1、Unit 8 Honesty: Is It Going out of style?Warm-up Questions1. What do you think of cheating on exams?2. Have you ever cheated on exams or thought of cheating on exams? 3. Do you think we can stop cheating? If yes, how? If no, why?4. Do you think honesty is going out of style?Background Information1.

2、Polls of public opinion2. Competency tests3. State Regents examinations4. Income taxes1. Polls of public opinion民意測驗測驗 測量特定人群在某一問題上所持意見的分布情況的一種工測量特定人群在某一問題上所持意見的分布情況的一種工具。又稱輿論測驗。通過它可以分析、揭示人群中持某種具。又稱輿論測驗。通過它可以分析、揭示人群中持某種意見的強度及其產生的原因，從而測出人群在此問題上的意見的強度及其產生的原因，從而測出人群在此問題上的態(tài)度和行為傾向，比較準確地分析和估計社會輿論。態(tài)度和行為傾向，

3、比較準確地分析和估計社會輿論。 就其內容而言，屬就其內容而言，屬輿論調查輿論調查；就其方法而言，屬；就其方法而言，屬抽樣調查抽樣調查民意測驗所研究的是公眾普遍關心的政治或社會、經濟問民意測驗所研究的是公眾普遍關心的政治或社會、經濟問題。通過抽樣調查的方式，征詢調查對象的意見、觀點或題。通過抽樣調查的方式，征詢調查對象的意見、觀點或想法，并以此進行分析和推論，然后向公眾公布調查結果，想法，并以此進行分析和推論，然后向公眾公布調查結果，以期說明和解釋問題的趨勢或傾向，引起社會公眾或被調以期說明和解釋問題的趨勢或傾向，引起社會公眾或被調查者的關注和重視，藉此造成輿論并形成影響。查者的關注和重視，藉此

4、造成輿論并形成影響。 西方的民意測驗是從市場研究發(fā)展起來的。研究者在人群西方的民意測驗是從市場研究發(fā)展起來的。研究者在人群中挑選出小量的取樣，測量消費者對某種商品的品種、質中挑選出小量的取樣，測量消費者對某種商品的品種、質量等的意見，以便改進商品，提高銷售額。量等的意見，以便改進商品，提高銷售額。20世紀世紀30年年代，民意測驗在美國被廣泛地應用于政治、經濟等重大社代，民意測驗在美國被廣泛地應用于政治、經濟等重大社會問題上。會問題上。1935年，美國心理學家年，美國心理學家G.H.蓋洛普蓋洛普創(chuàng)立創(chuàng)立美國美國輿論研究所輿論研究所開始對美國當時的政治和社會問題開展全國性開始對美國當時的政治和社會

5、問題開展全國性的大規(guī)模民意測驗。測驗方法是根據(jù)年齡、性別、教育程的大規(guī)模民意測驗。測驗方法是根據(jù)年齡、性別、教育程度、職業(yè)、經濟收入、宗教信仰等度、職業(yè)、經濟收入、宗教信仰等6個標準個標準,在美國各州按在美國各州按比例取樣，寄問卷給測驗對象填答，派調查員進行個別訪比例取樣，寄問卷給測驗對象填答，派調查員進行個別訪問，然后統(tǒng)計分析測驗結果，作出解釋，最后交由問，然后統(tǒng)計分析測驗結果，作出解釋，最后交由“特稿特稿供應社供應社”向日報定戶發(fā)稿。由于蓋洛普對民意測驗作出了向日報定戶發(fā)稿。由于蓋洛普對民意測驗作出了巨大貢獻，因此美國輿論研究所通稱為巨大貢獻，因此美國輿論研究所通稱為蓋洛普民意測驗所蓋洛普

6、民意測驗所，民意測驗也通稱為民意測驗也通稱為蓋洛普測驗蓋洛普測驗。1937年，最早的民意測年，最早的民意測驗?？瀸？浾摷究浾摷究诿绹霭?，并成為美國輿論研究所在美國出版，并成為美國輿論研究所的正式喉舌。與此同時，美國一些大學和宣傳工具，如報的正式喉舌。與此同時，美國一些大學和宣傳工具，如報紙、電臺等也開始進行民意測驗。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前后，紙、電臺等也開始進行民意測驗。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前后，美國政府機構也廣泛使用民意測驗。美國政府機構也廣泛使用民意測驗。 3030年代后期，民意測驗在世界其他國家也得到發(fā)展。歐洲年代后期，民意測驗在世界其他國家也得到發(fā)展。歐洲一些國家和澳大利亞先后組織起美國

7、輿論研究所的分支機一些國家和澳大利亞先后組織起美國輿論研究所的分支機構。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，亞洲和拉丁美洲的許多國家也出構。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，亞洲和拉丁美洲的許多國家也出現(xiàn)了民意測驗組織。到現(xiàn)了民意測驗組織。到19701970年，世界輿論研究協(xié)會已在年，世界輿論研究協(xié)會已在4141個國家擁有個國家擁有300300多個分會。多個分會。 在在美國美國，民意測驗除了用于競選總統(tǒng)、國會議員外，民意測驗除了用于競選總統(tǒng)、國會議員外，還應用于日常社會生活問題還應用于日常社會生活問題, ,如調查人們對某項政策、某如調查人們對某項政策、某種產品、某個事件以及社會福利、環(huán)境污染、種族偏見、種產品、某個事件以及社會

8、福利、環(huán)境污染、種族偏見、吸毒現(xiàn)象等問題的態(tài)度。在吸毒現(xiàn)象等問題的態(tài)度。在中國中國，近年來也開始對青少年，近年來也開始對青少年理想、道德、興趣，黨政部門的工作作風和效率，電視、理想、道德、興趣，黨政部門的工作作風和效率，電視、廣播、報紙中某些內容的效益，干部的德才測評以及一些廣播、報紙中某些內容的效益，干部的德才測評以及一些商品品種、質量等問題進行民意測驗。商品品種、質量等問題進行民意測驗。 2. Competency tests能力測試測試用來測試來測試一個個人是否具有某種種技能，通常是以閱讀閱讀和數(shù)學計數(shù)學計算形式來測試來測試的，美國國越來來越多的州要求學學生通過過能力測試測試以獲獲得高中

9、文憑。職業(yè)職業(yè)能力測試測試、行政能力測試測試、素質質能力測試測試、日語語能力測試測試、漢語漢語能力測試測試、管理能力測試測試等。3. State Regents examinations在紐約紐約州，教教育部要求高中生參參加在科學學、數(shù)學數(shù)學、語語言科目方面的年終終考試試。教教育機構構的董事會會成員員出題題，其他任何人都不能提前看到試試卷，這這一考試試不能代替期末考試試，大部分是選擇題選擇題，但還還要求考生寫寫一篇文章或做數(shù)學題數(shù)學題。滿滿分為為100分，65分為為及格分。4. Income taxes所得稅稅個人所得稅個人所得稅國家對本國公民、居住在本國境國家對本國公民、居住在本國境內的個人

10、的所得和境外個人來源于本國的所內的個人的所得和境外個人來源于本國的所得征收的一種所得稅。得征收的一種所得稅。 企業(yè)所得稅企業(yè)所得稅是對我國內資企業(yè)和經營單位的是對我國內資企業(yè)和經營單位的生產經營所得和其他所得征收的一種稅。生產經營所得和其他所得征收的一種稅。 個人所得稅（個人所得稅（personal income taxes）是調整征是調整征稅機關與自然人稅機關與自然人(居民、非居民人居民、非居民人)之間在個人所得之間在個人所得稅的征納與管理過程中所發(fā)生的社會關系的法律規(guī)稅的征納與管理過程中所發(fā)生的社會關系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。凡在中國境內有住所，或者無住所而在范的總稱。凡在中國境內有住所，或者無

11、住所而在中國境內居住滿一年的個人，從中國境內和境外取中國境內居住滿一年的個人，從中國境內和境外取得所得的，以及在中國境內無住所又不居住或者無得所得的，以及在中國境內無住所又不居住或者無住所而在境內居住不滿一年的個人，從中國境內取住所而在境內居住不滿一年的個人，從中國境內取得所得的，均為個人所得稅的納稅人。得所得的，均為個人所得稅的納稅人。根據(jù)稅收規(guī)定，個人所得稅起征點自根據(jù)稅收規(guī)定，個人所得稅起征點自2008年年3月月1日起由日起由1600元提高到元提高到2000元。元。 nAccording to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high scho

12、ol students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response may not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbors test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other

13、indications that high school cheating may be on the rise. 按照最近的一次民意測驗，按照最近的一次民意測驗，61%的美國高中學生承認在考的美國高中學生承認在考試時至少作弊過一次。試時至少作弊過一次。人們可以爭論說這樣一種回答也許人們可以爭論說這樣一種回答也許沒有多大意義。沒有多大意義。畢竟，大多數(shù)學生畢竟，大多數(shù)學生 已經面臨窺視鄰近考試卷的誘惑，已經面臨窺視鄰近考試卷的誘惑， 并且學生在判斷這樣的行為時能夠并且學生在判斷這樣的行為時能夠 嚴格地對待自己。不管怎樣，有其嚴格地對待自己。不管怎樣，有其 他跡象表明高中作弊行為可能在上升。他跡

14、象表明高中作弊行為可能在上升。admit: v.1) state or agree to the truth of (usu. something bad) I admit my mistake. I admit that I was wrong. He has admitted (to) breaking the window.2) permit to enter Each ticket admits two people to the party. He was admitted to the hospital suffering from burns.3) allow The facts

15、 admit of no other explanation.be faced with:face也可作v. 意為“面臨，面對”nThe new government faced many problems. 新政府面臨許多難題。nWe are all faced with the same problem of rising costs. 我們都面臨著物價上漲問題。peek: v. look quickly and often secretively peek at ones diary 偷看某人的日記 No peeking! 禁止窺視！n. quick (often sly) glance

16、 take a peek at what was hidden in the cupboard 偷看了一下柜子里藏著的東西be hard on: be too strict with 對他要求太苛刻了，他還是個小孩子。對他要求太苛刻了，他還是個小孩子。Dont be hard on him, he is still a child.Its hard on John, having to work when the rest of us are vacationing.indication: n.1) sign or suggestion There are indications that t

17、he situation may be improving. 2) pointing to or out The indication of that arrow is that visitors should turn left here. on the rise: increasing 我們學校的學生人數(shù)在不斷增加。我們學校的學生人數(shù)在不斷增加。The number of students in our school is on the rise.The sales volume of the new products has been on the rise since the mana

18、ger advertised them on TV.non表示正處于何種狀態(tài)或形勢下。 在on the rise 中， rise可以為increase所代替， 其反義詞是 on the decline/decrease. e.g.non the rise/increasenon the decline/decreaseIn our city, interest in sports is on the decline/rise. 在我們城市里, 對體育的興趣正在下降/上升. The demand for tea is on the decrease. 對茶葉的需求量正在減少。 Crime in

19、big cities is on the increase. 在大城市里，犯罪率正在上升。 nMore and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is stu

20、dents in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations. 越來越多的州要求學生通過能力測試為了接收他越來越多的州要求學生通過能力測試為了接收他們的高中文憑。許多教育者擔心運用州測試的增們的高中文憑。許多教育者擔心運用州測試的增長將導致作弊行為的相應增長。一個恰當?shù)睦娱L將導致作弊行為的相應增長。一個恰當?shù)睦邮羌~約州的學生受到犯有輕罪的指控，即擁用并是紐約州的學生受到犯有輕罪的指控，

21、即擁用并出售州董事考試的預先拷貝。出售州董事考試的預先拷貝。corresponding: adj.1) matching The average temperature in July this year is 0.5 degree higher than that in the corresponding period last year.2) the same You win the lottery if you had chosen a number corresponding to the one published in the newspaper.a case in point:

22、a very good example 許多闖了禍就逃跑的汽車司機最后被逮住了，許多闖了禍就逃跑的汽車司機最后被逮住了，史密斯就是這方面的例子。史密斯就是這方面的例子。Many hit-and-run automobile drivers were seized at last. Smith is a case in point.Nearly all major cities in the US are crime-ridden. A case in point is Chicago.charge: n. 1) accusation 指控，控告 The former football star

23、 was arrested on a charge of murder.2) price asked for goods or services 費用 This store has a charge for delivery service.3) amount of electricity contained in a substance 電荷，充電量 a negative / positive charge正/負電荷4) Responsible possession, care, custody 掌管，照管，監(jiān)護 leave a child in a friends charge 把孩子留給

24、朋友照管charge: v. 1) accuse 指控，控告 He was charged with stealing the jewels.2) ask as a price 要價 The hotel charges $2 for washing and ironing a shirt.3) put an amount of electricity into 給充電 Batteries for mobile phones need charging every eight hours.nCheating is now considered to be a major problem in c

25、olleges and universities. Several professors say theyve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they cant track down all the cheaters anymore. 作弊現(xiàn)在被認為是大專院校的主要問題。作弊現(xiàn)在被認為是大專院校的主要問題。幾名教授說他們已經放棄了傳統(tǒng)的答題紙幾名教授說他們已經放棄了傳統(tǒng)的答題紙的需求因為許多學生購買事先寫好的答題的需求因為許

26、多學生購買事先寫好的答題紙，并且他們不能搜尋到所有的作弊者。紙，并且他們不能搜尋到所有的作弊者。requirement: n.我們將盡全力滿足顧客的需要。我們將盡全力滿足顧客的需要。We will try our best to meet the requirements of our customers.The store can supply all your requirements. Collocation: meet someones requirements符合某人的要求符合某人的要求nColleges and universities across the nation have

27、 decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to pr

28、oduce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch “ringers”, students who take tests for other students. 這個國家的大專院校已經決定不只是僅談論學生作弊行為這個國家的大專院校已經決定不只是僅談論學生作弊行為的上升還要采取行動。例如，邁阿密大學的心理學系發(fā)動的上升還要采取

29、行動。例如，邁阿密大學的心理學系發(fā)動了一場停止作弊形式的運動。當了一場停止作弊形式的運動。當409名學生列隊離開他們名學生列隊離開他們的考場時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了一個以外所有的出口都被鎖住了。的考場時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了一個以外所有的出口都被鎖住了。監(jiān)考人要求每個學生出示一張附有照片的監(jiān)考人要求每個學生出示一張附有照片的ID卡。那些說將卡。那些說將ID卡留在宿舍或家里的學生被拍了面部照片。這個運動的卡留在宿舍或家里的學生被拍了面部照片。這個運動的目的是要抓那些來為別人考試的目的是要抓那些來為別人考試的替考人替考人學生。學生。launch: v.1) start, set going 使開始，發(fā)起，發(fā)動 T

30、he government launched an attack against corruption. The company is launching a new model next month. 下月公司將推出新型號產品。2) set a ship afloat 使船下水 The Queen is to launch a new warship today. 今天女王要主持新軍艦下水儀式。3) set a rocket, missile, etc. in motion使運動，送上軌道，發(fā)射（火箭、導彈等） Its expensive to launch an astronaut int

31、o outer space.launch: n.setting in motion 新產品的投產或投放，新船的下水，航天器的發(fā)射1) The launch of their new products received much media coverage.2) The launch of a new ship is usually celebrated with champagne.3) The world mourned for the failed launch of spaceship “Challenger”.campaign: n.1) series of planned acti

32、vities for some special purpose 運動 The campaign succeeded and she won the election. The Parent-Teacher Association started a campaign against smoking in school.2) series of planned military operations with a set purpose 戰(zhàn)役 The soldier was awarded three campaign medals for bravery. The Saratoga Campa

33、ign is a turning point in American Independence War.campaign: n. Collocation: carry on / conduct / wage a campaign開展一場運動開展一場運動launch / mount / organize a campaign發(fā)動（組織）發(fā)動（組織）一場運動一場運動a campaign against反反的運動的運動a campaign for爭取爭取的運動的運動all but n= all except 除了都 e.g. All but Li Ping were here just now. 剛

34、才除了李平，所有人都在這兒。n= nearly, almost 幾乎 Its all but impossible. 這幾乎是不可能的。nThe majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, “Like police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word.

35、” 邁阿密大學的大多數(shù)學生贊成這個運動。這所大學的報紙邁阿密大學的大多數(shù)學生贊成這個運動。這所大學的報紙社論說，社論說，“像警察逮捕違法超速駕駛者一樣，像警察逮捕違法超速駕駛者一樣，這一運動的這一運動的目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足夠的作弊者以便目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足夠的作弊者以便把信息傳開去。把信息傳開去?！眓We frequently hear about “the good old days”, when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe

36、yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today. 我們經常聽到我們經常聽到“過去的好時光過去的好時光”，那時美國人更好，更幸福，那時美國人更好，更幸福，更誠實。但是他們更誠實嗎？也許是吧，很久以前生活很更誠實。但是他們更誠實嗎？也許是吧，很久以前生活很不同于今天的樣子。不同于今天的樣子。applaud: v.1) show approval of sb./sth. by clapping the hands 向某人/某物鼓掌表示歡迎或贊賞 The crowd applauded him/the pe

37、rformance for five minutes.2) praise sb./sth.; approve 稱贊，贊成 I applaud your decision.arrest: 1. v. seize (sb.) in the name of law警方在事故三天后逮捕了醉酒的司機。警方在事故三天后逮捕了醉酒的司機。The police arrested the drunken driver three days after the accident.2. n. seizing (sb.) in the name of lawIn the campaign to clean up th

38、e city, over 500 arrests were made.The forger was placed under arrest.nSchool children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny hed overcharged a customer. Its the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true . unlike the s

39、tory of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washingtons first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, “I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax.” What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character. 學校的孩子熟

40、知亞伯拉罕學校的孩子熟知亞伯拉罕林肯走了林肯走了5公里返還一便士的故公里返還一便士的故事因為他對一位顧客多收了錢。這是我們認為像神話一樣事因為他對一位顧客多收了錢。這是我們認為像神話一樣的故事。但就林肯來說，這個故事的故事。但就林肯來說，這個故事 是真實的是真實的.不像喬治不像喬治華盛頓與櫻華盛頓與櫻 桃樹的故事那樣。華盛頓的第一位桃樹的故事那樣。華盛頓的第一位 傳記作者杜撰了喬治對他父親說，傳記作者杜撰了喬治對他父親說， “我不能說謊話，我要用斧頭來我不能說謊話，我要用斧頭來 對待它。對待它?！钡墓适?。無論如何，的故事。無論如何， 在這兩個故事中重要的是，誠實在這兩個故事中重要的是，誠實 被

41、看做美國人性格的重要部分。被看做美國人性格的重要部分。think of as: regard as, consider asnWe all think of the treaty as of great importance. 我們都認為這個條約很重要。nPeople think of the Great Wall as one of the wonders of the world. 人們把長城看做是世界的奇觀之一。in the case of: so far as sb./sth. is concernednIn the case of the population, China is t

42、he largest country in the world. 就人口而言，中國是世界上最大的國家。in case of: for fear that sth. should happen; if sth. should happen 以防，萬一nIn case of fire, dial 119. 如果/萬一發(fā)生了火災，撥打119.in case: for fear that 如果，以防nTake your umbrella with you in case it rains. 帶上雨傘，以防下雨。unlike: prep. not like, different fromnUnlike

43、his brother, John is very interested in poetry.nShes quite unlike her mother.nAnd these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usually didnt read “fun” stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated,

44、 or stole came to bad ends. 這些只是許多故事之外的兩個故事。這些只是許多故事之外的兩個故事。 上個世紀的學生通常不讀上個世紀的學生通常不讀“娛樂娛樂”故事。故事。 他們閱讀有關道德價值的故事。這些他們閱讀有關道德價值的故事。這些 故事相當清晰地指出說謊、欺騙或偷故事相當清晰地指出說謊、欺騙或偷 竊的孩子的結局都是糟糕的。竊的孩子的結局都是糟糕的。nParents may have further reinforced those values. Its difficult to know. We do know that children didnt hear th

45、eir parents talk of cheating the government on income taxes there werent any. 父母可能會進一步鼓勵那些價值。要想知道是困難的。我父母可能會進一步鼓勵那些價值。要想知道是困難的。我們知道孩子不聽他們的父母談論關于在稅收上欺騙政府們知道孩子不聽他們的父母談論關于在稅收上欺騙政府沒有任何東西。沒有任何東西。moral: 1. adj. concerning principles of right and wrong 道德的 I dont think you have any right to make moral judg

46、ments about me. Premier Zhou is a man of high moral standards.2. n. that which a story, event, or experience teaches 故事的寓意，事情或經歷所含的教訓 The moral of the story “Better late than never”. You may draw your own moral from this e to a bad end: come to some misfortune, esp. to an unpleasant death nYou will

47、surely come to a bad end if you keep driving so carelessly.nIf you dont give up crime, youll come to a bad end.reinforce: vt. strengthen nMore troops were sent to reinforce the fortress.nMost modern buildings are made of reinforced concrete.reinforce的名詞形式為的名詞形式為reinforcement。nA clue as to why Americ

48、ans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person at a large supermarket return money to a customer? Its less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and w

49、ife, steal towels? Its less likely. 關于為什么過去時代的美國人更誠實的一個線索就是亞伯關于為什么過去時代的美國人更誠實的一個線索就是亞伯拉罕拉罕林肯的故事。林肯認識他的顧客。他們都生活在一林肯的故事。林肯認識他的顧客。他們都生活在一個小鎮(zhèn)里。大超市里的結帳員會返還錢給一名顧客？這個個小鎮(zhèn)里。大超市里的結帳員會返還錢給一名顧客？這個可能性更小。就另一方面而言，在一家夫妻經營的小店里可能性更小。就另一方面而言，在一家夫妻經營的小店里過夜的客人會偷毛巾？這個可能性更小。過夜的客人會偷毛巾？這個可能性更小。nPerhaps this tells us that pe

50、ople need to know one another to be at their honest best. 可能這告訴我們人們需要以最誠實的狀態(tài)相互了解?？赡苓@告訴我們人們需要以最誠實的狀態(tài)相互了解。lie in: exist in; be found innDo you believe that “Happiness lies in contentment”?nThe greatest charm of the brides costume lies in its simplicity.on the other hand: from the opposed point of view

51、另一方面，反過來說n該詞組一般與on the one hand(一方面)連用，也可單獨使用。e.g.nHe is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many mistakes. 他很聰明，但從另一方面講，他也犯了不少錯誤。overnight: 1. adj. for or during the night An overnight trip can make people very tired. 2. adv. suddenly After flying across the Atlantic, Charles Lindbergh became f

52、amous overnight.at ones best: in ones best condition or statenHe acted in all kinds of plays, but he was at his best in comedy.nTo see this part of the countryside at its best, you need to come in April.nThe vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty is an important part of the American c

53、haracter. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty? 美國人的絕大部分仍然相信誠實是

54、一個美國人性美國人的絕大部分仍然相信誠實是一個美國人性格的重要部分。因為這一點，有大量的監(jiān)督委員格的重要部分。因為這一點，有大量的監(jiān)督委員會分散在社會的各個層面。比起過去的歲月最近會分散在社會的各個層面。比起過去的歲月最近幾年在學校、商業(yè)和政府中的不誠實現(xiàn)象顯得更幾年在學校、商業(yè)和政府中的不誠實現(xiàn)象顯得更多，但這也可能是因為我們在揭露不誠實行為方多，但這也可能是因為我們在揭露不誠實行為方面做得更好。面做得更好。vast: adj.1) large in quantity He inherited a vast sum of money from his aunt.2) extensive Th

55、e vast plains stretch for 600 miles. 遼闊的平原延伸遼闊的平原延伸600英里。英里。reveal: v.1) expose; make known His life was threatened for revealing the secret.2) cause to be seen Those pictures reveal to us a wonderful world under water.nThere is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, in

56、cidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down. 有證據(jù)表明不誠實會時高時落。有證據(jù)表明不誠實會時高時落。 當時代是困難的時偷盜和欺騙當時代是困難的時偷盜和欺騙 事件會上升。當時代變得更好事件會上升。當時代變得更好 這樣的事件會趨于下降。這樣的事件會趨于下降。nCheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesnt seem linked to the economy. 學校

57、中的做弊也呈現(xiàn)出或高或落。但它并不顯示學校中的做弊也呈現(xiàn)出或高或落。但它并不顯示出與經濟有關。出與經濟有關。 tend to: be apt to; have a tendency to nFarmers tend to use more machinery now.nChildren tend to like action movies.link: 1) v. join or connect The road links all the new towns. 這條路把所有的新城鎮(zhèn)都連接起來。這條路把所有的新城鎮(zhèn)都連接起來。2) n. one ring or loop of a chain;

58、person or thing that connects two others Researches have established the link between smoking and cancer.economy: n.1) control and management of the money, goods and other resources of a community, society or household The President promised to improve the state of the economy.2) careful use of mone

59、y, time, strength, etc. It is never a shame to practice economy. Collocation: practice economy實行節(jié)約實行節(jié)約make economies節(jié)約開支節(jié)約開支strict economy嚴格的節(jié)約措施嚴格的節(jié)約措施a collective economy集體經濟集體經濟a free-market economy自由市場經濟自由市場經濟a national economy國民經濟國民經濟a planned economy計劃經濟計劃經濟nMany educators feel that as student

60、s gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating a person may feel “they dont trust me anyway,” and be tempted to “beat the system”. Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust! 許多教育者感