1、Chapter Sixteen International Humanitarian Law國際人道法國際人道法IntroductionoChapter Fifteen International Human Rights Law國際人權(quán)法 right to human treatment人道待遇權(quán) When the world in peace When in war International Humanitarian Law 國際人道法國際人道法Section OneBasic Concept of IHLo . The applicable scope of IHLo i. Inter

2、national rules, established by treaties or custom, which are specifically intended to solve humanitarian problems directly arising from international or non-international armed conflicts and which, for humanitarian reasons, limit the right of parties to a conflict to use the methods and means of war

3、fare of their choice or protect persons and property that are, or may be, affected by conflict.o國際人道法，是在戰(zhàn)爭或武裝沖突中，以條約和慣例為形式，用來保護(hù)不直接參加軍事行動（如平民百姓）或不再參加軍事行動（如軍事部隊(duì)的傷、病員和俘虜）的人員為目的、并規(guī)定各交戰(zhàn)國或武裝沖突各方之間交戰(zhàn)行為的原則 、規(guī)則和制度的總體。它是軍事需要與人道要求、實(shí)際需要與道德準(zhǔn)則間的平衡。Section OneBasic Concept of IHLo . The applicable scope of IHLo ii

4、. The necessity of IHL P559: “War anywhere is with the parties to the conflict.” 因此，國際人道法的基本概念和適用范圍可概括因此，國際人道法的基本概念和適用范圍可概括為：在武裝沖突中保護(hù)那些（為：在武裝沖突中保護(hù)那些（1）沒有參加作戰(zhàn)沒有參加作戰(zhàn)以以及（及（2）先參加后又退出作戰(zhàn)先參加后又退出作戰(zhàn)的人員。的人員。. “jud ad bellum” and “jus in bello”o . “jud ad bellum”國家訴諸戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)國家訴諸戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)o 對戰(zhàn)爭的限制與禁止： “bellum justum”(戰(zhàn)爭正義論

5、戰(zhàn)爭正義論) 國際聯(lián)盟盟約國際聯(lián)盟盟約 巴黎非戰(zhàn)公約巴黎非戰(zhàn)公約. “jud ad bellum” and “jus in bello”o. “jud ad bellum”國家訴諸戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)國家訴諸戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)o The relation between warfare and peace: while seeking means to preserve and prevent armed conflicts between nations, it is likewise necessary to bear in mind the case where the appeal to arms has be

6、en brought about by events which their care was unable to avert(避免)； o Animated（受激勵） by the desire to serve, even in this extreme case, the interests of humanity and the ever progressive needs of civilization; o Thinking it important, with this object, to revise the general laws and customs of war,

7、either with a view to defining them with greater precision or to confining them within such limits as would mitigate（減輕） their severity as far as possible. “jud ad bellum” and “jus in bello”o . “jud ad bellum”國家訴諸戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)國家訴諸戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)o So on the one hand, internationl law prohibits the use of armed force, on t

8、he other hand, it also permits the legal use of armed force, which is fully embodied in the United Nations Charter. 聯(lián)合國憲章的規(guī)定（1）禁止使用或威脅使用武力；（2）合法自衛(wèi)與聯(lián)合國安全理事會授權(quán)或采取的行動. “jus in bello” 作戰(zhàn)行為規(guī)則o “jus in bello”不去追究戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生的原因，也不問武裝沖突各方誰是誰非，它只是關(guān)于參加沖突各方應(yīng)使用什么樣的戰(zhàn)爭手段和方法的規(guī)則。o The differences of “jud ad bellum” and “j

9、us in bello” are described in Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949:. “jus in bello”o every state has the duty, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territori

10、al integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. . “jus in bello”o Believing it necessary nevertheless to reaffirm and develop the provisions protecting the victims of armed conflicts and to supplement measures intended

11、 to reinforce their application.o Expressingo ReaffirmingSection TwoEvolution and Development of IHLo . Codification of the law of waro 1868圣彼得堡宣言“禁止使用將引起不必要痛苦作戰(zhàn)手段和方法” The Contracting or Acceding Partieso 1899年及1907年兩個海牙公約：規(guī)定作戰(zhàn)人員的原則和規(guī)則，對戰(zhàn)爭的手段和方法進(jìn)行限制?！盎诩词故窃冢☉?zhàn)爭）這樣極端的情勢下，仍為人類的利益和日益增長的文明的需要而服務(wù)的愿望?！盨ect

12、ion TwoEvolution and Development of IHLo . Codification of the law of waro 海牙公約“馬爾頓條款” “Martens Clause”: until a more complete code of the laws of war has been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, the inhabi

13、tants and belligerents（交戰(zhàn)國） remain under the protection and the rule of the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and the dictates(指令) of the public conscience. Integration of The Hague Law System and The Gene

14、va Law Systemo The Hague Law System (作戰(zhàn)手段與方法及中立的制度) o The Geneva Law System (平民與受難者保護(hù)的制度)國際人道法國際人道法 戰(zhàn)爭法（武裝沖突法）戰(zhàn)爭法（武裝沖突法）IHLSection ThreeFundamental Principles and Main Content of IHLo . The Geneva Conventiono . Early Geneva Convention-1864 Three principles: 1. Wounded or sick combatants, to whatever

15、 nation they may belong, shall be collected and cared for; (art. 6)Section ThreeFundamental Principles and Main Content of IHLo . The Geneva Conventiono . Early Geneva Convention-1864 Three principles: 2. Hospital and ambulance personnel, including the quarter-masters staff, the medical, administrat

16、ive and transport services, and the chaplains, shall have the benefit of the same neutrality（中立） when on duty, and while there remain any wounded to be brought in or assisted; (art. 2)Section ThreeFundamental Principles and Main Content of IHLo . The Geneva Conventiono . Early Geneva Convention-1864

17、 Three principles: 3. A distinctive and uniform flag shall be adopted for hospitals, ambulances and evacuation parties. It should in all circumstances be accompanied by the national flag. (art. 7). 1949 Geneva Conventiono 1949 Geneva Convention 1949日內(nèi)瓦四公約：1. Convention for the Amelioration of the Co

18、ndition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field2. Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked members of Armed Forces at Sea3. Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War4. Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Ti

19、me of War. 1949 Geneva Convention1949 Geneva Convention 1949日內(nèi)瓦四公約的內(nèi)容： 1.關(guān)于傷病員待遇問題 2.戰(zhàn)俘待遇問題. Protection of inhabitants in waro 國際人道法要求對交戰(zhàn)者和平民加以區(qū)別，目的是為了在戰(zhàn)爭與武裝沖突期間更有效地實(shí)行對平民的保護(hù)。落入敵國管轄或支配下的平民的保護(hù)有兩種情形：o 一種是戰(zhàn)爭或武裝沖突發(fā)生時(shí)對交戰(zhàn)國或武裝沖突國境內(nèi)的敵國平民的保護(hù)，另一種是對占領(lǐng)區(qū)的平民的保護(hù)。 . Common clauses of 1949 Geneva Convention Body日內(nèi)瓦公約

20、共同條款o1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Conventions in all circumstances. Common clauses of 1949 Geneva Convention Body日內(nèi)瓦公約共同條款o2. The present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise b

21、etween two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance. Common clauses of 1949 Geneva Convention Body日內(nèi)瓦公約共同條款o3. In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties,

22、 each party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, （最低限度）the following provisions”. The two Protocols additional to the Geneva Convention 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o .Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Internati

23、onal Armed Conflict （第一議定書）o The applicable scope was expanded: “include armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right to self-determination”. The two Protocols additional to the Geneva Convent

24、ion 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o （第一議定書）96條：o “the authority representing a people” 將民族解放運(yùn)動寫入第一議定書將民族解放運(yùn)動寫入第一議定書. The two Protocols additional to the Geneva Convention 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o （第一議定書）43條：o “The armed forces of a Party to a conflict consist of all ” 關(guān)于戰(zhàn)俘地位的條件關(guān)于戰(zhàn)俘地位的條件. The two Protoc

25、ols additional to the Geneva Convention 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o （第一議定書）44條：o “While all combatants are obligated to comply with the rules of international law” 將戰(zhàn)俘資格和戰(zhàn)俘待遇的規(guī)定擴(kuò)大到?jīng)_突方武裝將戰(zhàn)俘資格和戰(zhàn)俘待遇的規(guī)定擴(kuò)大到?jīng)_突方武裝部隊(duì)的所有人員。部隊(duì)的所有人員。即便違反了國際法規(guī)則，也不被剝奪作為戰(zhàn)斗員的權(quán)利；即便被俘虜，也不應(yīng)被剝奪其作為戰(zhàn)俘的權(quán)利。. The two Protocols additional to

26、 the Geneva Convention 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o （第一議定書）關(guān)于敵對行為的規(guī)定：o 1. “In any armed conflict, the right of the Parties to the conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited.”沖突各方選擇作戰(zhàn)方法和手段的權(quán)利不是不是無限制的無限制的o 2. “It is prohibited to employ weapons, to cause superfluous injury or unnece

27、ssary suffering.”禁止使用帶來不必要痛苦的武器o 3. “In order to ensure respect formilitary objectives.”平民與民用物體不得成為攻擊的目標(biāo). The two Protocols additional to the Geneva Convention 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o . Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of No

28、n-International Armed Conflict（第二議定書）-專門規(guī)范國內(nèi)國內(nèi)武裝沖突的法律公約o 第二議定書適用范圍:(第一條)規(guī)定“This Protocol, which develops and supplements article 3 common to the ”. The two Protocols additional to the Geneva Convention 1949 -1977年年2個附加議定書個附加議定書o . Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and r

29、elating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflict（第二議定書）-專門規(guī)范國內(nèi)國內(nèi)武裝沖突的法律公約o This Protocol shall not apply ti situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots(騷亂), isolated and sporadic（零星的） acts of violence and other act of a similar nature, as not being armed c

30、onflicts.該議定書不適用于一國內(nèi)部所發(fā)生的不屬于武裝沖突的動亂和緊張局勢動亂和緊張局勢。. Fundamental principles of IHLo1. restrictiono2. proportiono3. distinctiono4. neutralityo5. to avoid unnecessary sufferingsSection FourProsecution of Those Who Seriously Violated IHL Ruleso . Development of Prosecution of Those Who Seriously Violated

31、IHL Ruleso1. International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and International Military Tribunal at Far East initiate the precedent to prosecute personal criminal liability of war criminals.Section FourProsecution of Those Who Seriously Violated IHL Ruleso . Development of Prosecution of Those Who Seri

32、ously Violated IHL Ruleso 2. War crimes shall include, but not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder, ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder o

33、f public or private property, wanton destructions of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity.Section FourProsecution of Those Who Seriously Violated IHL Ruleso . Development of Prosecution of Those Who Seriously Violated IHL Ruleso3. Principles of the Charter o

34、f the International Military Tribunal. the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Rwandao 1. 成立背景o 2. 法庭的組成o 3. 管轄權(quán)o 4. 二者的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系o 5. 評價(jià) . International Criminal Courto 國際刑事法院規(guī)約(Statute of International Criminal Court)于2002年7月1日正式生效o