1、 I Introduction M Methods R Results a and D DiscussionGuo Wang2010-06-11“材料與方法” 主要是說(shuō)明研究所用的材料、方法和研究的基本過(guò)程，它回答“怎樣做”的問(wèn)題，在論文中起承上啟下的作用。材料是表現(xiàn)研究主題的實(shí)物依據(jù)，方法是指完成研究主題的技術(shù)手段。qMaterial: chemicals, experimental materials, animals or humansqMethods: preparation, protocol, purposes of protocol and methods, methods, d

2、ata analysis總的要求：總的要求：Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follow the logic in the paper. The three questions What has been done? What did you look for? How was it done? Should be reproducible by another group一、描

3、述的內(nèi)容1、標(biāo)題 大部分的標(biāo)題采用“Materials and Methods”。但是根據(jù)內(nèi)容不同，可以有所改變，例如：臨床研究論文，標(biāo)題可以具體為“Patients and Methods”，如果在臨床研究中選取了正常人作為對(duì)照，那么標(biāo)題應(yīng)為“Subjects and Methods”。2、描述的內(nèi)容： Study Design drug trial / intervention; prospective / retrospective; randomized, blinded; sensitivity of method; questionnaire; case report; guide

4、lines; meta-analysis Selection and Description of Participants Who is the study about? participants and control subjects (in animal studies, specify genus, species) Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Description of the source population Sample size calculation “Subjects Twelve healthy Swedish Cau

5、casian men (n=9) and women (n=3) with a mean age of 33 years (range 2450) participated in the study. The subjects had a mean body mass index of 23.6 kg/m2 (range 20.026.8) and none was a smoker. They were selected from a panel of healthy subjects at the Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Huddinge

6、University Hospital, Sweden. All were extensive metabolisers of CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 based on prior genotyping, or phenotyping, or both. They reported to be medication-free, including herbal drugs and contraceptive pills. Two additional subjects participated but took part in the first study ph

7、ase only. They withdrew at their own request and not due to any adverse events.” Ethic Issue Consent Ethic clearance “The study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects gave their written informed consent on the basis of verbal and written information. The study was appro

8、ved by the Human Ethics Committee at Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.” Technical Information Apparatus and Kits 主要儀器裝備需要注明其型號(hào)、生產(chǎn)商名稱，產(chǎn)主要儀器裝備需要注明其型號(hào)、生產(chǎn)商名稱，產(chǎn)地與國(guó)家；地與國(guó)家； 有些儀器主要部件的型號(hào)性能參數(shù)等需要寫清楚，有些儀器主要部件的型號(hào)性能參數(shù)等需要寫清楚，例如例如HPLC中的分離柱需要注明其長(zhǎng)度，內(nèi)徑以及中的分離柱需要注明其長(zhǎng)度，內(nèi)徑以及填充顆粒的型號(hào)等；填充顆粒的型號(hào)等； rea

9、gents and drugs 試劑和藥品要注明廠家，產(chǎn)地及國(guó)家試劑和藥品要注明廠家，產(chǎn)地及國(guó)家; 國(guó)際非專利藥品名稱（國(guó)際非專利藥品名稱（INN）需優(yōu)先注明；）需優(yōu)先注明； 在描述藥品名稱時(shí)盡量避免使用代號(hào)或?qū)＠诿枋鏊幤访Q時(shí)盡量避免使用代號(hào)或?qū)＠Q；如果有必要使用專利名稱，可在括號(hào)內(nèi)使用一稱；如果有必要使用專利名稱，可在括號(hào)內(nèi)使用一次，且必須在之前使用藥品的國(guó)際非專利名稱。次，且必須在之前使用藥品的國(guó)際非專利名稱。 reagents and drugs（續(xù)）（續(xù)） 試劑有時(shí)需要注明使用濃度、純度、配方等，試劑有時(shí)需要注明使用濃度、純度、配方等，尤其是自行配制試劑，一些情況下還需要說(shuō)明

10、配尤其是自行配制試劑，一些情況下還需要說(shuō)明配制方法與過(guò)程制方法與過(guò)程; 臨床試驗(yàn)所用藥物必須注明劑型、劑量、給藥臨床試驗(yàn)所用藥物必須注明劑型、劑量、給藥途徑、給藥次數(shù)及總量等信息；途徑、給藥次數(shù)及總量等信息； Methods 對(duì)采用的新方法和步驟（即未曾發(fā)表過(guò)的）應(yīng)提供能重復(fù)操作所需的細(xì)節(jié)； 對(duì)新方法的描述要提供足夠的信息以便于讀者判斷實(shí)驗(yàn)的精確性，重復(fù)性和可靠性。 Methods對(duì)已建立的方法直接引用參考文獻(xiàn),對(duì)已建立方法的改進(jìn)應(yīng)說(shuō)明改良部分；Analytical methods Any method used to quantify drug or metabolite concentra

11、tions in body fluids should be characterised at least by the following information: - Range of quantification (defined by an acceptable accuracy/precision and not by a factor above baseline noise), - accuracy and precision over the entire range of quantification, - recovery (if applicable) and stabi

12、lity information for the period of measurement. This information is needed either in the manuscript or must be available in a reference the author provides. Normally the methods should be described in such a detailed way that other researchers will be able to repeat it. Statistical AnalysisLast para

13、graph is statistical analysis -how data are summarized, statistical test, measurements compared, P value and software.二、時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用 時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用 ： A: 若描述的內(nèi)容為不受時(shí)間影響的事實(shí)，采用一般現(xiàn)若描述的內(nèi)容為不受時(shí)間影響的事實(shí)，采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如：在時(shí)，如：“CYP2C19 genotype is an important determinant of voriconazole plasma levels. Individuals who ar

14、e homozygous poor metabolizers (PM), for example, generally have elevated plasma voriconazole levels, which might confound the determination of voriconazoledrug interactions. Therefore, each subjects CYP2C19 genotype was determined during the screening. Subjects were randomly assigned to a study dru

15、g group so that all groups included a similar proportion of homozygous poor CYP2C19 metabolizers. ” B: 若描述的內(nèi)容為特定的過(guò)去行為或事件，則采用若描述的內(nèi)容為特定的過(guò)去行為或事件，則采用過(guò)去時(shí)，如：過(guò)去時(shí)，如： C: 讀者已知進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)或采用這些材料的人就是作讀者已知進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)或采用這些材料的人就是作者本人，因而一般習(xí)慣采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如者本人，因而一般習(xí)慣采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如: D: 如果涉及表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)或方法，則應(yīng)采用主動(dòng)如果涉及表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)或方法，則應(yīng)采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，如：語(yǔ)態(tài)或不定

16、式結(jié)構(gòu)，如： “For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. We believed that this modification would reduce the amount of scattering.” “For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic to reduce the amount of scattering.”三、注意事項(xiàng) 用SI單位（le Systme International dUnits） 如 25.4 mm (非 1 inch), gL-1 (非 mgml-1), molL-1 (非 M or N). 如果在S