煙型污染。 盡管近年來不斷加大環(huán)保執(zhí)法力度，強(qiáng)化環(huán)境綜合整治，環(huán)境質(zhì)量有了明顯改善， 但空氣質(zhì)量仍不盡人意。同全國其他城市相比，濟(jì)南空氣質(zhì)量處于中下水平， 大氣污染的程度是比較嚴(yán)重的。在 1998年 46個發(fā)布空氣質(zhì)量周報的城市中，濟(jì)南的空氣質(zhì)量一半以上的時間

2、在倒數(shù)10 名內(nèi)，最差的一次為倒數(shù)第二位，最好的名次為正數(shù)第25 位。二、濟(jì)南市大氣污染的成因濟(jì)南市大氣污染的形成原因是復(fù)雜的，既有自然原因，又有人為原因，既有歷史遺留的原因，又有近年來發(fā)展不協(xié)調(diào)的原因。1. 能源結(jié)構(gòu)以煤炭為主，煤炭占總能源的70%以上2. 大氣污染的首要污染物是總懸浮顆粒物，即塵類污染塵的來源除了燃煤煙塵外，工業(yè)粉塵和因建筑、垃圾、風(fēng)沙、及車輛行駛的揚塵均不可忽視。3. 長期形成的城市工業(yè)布局不合理加重了濟(jì)南市區(qū)的大氣污染濟(jì)南市常年的主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向是東北一西南風(fēng)。王舍人工業(yè)區(qū)、黨家工業(yè)區(qū)和幾個主要的污染企業(yè)都處于主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向上，在主導(dǎo)風(fēng)的作用下，加重了市區(qū)的大氣污染.4. 地形條件對

3、空氣質(zhì)量十分不利眾所周知，濟(jì)南四面環(huán)山，北倚地上河黃河，地形呈淺碟狀，不利于大氣污染物的水平輸送和擴(kuò)散，使污染物容易在市區(qū)積聚，從而加重污染。5冬季特殊的氣象條件大大加重了大氣污染在污染源相對穩(wěn)定的情況下，氣象條件對空氣質(zhì)量的好壞有至關(guān)重要的影響。6 機(jī)動車保有量的迅速增加，使機(jī)動車尾氣污染占整個大氣污染的負(fù)荷越來越大 . 由于汽車排放的污染物正處于人的呼吸帶，往往形成較穩(wěn)定的近地面污染層，對人體危害很大。7地面綠化和硬化不夠，揚塵污染較重盡管濟(jì)南市近兩年實施造綠工程，建成了市區(qū)五大廣場，但同其他城市相比市區(qū)綠化率和人均綠地指標(biāo)仍比較低，而且草多樹少，種類配置欠合理。另外，由于施工等原因而造成

4、的裸露地面不能及時覆蓋或硬化，在風(fēng)和車輛行駛的作用下形成較重的塵污染。三、濟(jì)南市大氣污染的防治措施濟(jì)南市的大氣污染問題已經(jīng)引起省市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的高度重視和全社會的關(guān)注，按照省委“五年大變樣”和近期市政府創(chuàng)建文明城市抓“容貌工程”的要求， 針對污染形成的原因即將采取種種措施進(jìn)行綜合污染防治。對于自然形成的不利的地形和氣象因素我們現(xiàn)今還無法改變和干預(yù)，也不應(yīng)怨天尤人，而應(yīng)面對現(xiàn)實對人為的污染源采取有效措施從根本上加以防治。1. 依法大力加強(qiáng)對各類排煙設(shè)施的監(jiān)督管理。2提高燃煤質(zhì)量，改變能源結(jié)構(gòu)，從源頭控制大氣污染（ 1） 推廣使用低硫、低灰分煤炭。（ 2） 改變低空排煙設(shè)施的燃料結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 如快調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)

5、構(gòu)和工業(yè)布局，努力減輕結(jié)構(gòu)性污染（ 1）逐步將污染嚴(yán)重，治理困難的企業(yè)遷出市區(qū)。（ 2）關(guān)停和取締小水泥廠、小石灰窯和小石子粉碎點。4. 加強(qiáng)老污染源的治理并嚴(yán)把新上項目（ 1）加快黃臺發(fā)電廠煙氣脫硫步伐。（ 2）對1-130 噸時的鍋爐進(jìn)行煙氣脫硫除塵。（ 3）對1-130 噸時煙塵超標(biāo)排放的720 多臺鍋（窯）爐進(jìn)行限期治理。5. 實施城市環(huán)境綜合整治，增強(qiáng)城市污染防治能力環(huán)境保護(hù)工作絕不是依靠環(huán)保部門一家就能搞好的，它涉及到方方面面，需要各個部門的相互協(xié)作和全社會的支持。（1） 大力發(fā)展城市集中供熱、供氣。（2） 加強(qiáng)城市綠化和大環(huán)境綠化工作（3） 加強(qiáng)建筑工地的管理。（4） 引逐步改變

6、道路保潔方式。（5） 取締露天燒烤。（6） 車尾氣的污染防治為了控制機(jī)動車排氣污染，濟(jì)南市已禁止銷售、使用含鉛汽油，立法工作正在緊鑼密鼓的進(jìn)行。（ 1）對我市機(jī)動車制造廠生產(chǎn)的車輛加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督管理，達(dá)不到徘放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，不允許出廠。（ 2）市區(qū)內(nèi)新增車輛提倡購買使用電噴技術(shù)的車輛；新車掛牌，經(jīng)監(jiān)測尾氣排放不達(dá)標(biāo)的，不發(fā)牌照；年檢和抽檢尾氣排放不合格的機(jī)動車，經(jīng)維護(hù)、保養(yǎng)仍不能達(dá)標(biāo)排放的，吊銷牌照，不準(zhǔn)繼續(xù)上路行駛。（ 3）嚴(yán)格出租車管理，加快出租車更新?lián)Q代。2000年底前所有“面的”更換完畢，新更換的車輛必須具備雙燃料功能。（ 4）限制柴油車的發(fā)展。除特殊行業(yè)需要外，對柴油機(jī)動車不再辦理掛牌業(yè)務(wù)；對超

7、標(biāo)排放尾氣的柴油公交車，按照“一換、二改、三?！钡脑瓌t進(jìn)行淘汰。（ 5）限制輕騎摩托車的發(fā)展，從今年元月1 日起不再辦理輕騎摩托車掛牌業(yè)務(wù)。（ 6）嚴(yán)格按照國家有關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行車輛報廢制度。對達(dá)到報廢條件的車輛，應(yīng)堅決報廢、淘汰。 盡快制訂輕騎摩托車報廢辦法，對達(dá)到報廢條件的進(jìn)行淘汰，逐年減少輕騎摩托車的數(shù)量。（ 7）推廣使用雙燃料汽車。對運營車輛（公交車、出租車）進(jìn)行雙燃料改造，今年改造200 輛，明年改造500 輛， 2001 年進(jìn)行大面積的推廣。（ 8） 加強(qiáng)農(nóng)用車和外地進(jìn)濟(jì)車的管理。從 2001 年起， 農(nóng)用車和經(jīng)監(jiān)測尾氣超標(biāo)的外地車輛一律不準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入濟(jì)南市區(qū)。7 加強(qiáng)環(huán)境宣傳教育，大力提高領(lǐng)

8、導(dǎo)干部和廣大市民的環(huán)境意識要通過各種渠道強(qiáng)化可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的宣傳，提高各級干部和廣大市民的環(huán) 保意識，形成濃厚的“環(huán)境保護(hù)，人人有責(zé)”的輿論氛圍，使那些違反環(huán)保法的 行為無立身之地。讓我們攜起手來，既要發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，又要保護(hù)好濟(jì)南的環(huán)境，為 廣大市民創(chuàng)造一個美好的空氣清新的生活環(huán)境。通過各個方面的了解，我們可以看到雖然政府采取了相應(yīng)的措施， 但濟(jì)南的 天氣污染總體上比較嚴(yán)重，因此對于廣大群眾當(dāng)然也包括我們來說是任重而道 遠(yuǎn)，所以從現(xiàn)在起，我們要樹立保護(hù)環(huán)境的決心，并且要付諸于行動，從點點滴 滴做起，只有這樣我們才能慢慢改變這種現(xiàn)狀， 讓環(huán)境變得越來越好，我們也就 生活的越來越快樂。通過我們小組的共

9、同努力，基本上達(dá)到了預(yù)期的目標(biāo)，也讓我們學(xué)到了團(tuán)隊 協(xié)作的重要性。在這個時代，無論你多么優(yōu)秀，你終究是一個人，但是只要是一 個團(tuán)隊能夠齊心協(xié)力，無論多么艱巨的任務(wù)，終會被解決的，這就是團(tuán)隊的力量。 這也是現(xiàn)代社會所需要的，這就是我們從這次活動中所學(xué)到的。About Jinan causes and prevention and control of atmospheric pollutionJinan air quality since last January 28 publish to the society, has becomethe general public is very di

10、fficult and focus issues of concern. Jinan cause and the prevention and control measures of atmospheric pollution and puts forward preliminary views and opinions, to discuss.First, the situation of air environmental quality of Jinan cityOver the past few years, Jinan urban construction and economic

11、construction has a larger development. As an inland city in the north, Jinan has the common features of the northern city air quality, and presents the typical MeiYanXing fouling Dye. Although in recent years, growing environmental law enforcement, strengthen the comprehensive improvement of the env

12、ironment, the environmental quality has improved significantly, but the air quality is still unsatisfactory. Comparedwith other cities in China, Jinan air quality at a lower level, the degree of air pollution is moreserious. Released in 1998, 46 city air quality weekly report, the air quality in Jin

13、an more than half of the time within the last 10, the worst of times for the second place, the best place is positive to 25th.Second, the Jinan the cause of air pollutionJinan atmospheric pollution is the cause of formation of complex, both natural causes, and others, for reasons, both the historica

14、l reasons, and in recent years development not harmonious.1. The energy structure is given priority to with coal, coal accounted for over 70% of the total energy2. The primary pollutant is total suspended particulate matter air pollution, dust pollutionDust sources in addition to coal dust, industri

15、al dust and due to the buildings, garbage, dust, and vehicle traffic dust can not be ignored.3. The long form of Jinan city industrial layout is not reasonable to increase the urban air pollutionJinan perennial dominant wind direction is a southwest northeast. Scheeren wang industrial zone, party in

16、dustrial zone and several major polluting enterprises are dominant wind direction, the dominant under the action of wind, increased urban air pollution.4. The terrain conditions on the air quality is very badAs is known to all, Jinan and surrounded, north relies on the river, the Yellow River on the

17、 ground, terrain saucer shaped, detrimental to the level of the atmospheric pollutants transport and diffusion, the pollutants easy to accumulate in city, thus increasing pollution.5. Special winter weather conditions add greatly to air pollutionUnder the condition of the pollution sources are relat

18、ively stable, the stand or fall of weather conditions on the air quality has a crucial impact.6. Motor vehicle ownership increased rapidly, the motor vehicle exhaust pollution load of the atmospheric pollution is more and more big. Due to vehicle emission pollutants are in the humanbreathing zone, t

19、end to form a stable layer near the ground pollution, does great harm to human body.7. The ground greening and hardening is not enough, the heavier dust pollutionAlthough Jinan two years implementation to build green projects, completed five square downtown, but compared with other cities urban affo

20、restation and green space per capita indicators are still relatively low, more trees and grass, less species configuration unadvisable. In addition, due to reasons such as construction of bare ground hardening or not covered in time, in the wind and vehicle traffic under the influence of forming the

21、 heavier dust pollution.Third, Jinan atmospheric pollution prevention and control measuresJinan atmospheric pollution problems has caused provinces leadership attaches great importance to and the attention of the whole society, according to the provincial party committee "five-year makeover&quo

22、t; and the city government to create civilized city catch "face project" requirement, for the reason of the pollution would be taken for integrated pollution prevention and control measures. For natural unfavorable terrain and meteorological factors we couldn't change now and intervent

23、ion, also should not complain, but should face the reality of man-made pollution sources, take effective measures to fundamentally to the prevention and control.1. In accordance with the law, strengthen the supervision of all kinds of smoke exhaust facilities management.2. Improve the quality of coa

24、l, change the energy structure, the control of air pollution from the source(1) Promote the use of low sulfur, low ash coal.(2) Change the low fuel exhaust facility structure.3. Such as fast adjusting industrial structure and industrial layout, efforts to reduce structural pollution .Step by step(1)

25、 The pollution is serious, difficult companies out of urban areas.(2) Shut down and clamp down on small cement plant, small lime kiln and gravel crushing point.4. Strengthen the managementof old pollution sources and strictly control new projects(1) To speed up the pace of yellow machine power plant

26、 flue gas desulfurization.(2) For 1-130 tons/boiler flue gas desulfurization dust removal.(3) For 1-130 tons/excess emissions of soot whenmore than 720 pan (furnace) within the furnace.5. Implementation of the comprehensive improvement of the urban environment, enhance urban pollution prevention abi

27、lityEnvironmental protection is not rely on a can do a good job in environmental protection department, it involves many aspects, need to each department .Mutual cooperation and support of the whole society.(1) To develop the urban central heating, gas supply.(2) To strengthen urban greening and lan

28、dscape greening(3) To strengthen the management of the construction site.(4) Gradually change the way of road cleaning.(5) To ban outdoor barbecue.6. Strengthen automobile exhaust pollution control to control the motor vehicle exhaust pollution, Jinan has banned the sale and use of leaded gasoline,

29、the legislation work is underway.(1) Strengthen supervision and management of city motor vehicle manufacturers production vehicle, are not up to standard is put outside, not allowed to leave factory.(2) Vehicle in new urban recommend buying vehicles using ems; New car listing, by monitoring emission

30、s substandard, not licensing; Annual inspection and check the motor vehicle exhaust emission is unqualified, the preventive maintenance, still can't satisfy the, revocation of licenses, not allowed to continue on the road.(3) Strict taxi management, speed up the upgrading taxi. All "the&quo

31、t; completed at the end of 2000, the new replacement vehicle must have the function of the fuel.(4) Limit the development of diesel. In addition to the special industry needs, to diesel motor vehicle no longer deal with trading business; Of excess emissions exhaust of diesel buses, according to the

32、change "one, two, three stop" the principle of weeding.(5) The light motorcycle development, starting from January 1 this year to deal with the light no longer motorcycle trading business.(6) In strict accordance with the relevant regulations of the state system of scrapped vehicles. To ac

33、hieve scrap condition of vehicles, should be resolutely discarded, eliminated. Devising the light motorcycles scrap as soon as possible, to achieve scrap condition to eliminate, reduce the number of the light motorcycles. Year by year Promote the use of dual fuel automobile. Of operating vehicles (b

34、us, taxi) dual fuel innovation, reform 200 vehicles this year, next year, 500, 2001 acres of promotion.(8) To strengthen the managementof agriculture and into the economyfrom vehicle. Since 2001, the agriculture and the monitoring tail gas exceeds bid is allowed before the non-local vehicles in Jina

35、n city.7. To strengthen environmental propaganda education, improve the leading cadres and the general public's environmental awarenessTo strengthen the strategy of sustainable development through various channels of publicity, improve the cadres at various levels and the general public's environm