1、1 Lecture 4 Pragmatics- Language in Use2014-03-3021) (A father is trying to get his 3-year-old daughter to stop lifting up her dress to display her new underwear to the assemble.) Father: We dont DO that. Daughter: I KNOW, Daddy. You dont WEAR dresses.2) A little boy comes in the front door.Mother:

2、Wipe your feet, please.He removes his muddy shoes and socks and carefully wipes his clean feet on the doormat. What is funny about the kids behavior? 3 Wipe your muddy shoes on the doormat, please. People dont display their underwear to others. Why did the two kids fail to catch what their parents m

3、eant?-the particular context!4Pragmatics is different from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation but in context.5lContext is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. l語境是

4、語言的語用研究中不可缺少的概念。它一般被理解為說話者和聽話者所共有的知識(shí)。6What is pragmatics?The study of language in use.The study of meaning in context.The study of speakers meaning, utterance meaning, & contextual meaning7Conversational implicatures (會(huì)話隱涵）Alice：Is your boss a nice man? Lucy: He wears a pink tie!Tina: Have you finis

5、hed the paper for semantics and the reading for pragmatics? Dave: Ive done the paper.Phil: Shall we invite Sam as well? Tim: Well, Sams parents are with him now.8I dont like my boss.I havent done the reading yet.I dont think we shall invite Sam.9A: He seems to have very good taste. Lucy: He wears a

6、pink tie! T: Youve been watching TV for the past two hours. Dave: Ive done the paper. P: He always goes home early these days. Tim: Well, Sams parents are with him now.10I dont think he has good taste becauseI deserve the luxury of watching TV for two hours becauseSam has to go home early because11c

7、onclusionsThe same utterance can be used to convey very different meanings if it appears in different contexts.In order to draw the appropriate implicature, a considerable amount of share knowledge is required between the speaker and the hearer. People do not usually say things directly but tend to

8、imply them.Herbert Paul Grice (1913-1988)122. Speech Act Theory John Austin (1911-1960) How to Do Things with Words (1962) speech acts: actions performed via utterances13 英國哲學(xué)家奧斯汀在20世紀(jì)50年代末提出了言語行為理論。在他的言語行為理論中，奧斯汀區(qū)分了言有所述（constative）和言有所為（performative）。言有所述是陳述之言，用于陳述或描述，其真值是可以檢驗(yàn)的。言有所為的話語不是以陳述或描述事實(shí)為目的

9、的，是沒有真值的。奧斯汀認(rèn)為語言使用者在使用句子時(shí)并不總是為了去陳述或描述，而是為了實(shí)施一個(gè)言語行為。14I promise to love you!15 I fire you!16 I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.描述性功能 I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. I promise to finish it in time.承擔(dān)性言語功能 I apologize.表達(dá)性功能 I declare the meeting open

10、.宣告性功能 Why dont you close the door?指示性功能17 A five-part classification of speech acts （John Searle）: a. Commissive (承擔(dān)性言語功能）:a speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future, such as a promise or a threate.g. I promise to finish it in time. I warn you that the bull will charge 1

11、8b. Declarative (宣告性功能）: a speech act which changes the state of affairs in the worlde.g. I declare the meeting open. I now pronounce you husband and wife.19 c. Directive（指示性功能）：a speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do something, such a suggestion, a request or a command. e.g

12、. Please sit down. Why dont you close the window. 20 d. Expressive(表達(dá)性功能）:a speech act in which the speaker expresses feeling and attitudes about something, such as an apology, a complaint, to thank someone, to congratulate one.e.g. The meal was delicious. I apologize21 e. Representative （描述性功能）a sp

13、eech which describes states or events in the world, such as an assertion（斷言）, a claim（主張）, a report（報(bào)告）.e.g. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. This is a German car.222.2. Illocutionary Act Theory John Searle (1932- ) Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels: A locutionary act: the act of sayi

14、ng something in the full sense of “say”. 說話行為說話行為23 An illocutionary act（施事行為）（施事行為）: an act performed in saying something. To say sth is to do sth. In saying X, I was doing Y. In saying “I will come tomorrow”, I was making a promise.24 A perlocutionary act（取效行為）（取效行為）: the act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer. By sa