1、首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)應(yīng)用語言學(xué)系首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)應(yīng)用語言學(xué)系Department of Applied Linguistics Capital Medical UniversityText A The Hippocratic OathOutline Background informationGlobal analysis of the textDetailed study of the textText structure analysisReference answers to the exercisesBackground informationIntroduction to the author

2、Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and is regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness has a phy

3、sical as well as a rational explanation. Background informationIntroduction to the author He rejected the common view of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions, possession by evil spirits and disfavor from the gods. Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be treated as

4、 a whole and not just a series of parts. He accurately described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as child epilepsy. Background informationIntroduction to the author He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet,

5、 fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come

6、from the brain and not the heart as others of his time believed.Background informationIntroduction to the authorHippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon developed an Oath of Medical

7、Ethics for physicians to follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they begin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine.Background informationIntroduction to the topic This oath, the oldest and best-known expression of a medical ethic, wa

8、s for centuries regarded as the guide for proper medical conduct. Although the accomplishments of modern medicine appear to have taken the discipline far from its ancient roots, the oath continues to offer a powerful account of what it means to be a doctor. Background informationAncient Greek Medici

9、ne Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greeks and Ancient Greek Culture placed a high priority on a healthy lifestyle despite Ancient Greeces other great differences from the modern World. Background informationAncient Greek Medicine Ancient Greece was very different from the Greece of today.

10、 In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City States. Each City State was independent but they all shared a similar culture as well as similar religious beliefs. Despite their lack of coherent government the Greeks developed a society that matched, if not exceeded, that of the Ancient Egyptians.

11、 Background informationAncient Greek Medicine Medical practices in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, were based largely upon religious beliefs. The Cult of Asclepius grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical care. This cult developed older theories and introduced several new treatments that a

12、re similar to our modern alternative medicines. Background informationAncient Greek Medicine The Ancient Greeks made major strides in the development of medical knowledge. The work of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time and perhaps more sig

13、nificantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the causes of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure. Background informationAncient Greek MedicineThe Ancient Greek world has provided a great legacy to the practice of medicine. Hippocrates t

14、heory of the Four Humours was, for a long time, the basis upon which medical reasoning developed. Likewise, the methodology employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been retained and modified to form what we now consider to be conventional medicine. Background informationThe Hippocratic Oath -

15、 Modern VersionI swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.Background informationThe Hippocratic Oath - Modern

16、 Version I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of over treatment and therapeutic nihilism. I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeons knife or

17、 the chemists drug.Background informationThe Hippocratic Oath - Modern VersionI will not be ashamed to say I know not, nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patients recovery.I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclose

18、d to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Abov

19、e all, I must not play at God.Background informationThe Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the persons family and economic stability.My responsibility includes these related problem

20、s, if I am to care adequately for the sick. I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.Background informationThe Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound o

21、f mind and body as well as the infirm. If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.

22、 Background information The Hippocratic Oath - Modern Version -Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.Global analysis of the text The oath begins by invoking ancient Greek deities. The specific deities inv

23、oked are Apollo (Apollo Physician), the god associated with light, truth, and prophecy; Asclepius, the child of Apollo, the father of medicine; Hygieia, whose name means health and living well and Panaceia (all heal), both daughters of Asclepius and associated with what modern readers might call “pr

24、evention” and “treatment.” The oath concludes with a plea, acknowledging that the physicians fortunes depend on their fulfillment of the oaths terms. p Global analysis of the text The Oath addresses first how a physician should comport himself with respect to his teachers, as well as his teachers of

25、fspring, his own offspring, and all other students of medicine. Physicians are literally called into a fraternity with one another and the gift of the art of medicine is equated with the gift of life. The next part indicates how a physician should conduct himself with respect to his patients and the

26、ir households.p 1) To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him;(Paragraph 2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning: To treat the person who taught me medicine as dear as my parents; to share with him all that I h

27、ave, and if necessary, to share my wealth.pIn the first sentence, the direct object of “consider” is “him.” Because “him” is followed by a relative clause, an ambiguity will result if it is put directly after “consider.” Since the object is put at the end of the sentence there is no ambiguity.Detail

28、ed study of the textpin common with sb/sth: in the same way as someone or something else. pExample: In common with a lot of other countries, were in an economic recession.1) To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods

29、 with him;(Paragraph 2)2) to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise; (Paragraph2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning: Even if they dont have the money to pay me or are willing to promise to pay me, I will still teach them medical skills if they want to learn the art of m

30、edicine;In this sentence “so desire” has the same meaning as “desire so”.pExample: I so desire to visit the famous Buckingham Palace. pMy brother wanted to be a Nobel Prize winner, and I desire so, too. 3) to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrol

31、led themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession,(Paragraph2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning: to give knowledge to my sons and the sons of my teacher and his students, who have decided to study medicine and observe the rules of being a doctor,p impart: to give information, knowledge,

32、 wisdom etc. to sbpExample: She imparted the secret to her boyfriend.penroll: to officially arrange to join a school, university or course, pExample: There were 500 people enrolled in the Western Civilization class. 4) To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause h

33、is death (Paragraph2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning: I will not prescribe a deadly drug in order to please someone, and I will not give my patients any advice that may cause their death.pThere is a “notnor” structure in this sentence. Since the negative word “no” is put at the beginning of the s

34、entence, the rest of the sentence is inverted as “will I prescribe”5) In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, (Paragraph2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning: The only reason that I enter a house is that I want to examine my patients and make them feel betterpfor th

35、e good of: to help something or somebodypExample: I hate swimming and I only go for the good of my health.6) , be they free or slaves. (Paragraph2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning: This sentence is an adverbial clause of concession introduced by “be.” In this case, the sentence is inverted. The no

36、rmal sentence should be “whether they are free or slaves.”pExample: Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high-ranking official.7) in daily commerce with (Paragraph2)Detailed study of the textpMeaning:in my everyday contact with people (especially, the patients) around meIn this p

37、hrase, “commerce” refers to “relationships and communication between people.” So “in commerce with” means “in the communication or contact with ” pExample: He established self confidence in commerce with his friends.8) If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respecte

38、d by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it, may the reverse be my lot. (Paragraph 2) Detailed study of the textpMeaning: If I keep the oath, I will enjoy my life, will be a good doctor, and will be respected by all men and all time; however, if I break the oath, I will not enjoy my life

39、or be a good doctor, I will be despised. Text structure analysisThe Oath divides into two parts: pPart IpParagraph 1 serves as an introduction for the whole passage, declaring that the author will obey the oath.pPart IIpParagraph 2 demonstrates each clause of the oath. Summary of the text pThe text

40、mainly tells us what a physician should do with respect to his teachers, his teachers offspring, his own offspring, other students of medicine, and his patients and their families. This oath is a mirror for all physicians to examine themselves to see whether they have fulfilled their jobs.Questions

41、are welcome!Thank you!Text B12 Principles from Christoph Wilhelm von Hufeland Outline Background informationGlobal analysis of the textDetailed study of the textText structure analysisReference answers to the exercisesBackground informationIntroduction to the authorpChristoph Wilhelm Hufeland (Augus

42、t 12, 1762 - August 25, 1836), a German physician. He is famous as the most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany and as the author of numerous works that display his extensive reading and his cultivated critical faculty.Background informationIntroduction to the authorpHe was born in La

43、ngensalza, Thuringia and educated at Weimar, where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the University of Jena, and in the following year went on to Gttingen, where in 1783 he graduated in medicine. After assisting his father for some years at Weimar

44、, he was called in 1793 to the chair of medicine at Jena, receiving at the same time the positions of court physician and professor of Pathology at Weimar. Background informationIntroduction to the authorpIn 1798 Frederick William III of Prussia appointed him as director to the medical college and g

45、eneral of state medical affairs at the Charit, in Berlin. He filled the chair of pathology and therapeutics at Humboldt University, Prussia, which was founded in 1809, and in 1810 became councilor of state. In time he became as famous as Goethe, Herder, Schiller, and Wieland in his homeland.pOf his

46、practical works, the System of Practical Medicine is the most elaborate. His autobiography was published in 1863. Background informationIntroduction to the topicpThe medical profession has long subscribed to a body of ethical statements developed primarily for the benefit of the patient. As a member

47、 of this profession, a physician must recognize his responsibility to his patients as first and foremost, as well as his responsibility to society, to other health professionals, and to himself. The following Principles adopted by the American Medical Association are not laws, but standards of moral

48、 conduct, which define the essentials of honorable behavior for a physician.Background informationA.Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMApA physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights.pA physician shall uphold t

49、he standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities.Background informationA.Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMApA physician shall resp

50、ect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements which are contrary to the best interests of the patient.pA physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the

51、constraints of the law.Background informationA.Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMApA physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain

52、 consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated.Background informationA.Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMApA physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and

53、 the environment in which to provide medical care.pA physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health.Background informationA.Principles of Medical Ethics adopted by the AMApA physician shall,

54、 while caring for a patient, regard responsibility to the patient as paramount.pA physician shall support access to medical care for all people. pAdopted by the AMAs House of Delegates June 17, 2001. p ( F r o m h t t p : / / w w w . a m a -/ama/pub/category/2512.html)Background informationB

55、. What is medical professionalism?pProfessionalism is the basis of medicines contract with society. Professionalism demands that the physician places the interests of the patients above those of the physician. It also demands that physicians set and maintain standards of competence and integrity as

56、well as provide expert advice to society on matters of health. The principles and responsibilities of medical professionalism must be clearly understood by both the profession and society. Essential to this contract is public trust in physicians, which depends on the integrity of both individual phy

57、sicians and the profession as a whole. Background informationB. What is medical professionalism?pAt present, the medical profession is being confronted with an explosion of technology, changing market forces, problems in health care delivery, bioterrorism, and globalization. As a result, physicians

58、find it increasingly difficult to fulfill their responsibilities to their patients and to society. Under these circumstances, reaffirming the fundamental and universal principles and values of medical professionalism, which provide the ideals to be pursued by all physicians, becomes all the more imp

59、ortant.Background informationB. What is medical professionalism?pThe worldwide medical profession is embedded in diverse cultures and national traditions, but its members share the role of healer, which has roots extending back to Hippocrates. Indeed, the medical profession must contend with complic

60、ated political, legal, and market forces. Moreover, there are wide variations in medical delivery and practice through which general principles can be expressed in both complex and subtle ways. Despite these differences, common themes emerge and form the basis of this charter in the form of three fu