1、Lesson23 Folds（褶皺）Vocabulary：Folds Undulated bends波狀彎曲 laminated strata成層狀巖石 stratigraphy地層學(xué)defame誹謗 plastic deformation塑性變形 the surface of unconformity角度不整合 disconformity平行不整合 basement基底 vertical垂直的the continental Earths crust大陸地殼 Massive composition大塊巖體 tension應(yīng)力狀態(tài) endogenic processes 內(nèi)營力作用 the di

2、slocation rocks巖石的變形 alternation互層 morphology形態(tài) morphological形態(tài)學(xué) the genetic classification成因分類 supplementary互補的 properties特征 the morphological classification形態(tài)學(xué)分類 the position of axial surface軸面產(chǎn)狀 Symmetrical folds對稱褶皺 asymmetrical folds不對稱褶皺 inclined folds傾斜褶皺 overturned folds倒轉(zhuǎn)褶皺 inverted folds翻轉(zhuǎn)

3、褶皺 recumbent folds平臥褶皺 fan扇形 blunt鈍的 normal fold正常褶皺 isoclinal folds等斜褶皺 fan-shaped folds 扇形褶皺 sharp folds尖棱褶皺 blunt folds鈍狀褶皺 coffer（box）folds箱狀褶皺 thickness厚的 Limestone石灰?guī)r rockunit頁巖 sandstone砂巖 supra tidal潮汐 sub在下面的 subsurface地下 Similar folds相似形褶皺 concentric folds同心狀褶皺 anticlinal folds背斜形褶皺 syncli

4、nal folds向斜形褶皺 linear folds線狀褶皺 brachy-formed fold短軸褶皺 dome-shaped fold穹窿狀褶皺 folds of the oval shape橢圓形褶皺 the cross dimensions縱橫維度 bowl-like folds似碗狀褶皺elevated提起 through溝，槽 hinges樞紐 the axial line軸線 go round轉(zhuǎn)動 periclinal closure穹窿狀閉合 the core of the folds褶皺核部 Folds（第1段）1 Folds are defined as the und

5、ulated bends in the laminated strata of sedimentary , volcanogenic and metamorphic rocks formed in the course of （在期間）plastic deformations. 褶皺被定義為：沉積巖、火成巖、和變質(zhì)巖的成層狀巖層在塑性變形過程中形成的連續(xù)波狀彎曲。Folds（第1段） The series of folds comprise what is referred to as（被稱為）folding. 該系列的褶皺包括褶曲。（補充：褶曲可以是褶皺構(gòu)造一部分，也可以是巖層的一個獨立的彎

6、曲。）Folds（第1段）The bends which have the form of folds can also appear within the process of rock formation, as is the case with the structures enveloping the irregularities of the surfaces of unconformity, or during the movement of lavas in the process of their solidification. 有著褶皺形式的彎曲也可以在巖石形成的過程中出現(xiàn)，

7、包裹在不規(guī)則的不整合面周圍也會出現(xiàn)這種彎曲，或者在熔巖活動中的冷凝過程也會出現(xiàn)。Folds（第2段）Rocks crumpled into folds are of the most various and are distributed over extremely vast territories. They are exposed on the surface in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, in the east of the Russia , in the Ukraine, the Caucasus and Elsewhere.變褶形成褶皺的巖石種類特別多，

8、并且他們分布在極其廣大的范圍。他們暴露在許多地方表面，比如亞洲中心哈薩克斯坦、俄羅斯的東部、烏克蘭、高加索等等。Folds（第2段） But even in those places where horizontally or inclined(傾斜的) bedded strata spread, their bed or foundation consists of rocks crumpled into folds.即使有些地層是水平或者傾斜延伸的，但他們由巖石組成的巖床或者基巖變褶形成褶皺。Folds(第3段)Hence, the folded forms of bedding in t

9、he continental Earths crust are distributed almost everywhere.因此，大陸地殼基底的折疊形式到處都有分布。Folds（第4段）There is every reason to say that folding is the result of plastic deformations of rocks and is developed only in laminated strata.這里的每一個原因都能表明：褶皺是巖石塑性變形的結(jié)果并且只發(fā)育在層狀地層中。Folds（第4段）In the rocks characterized by

10、 massive composition (e. g. intrusive rocks) folds are not formed, and plasticdeformations find their expression（表現(xiàn)） in the other forms.在以大塊巖體（比如侵入巖）為特征的巖石中不會形成褶皺，并且塑性變形會以其他的形式表現(xiàn)。Folds(第5段)Plastic deformations, causing the bending of the layers into folds, reflect the tensions in the earths crust, c

11、onditioned mainly by endogenic processes, the most important of which is tectonic movement.（從句帶從句）導(dǎo)致地層彎曲變成褶皺的塑性變形，能反映地殼的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。應(yīng)力狀態(tài)主要受內(nèi)營力作用的限制，最重要的內(nèi)營力作用是構(gòu)造運動。 Folds(第5段)The process of folding itself can hardly be imagined without the dislocation rocks. This is promoted by the lamination（層壓） surfaces t

12、hat make it possible for the layers to be dislocated（移位的） in the course of bending and create a regular arrangement of folds with the alternation of the bendings directed oppositely（相對地）.沒有巖石的變形（位），褶皺過程是很難被人們想象的。通過巖層層面使得巖層彎曲過程中產(chǎn)生移位和產(chǎn)生一組規(guī)則排列的并且方向相對交替出現(xiàn)的褶褶變得可能，這種變化促進了（人們）的認(rèn)識。Folds（第6段）The classificati

13、on of folds is based on various principles. It can rest（依賴，依靠） either on the form of folds or their origin. The classification in which the folds are divided according to their form is called morphological; 褶皺的分類是基于各種準(zhǔn)則。它要么依靠褶皺的形式分類，要么依靠它的來源（起因）分類。根據(jù)它的形式分類的方法叫形態(tài)學(xué)；Folds（第6段）The classification, reflec

14、ting the conditions in which folds are formed ,in referred to as genetic. The morphological and the genetic classifications consider various properties of folds and, hence,are supplementary to each other than otherwise（此處為adj.別的，另外的。）.反映褶皺形成條件（成因）的分類就是之前提到的成因?qū)W。形態(tài)分類和成因分類充分考慮到褶皺的各種特征，因此，比起別的分類方法更能相互補充

15、。Folds(第7段)The morphological classification presupposes the division of folds according to a number of features. According to the position of axial surface ,the kinds of folds are symmetrical folds asymmetrical folds, inclined folds, overturned folds ,recumbent folds.形態(tài)分類意味著根據(jù)大量的形態(tài)特征將褶皺分開。根據(jù)軸面產(chǎn)狀分類劃分

16、，褶皺的種類可以分為：對稱褶皺、不對稱褶皺、傾斜褶皺、倒轉(zhuǎn)褶皺、平臥褶皺。Folds(第7段)According to the relationship between the limbs,the following types of folds will be divided by normal folds, isoclinal folds and fan-shaped folds. In accordance with the form of curve(弧線), folds are distinguished by sharp folds, blunt folds, coffer (bo

17、x) folds.根據(jù)兩翼的關(guān)系，可以將褶皺分為正常褶皺、等斜褶皺、扇形褶皺。依照弧線的形式，褶皺可以分為尖棱褶皺、鈍狀褶皺、箱狀褶皺。Folds（第7段）According to the degrees of thickness of the layers on limbs and in roofs, the following types of folds are singled out by similar folds, concentric folds,anticlinal folds ( supratenuous folds) and synclinal folds.根據(jù)在褶皺兩翼和

18、頂部的巖層厚度程度，褶皺類型可以分為如下幾類：相似形褶皺、同心狀褶皺、背斜形褶皺（頂薄形褶皺）、向斜形褶皺。Folds（第8段）According to the ratio（比率） of the long axis of fold (length) to its short axis (width), folds and known to be either linear fold, brachy-formed fold or dome-shaped fold.根據(jù)褶曲的長軸與它的短軸的比率，褶皺要么分為線狀褶皺、短軸褶皺或者穹窿（構(gòu)造）形褶皺。Folds（第9段）Linear folds a

19、re those with which the ratio of the length and the width is greater than 3.Folds of the oval shape with which the said ratio is smaller than 3 are called brachy - morphic ( brachy anticlines and brachy synclines ).線狀褶皺是長寬比（率）大于3。比率小于3的橢圓形褶皺叫做短軸褶皺。Folds（第9段）In the case when the cross dimensions are

20、approximately the same , folds are called dome-shaped, while the synclinal folds of this type arereferred to as bowl-like folds or troughs.在當(dāng)縱橫維度大致相等的情況下，褶皺被叫做穹窿構(gòu)造，而這種類型的向斜褶曲是指碗形褶曲或槽形褶曲。Folds（第10段）The position of the folds in the Earths crust is greatly influenced by their hinges.On the Earths surfa

21、ce, when hinges of fold are parallel, the limbs are parallel to the axial line. In those places where hinge of fold is either pitched（有坡度的） or elevated（升高的）,the layers go around the axial line;地殼中褶曲的地位受它樞紐的影響很大。在地表，當(dāng)褶曲的樞紐是平行的，那么它的兩翼平行于褶 曲軸線。在褶曲的樞紐下傾或上傾的地方，地層可以繞軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)；Folds(第10段)the parts of the anticl

22、inal folds, on which the hinge of fold is inclined,are called the periclinal closure.The layers on these parts of the territory dip in the direction departing from the core of the fold.在褶皺中褶曲樞紐已經(jīng)傾斜的背斜形褶皺被稱做在穹窿構(gòu)造閉合。這些地層分布在遠(yuǎn)離褶曲的核部方向范圍上。Folds（第10段）In synclinal folds the parts of the folds characterized

23、 by an inclined hinge of fold are called centroclinal closure.In this case the layers going around the fold axis are inclined towards（prep.） its core.在由一系列傾斜樞紐為特征的向斜形褶皺組成同心向斜構(gòu)造閉合。在這種情況下，圍繞褶曲的軸延伸的地層是向核部傾斜的。Folds（第11段）In the rocks that have undergone intensive regional metamorphism and that have been

24、transformed into schists and gneisses, it is not infrequent that we can find folds,the bends of which are situated vertically.The angles of dip of the layers on the limbs of these folds are usually either steep or equal to 90.在那些已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷強烈區(qū)域變質(zhì)作用和那些已經(jīng)變成片巖和片麻巖的巖石，我們找到褶皺是很容易的，它們的彎曲程度幾乎達到垂直。這些褶皺兩翼上的地層角度通常不是

25、很陡就是近90 Folds（第12段）The process involving the emergence and the development of folds in the Earths crust is highly complicated and varied.At present, by far not all the aspects of this process have been made clear and it is only tentatively that we can speak of what lies behind the process of folding

26、,地殼褶皺的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展進程是極其復(fù)雜和多變的?，F(xiàn)在，到目前為止不是所有的進程因素（方面）都弄清楚了，我們只能實驗性地談及褶皺進程背后的假象，F(xiàn)olds（第12段）adducing for this purpose the phenomena that we already know and that are connected with the deformations of rocks,or going by the facts pertaining to the historical development of the Earths crust.上述實驗性假象提供用于我們已知現(xiàn)象和巖石變

27、形相關(guān)的現(xiàn)象的目的，或者用于判斷地殼發(fā)展歷史相關(guān)的事實。Folds(第13段)It should be pointed out that until recently a large number of those associated with the research into the problems of folding have tried to find the solution that would be universal and at the same time could furnish an uequivocal explanation of the origin of

28、various forms of folds.應(yīng)該指出大量的和褶皺相關(guān)的問題的研究，它試圖去找到一個普遍適用的解決方法。與此同時也能夠給出各種褶皺形式的起因的明確解釋。Folds(第13段)Even in those scientific works where a number of factors were acknowledged to have been responsible for the formation of folds,one basic factor was recognized as the predominant one with all others conside

29、red subservient.甚至科學(xué)工作中認(rèn)識到有大量的因素影響褶皺的形成，一個基本因素被視為主要因素，而另外的因素被視為次要因素。jibenFolds(第13段)However,the experience accumulated in the couse of geological quests has provided a sufficient amount of evidence that the processesof folding are manifold and can hardly be related to one particular factor;然而，在研究地質(zhì)問題的過程中積累的經(jīng)驗提供了大量的證據(jù)：證明褶皺的進程是緩慢的（微量積累），幾乎不與某（任）一個（特別的）因素相關(guān)。Folds(第13段)they reflect various aspects in the development of the Earths crust and function within a wide range of intensity,both in time and s