1、英語語法高中版目錄：第一章現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時第二章被動語態(tài)第三章動詞不定式第四章動名詞第五章分詞第六章助動詞和情態(tài)動詞第七章動詞語氣第八章強(qiáng)調(diào)句、語序和倒裝第九章名詞從句第十章定語從句第十一章狀語從句第十二章主謂一致現(xiàn)在完成時 the present perfect tense過去發(fā)生的而與現(xiàn)在的情況有關(guān)的事或狀態(tài)，或者是從過去某時到現(xiàn)在為止這一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的情況?！疽欢ㄅc現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系】現(xiàn)在完成時的用法：“繼續(xù)”、“完成”、“經(jīng)驗”、“結(jié)果”。 My father has worked here for nearly 30 years. 【從過去繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)】 I have v

2、isited the state of Michigan twice.【過去某時刻發(fā)生的動作使現(xiàn)在有某種經(jīng)驗】 I have just finished my homework.【現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成的動作】 I have lost my dictionary.【過去發(fā)生了某動作導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果】四種用法的時間狀語：繼續(xù)since, for, How long?, all, etc.經(jīng)驗often, ever, never, before, once, times完成already, just, yet, etc.結(jié)果不需要時間狀語表示繼續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時【一定要和現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，否則只需要用一般過去時】 I

3、began to study English three years ago. I still study English now. I have studied English since three years ago.常用的時間狀語：for+時間；since+過去某時。“for+時間”可以和各種時態(tài)連用，千萬不要產(chǎn)生誤解，認(rèn)為它只用于完成時。He studied in Beijing University for 4 years in 1960s. 此句是過去時，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，只是在過去的二十世紀(jì)六十年代發(fā)生的事，同樣可以用“for+時間”。“since+過去的時間”表示從過去某時開始的動

4、作或狀態(tài)一直繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，此時，since是介詞。Ive learned to dance since three years ago.We have known each other since we were children.注意：通常since引導(dǎo)的從句的動詞是用過去時，而主句原則上是用現(xiàn)在完成時，但用“its+時間”開始的句子例外。Its ten years since we left school. 其它時間副詞：always, often, these days (months, years), recently (lately), so far=up to now=till no

5、w=until now, in the last (past) few years表示經(jīng)驗的現(xiàn)在完成時1. 過去時：Helen read the novel three years ago and she read the novel again and again.2. 現(xiàn)在時：Now she knows the novel (or Now she remembers the novel).1+2=33. 現(xiàn)在完成時：Helen has read the novel three times.常用表示經(jīng)驗的時間狀語：置于句中的 時間狀語（副詞）often, ever, never。注意neve

6、r的位置，如，No, I never haveNo, I have never done that.放在句末的時間狀語：表示頻率的副詞，before, yetShe has read the poem once.I have taught English in this school before.have (has) been辨析形式意義用法have (has) been to曾經(jīng)去過經(jīng)驗到去過了完成have (has) been in曾在經(jīng)驗一直在繼續(xù)表示完成、結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時【表示結(jié)果的完成時，往往不必用時間狀語】I finished my homework yesterday. 昨天做

7、完了作業(yè)。（和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，現(xiàn)在也許又在做作業(yè)）Ive just finished my homework. 已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)。（現(xiàn)在沒有作業(yè)可做）I opened the window. 過去的動作The window is open now. 過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響還存在I have opened the window. 我已經(jīng)打開了窗戶。表示完成的時間狀語（副詞）：already, just, yet.放在句中的副詞 already, justI have already written a letter to my teacher.I have just phoned him.注意：alrea

8、dy有時也用在疑問句中Has she arrived at the station already? （暗示驚訝的心情，可能她動作很慢，沒想到已經(jīng)到了，給人出乎意料的感覺）放在句末的副詞 yetI havent had lunch yet. 在否定句中，yet譯為“還”。Has she seen the doctor yet? 在疑問句中，yet譯為“已經(jīng)”。（not yet常代替否定句）already 和 yet 的用法肯定already （已經(jīng)）否定yet （還）疑問yet （已經(jīng)）使用現(xiàn)在完成時需要注意的事項1. just now和just的區(qū)別兩者皆可譯為“剛才”，但just now一

9、般用于過去時，而just用于現(xiàn)在完成時，而且它們在句中的位置也不同。（just now置于句末，just置于have/has后）2. Today, this morning, this afternoonHe didnt do his homework this afternoon. 根據(jù)時態(tài)是過去時可以推測說話時已經(jīng)是晚上了，所以此句要譯為“他今天下午沒做作業(yè)”He hasnt done his homework this afternoon.根據(jù)時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時可以推測現(xiàn)在還是下午，如果是晚上應(yīng)該用hadnt，所以此句要譯為“他今天下午還沒做作業(yè)呢” 【下午說話時，他還有可能去做作業(yè)】He

10、 arrived here a little late today, because he got up late and didnt catch the bus. 他遲到了，因為他晚起，而且沒趕上車。到達(dá)arrived的動作已經(jīng)過去了。He has been busy today. 僅太難很忙?！窘刂沟秸f話時，仍是今天，他仍很忙?！?. 注意地點狀語的運用【有時一個地點狀語會影響時態(tài)的運用，因為這個地點狀語限定了時間】I bought this watch in Shanghai.“在上?！本拖薅速I手表這個動作發(fā)生在過去的某個時間，而我們就不能把這個動作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來了，所以這個句子雖然沒

11、有時間狀語，但這個地點限定了此句只能用過去時。4. 幾種時態(tài)表同一意思”他離開中國已經(jīng)兩年了”一般過去時：He left China two years ago.一般現(xiàn)在時：It is two years since he left China. 【句型：it is +時間+since+過去時態(tài)的句子】現(xiàn)在完成時：He has been away from China for 2 years.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時1. 現(xiàn)在完成時側(cè)重于動作的結(jié)束或完成；而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時則側(cè)重于動作的未結(jié)束和繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。而且現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時基本上沒有否定時態(tài)。2. He hasnt been sleeping for 5

12、hours. 否定詞看似否定的是謂語hasnt been sleeping，但實際上卻否定了狀語for 5 hours。譯為“他沒有一直睡五個小時。”也許是四個小時，或三個小時。3. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)動作延續(xù)時間的長久或帶感情色彩。Miller has always been studying hard. 米勒學(xué)習(xí)總是非常努力。（贊許的感情色彩）4. 動作不包含持續(xù)意思的動詞要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。The artist has painted the painting. 畫家畫完了畫。The artist has been painting the painting.

13、 畫家一直在畫畫。5. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時有時也用來表示一種在現(xiàn)在以前這個階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的事。Ive always been thinking of her but I cant see her.He has been promising me to help you. Hasnt he done it?6.用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的時間狀語基本上和現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語相同?，F(xiàn)在完成時表示已做完的事情及已有的經(jīng)驗但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時則無這兩種作用被動語態(tài) Passive voice英語中時態(tài)的種類：過去，現(xiàn)在，將來，一般，進(jìn)行，完成，組合十六種。一般過去時；一般現(xiàn)在時；一般將來時；過去進(jìn)行時；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時；將來

14、進(jìn)行時；過去完成時；現(xiàn)在完成時；將來完成時；過去將來時；過去將來完成時；過去將來進(jìn)行時；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時；將來完成進(jìn)行時；過去完成進(jìn)行時；過去將來完成進(jìn)行時；被動語態(tài)的幾種復(fù)雜時態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成時The lifesaver has saved more than twenty lives.More than twenty lives have been saved (by the lifesaver).過去完成時They had built ten bridges by 1980.Ten bridges had been built (by them) by 1980.【by them 和by 19

15、80意義不同，后者是時間狀語，不能省略】過去將來時Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening.Mother said the naughty boy would be punished.將來完成時【使用很少】We shall have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month.Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month.過去將來完成時【使用很少】He said he wou

16、ld have learned five thousand words by 2000.He said five thousand words would have been learned (by him) by 2000.沒有被動結(jié)構(gòu)的時態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：用完成時。The builders have been building this skyscraper for two months.This skyscraper has been built for two months.將來完成時的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：用一般將來時。You will be doing the experiment he

17、re at this time next Monday.The experiment will be done here at this time next Monday.被動語態(tài)的幾種類型有兩個賓語的句子的被動語態(tài)：主動句：S + V + IO（間賓）+ DO（直賓）被動句：S（原IO）+ be + 原DO + by + 原主語之賓格 S（原DO）+ be + 過去分詞 + by + 原主語之賓格可有兩種被動語態(tài)的動詞：award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tellHe lent me a bike.A bike wa

18、s lent to me (by him).I was lent a bike (by him).通常用直賓做被動語態(tài)主語的一些動詞：bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write, sewHe wrote her a letter.A letter was written (to) her by him.She was written a letter.（不合習(xí)慣）通常用間賓做被動語態(tài)主語的一些動詞：answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spareI refused her the invitation.She wa

19、s refused the invitation by me.The invitation was refused him by me.（不合習(xí)慣）含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子（SVOC）的被動語態(tài)：補(bǔ)足語放在過去分詞后，其位置雖然保持不變，但語法功能變了此時的補(bǔ)語不在是賓語的補(bǔ)語，而變成了主語的補(bǔ)語。He saw a thief steal something from the room.A thief was seen to steal something from the room.由非短語動詞形成的被動語態(tài)：介詞或副詞的位置與短語動詞形成的被動語態(tài)比起來很不固定，非常靈活。The studen

20、ts danced around the visitors.the visitors were danced around (by the students).Around (by the students) the visitors were danced.注意：will用于第一人稱是表說話者的意志，因此改為被動語態(tài)時，其主語you, he第二、第三人稱，須用shall，以表說話者“我”的意志。I will ask him.He shall be asked (by me).否定祈使句的被動語態(tài)：主動句Dont + V（原形） + O被動句Dont + O（原賓語） + be + 過去分詞D

21、ont tell him the truth.Dont let the truth be told to him.被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別1. 根據(jù)狀語來區(qū)別：有時間狀語或方式狀語的，一般為被動語態(tài)，反之則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 根據(jù)所用的時態(tài)來區(qū)別：被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)要與它的相應(yīng)主動語態(tài)句子一致，系表結(jié)構(gòu)不需要考慮時態(tài)一致問題；系表結(jié)構(gòu)只用于一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時，不能用于其他時態(tài)。而被動語態(tài)除了不用與完成進(jìn)行時和將來進(jìn)行時外，可用于其它任何時態(tài)。3. 根據(jù)動詞的種類來區(qū)別：不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，除非它后面有介詞或副詞。所以be+不及物動詞的過去分詞一般不是被動語態(tài)，而是系表

22、結(jié)構(gòu)。如下：表狀態(tài)be gone, be returned, be fallen, be risen, be retired.表智力活動結(jié)果be learned, be educated, be mistaken, be known.表心態(tài)be ashamed, be interested, be astonished, be excited, be pleased.【有時這些表心態(tài)的動詞和可接by來表達(dá)被動意義】 be+延續(xù)動詞的過去分詞只表被動語態(tài),如下：be admired, be loved, be respected, be encouraged, be praised.學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)

23、應(yīng)注意的事項感官動詞表示狀態(tài)或結(jié)果時；賓語起狀語作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小、程度時，主動表示被動這類動詞有：smile, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, remain, prove, appear, fall, turncost, weigh, number, keep, wash, drink, sellclean, lock, translate, read, last, write, cook, tear, cut, burn, strike, pull, act, last, feelhave/get sth/sb + 過去分詞have和get的區(qū)別是

24、，get是出自本身的意愿，而have則出于無奈和自愿。I had my watch stolen. 我的手表被偷了。I got my watch stolen.我讓我的手表被偷了。（自愿）主語+want/ need/ require/ doing (= to be done)The baby wants (needs, requires) examining.The car is under repair. (being repaired now)This kind of computer is in use. (being used now)動詞不定式 Infinitive動詞不定式與動名詞

25、、分詞一樣是動詞的一種非謂語形式；它前面一般要有一個不定時符號“to”；為了把它與介詞to區(qū)分開，也叫它“小品詞”，它沒有詞性。不定式在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可以當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、狀語、定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。動詞不定式還保留了許多動詞的特點，如：它可以有自己的賓語；He likes to play football.可以有狀語來修飾；The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.可以帶自己的主語;To draw such a picture is not easy. 語態(tài)時態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般to + do（原形）t

26、o be done完成to + have doneto have been done進(jìn)行to + be doing無完成進(jìn)行to + have been done無不定式的名詞性不定式做主語【謂語動詞用單數(shù)】1. 常見帶形式主語it的句型有： It is easy (difficult, hard, important, right, impossible, necessary, wise, kind, cruel, nice) to do It is pleasure (pity, pleasing thing, crime, an honor) to do It takes sb. som

27、e time to do sth.2. for和of做不定式邏輯上的主語時的區(qū)別：for sb.的句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。It is important for us to express our opinions. (to do sth. is important)of sb.的句型一般用于表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞。It is clever of him to leave that country. (sb. is clever)不定式做表語常見的動詞如be, seem, remain, appear, get等，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容；常見的主語如ones dream, busin

28、ess, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty及what one wants to do等。不定式做賓語【動賓和介賓】1. 句型：主語+及物動詞+ it +賓語補(bǔ)足語+ to + VWe think it important to obey the laws.I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語的不定式第二次出現(xiàn)時往往省略，只保留不定式符號to. 下列動詞后：want, wish, hope, like, hat

29、e, plan, try, love; 下列助動詞后：have to, ought to, need;在be able to, used to 和 be going to 后。2. 當(dāng)介詞but, except, besides前面有一個實意動詞do時，介詞后面的不定式可以省略to。另外，介詞instead of前后兩個成分必須對等，如果前面一個成分是一個不定式，后面的不定式就可以省略to。除but, except, besides外，個別介詞可用”連接代詞/副詞+不定式“作賓語。What do you like to do besides play games?We want to watc

30、h TV instead of go out for a walk.The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.不定式的形容詞性在他所修飾詞的后面，而且往往放在其他后置定語的后面。動賓關(guān)系如果作定語用的不定式是不及物動詞，就要在其后加一個介詞，使被修飾的詞成為該介詞的邏輯賓語。He is looking for a room to live in.有時不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面也應(yīng)該有必要的介詞。Please pass me some paper to write on.注意：當(dāng)不定式修飾的詞是place, ti

31、me, way時，不定式后邊的介詞可以省略。He has no money and no place to live.I think the best way to travel (by) is on foot.主謂關(guān)系不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是它的邏輯主語。The factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.A factory which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.當(dāng)不定式修飾的是序數(shù)詞或是形容詞最高級所修飾的名詞時，或者這個名詞被省略時，這個名詞和

32、不定式之間也是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting.Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive.不定式修飾something, anything, nothing。句型：不定代詞+形容詞+不定式I want something to read.【此句意為“我要一些可讀的東西”，to read作形容詞修飾something；而“I want to read something”意為“我想讀點兒東西”，to read作名詞，作want的賓語，而something在不定式

33、中作to read的賓語】不定式做定語，有時用主動語態(tài)表示被動含義There be句型中，there is a letter to write.可以理解為“there is a letter (for me) to write.”再如：there is no time to lose.=there is no time (for us) to lose.比較：Im going to the post office, I know you have a letter to post. Let me post it for you.Thank you, but I have no letter t

34、o be posted now.第一句中句子的主語和不定式的主語一致，所以用主動表示被動含義；第二句中，不定式的主語不是句子的主語I ，而是第一句里的you，所以要用被動語態(tài)。當(dāng)不定式修飾want, have等動詞的賓語，而句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語時，用主動語態(tài)表達(dá)被動含義。We have no homework to do.【主語we是不定式的邏輯主語，可以理解為“we do no homework”】當(dāng)不定式修飾buy, get, give等動詞的直接賓語，而間接賓語是不定式的邏輯主語時，用主動語態(tài)表示被動含義。Please buy me some newspaper to read.

35、Ill give u some novel to read on the journey.不定式的副詞性表原因He is lucky to get there./ Lee seemed willing to do that.The house is very comfortable to live in./ We found him was easy to get along with.表目的【前置以將強(qiáng)語氣，如需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)，可加in order / so as 】（in order）To serve the people well I study hard.比較：so as to引導(dǎo)的目的狀

36、語不能放在句首，in order to可以；so as to也可以表示結(jié)果，但要分開寫：soas to + do，如They started so early as to catch the first bus.表結(jié)果經(jīng)常和only, never連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果和失望的情緒。I hurried to get there only to find him out.其他用法在too前面加only或but（相當(dāng)與really）以加強(qiáng)語氣。He is only too glad to come here.【He is too wise not to see that.意為“他很聰明，不會不懂那一點。”】

37、不定式在句中作為獨立成分To tell you the truth, I dont think the film is good.To be frank, you are lying.He knows English and French, not to speak of German.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語可以省略to在某些感官動詞（feel, hear, listen to, watch, look at, notice, observe）和使役動詞（let, have, make）后作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，省去to，但在被動語態(tài)中不可省。Did u hear anyone say anything

38、about it?The workers were made to work day and night.to be結(jié)構(gòu)動詞think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take后，不定式作賓補(bǔ)時常用to be結(jié)構(gòu)。不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語，要符合三個條件：句子的謂語動詞是被動語態(tài)；句子的主語必須是動詞不定式邏輯上的主語；動詞不定式在主動句中作賓補(bǔ)。This room was said to have been cleaned.It was said that the room had been cleaned.He was t

39、old to be quiet.The teacher told him to be quiet.不定式中省去to的情況在感官動詞和使役動詞之后只有當(dāng)have, make當(dāng)使役動詞時，才省去不定式作賓補(bǔ)時的小品詞to，當(dāng)它們?yōu)閷嵰鈩釉~時不能省。They made a lot of flowers to decorate the room.兩個以上不定式并列I promised to finish my work and hand it in on time. (, and to hand it in)但是在對照的場合，to不可以省。Its better to laugh than to cry

40、.有介詞but, except, besides，而且其前面有實意動詞do時，不定式在介詞后可以省去to。The enemy can do nothing but surrender.The enemy had nothing to choose but to surrender.不定式作賓語重復(fù)時可省在go, come后作目的狀語的不定式Go ask your father./ You should go say “Thank you”.在系動詞be后作表語時What I want to do is have a good rest.句型Why not do sth?/ Why do sth

41、?幾個句型詞組I prefer to go to the movies rather than (to) stay home.prevent/ stop/ save/ keep sb. from doing sth.注意：suggest的兩種含義，“建議”和“表明”He suggested a way out of the difficulty.I suggest putting the meeting off.The teacher suggested that the students (should) relax themselves on Sunday.His pale face su

42、ggests he is in poor health.suggest后不跟不定式！動名詞Gerund動名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語和定于。作主語【謂語動詞一律用單數(shù)】It is no use (useless) talking too much.It is no good crying.It trains the ear listening to music.There is no doing = It is impossible to do = No one can doThere is no telling what will happen.Its impossible to tel

43、l what will happen.No one can tell what will happen.作表語【表語和主語常常可以互換】One of his habit is not speaking clearly. =Not speaking clearly is one of his habit.動名詞和不定式做表語的區(qū)別：動名詞接近于名詞，所表示的動作比較抽象，或者是習(xí)慣性的；而不定式多表示某次比較具體的動作，特別是將來的動作。作賓語【注意固定搭配的詞組】動名詞和不定式做賓語有區(qū)別的情況：I like skating, But I dont like to skate today. 前

44、者表習(xí)慣，后者表暫時的動作。She hates to smoke before other people. And she hates smoking.前者指他自己不抽，后者指她討厭所有抽煙的人。The girl has learned to cook.表示學(xué)會做什么事。The girl has learned cooking.表示她學(xué)過，但不知道做得好不好。作定語【表示所修飾詞的用途】The swimming pool belongs to our school.He wants to improve his teaching method.He will be surprised at m

45、y (me) calling.動名詞不作主語，可以用代詞的賓格或所有格。My presence makes them angry.但如果做主語，只能是物主代詞或名詞所有格。It is no use doing sth.It is no good doing sth.It is of no use to do sth.It is useless to do sth.動名詞的主動形式代替被動形式 want need主語（物）+ require （需要）+ doing（動名詞的主動形式） deserve want need=主語 + require （需要） + to be done （不定式的被動

46、形式） deserve 主語+ be worth doing = 主語 + be worthy to be done.（推薦）/ of being done. The book is well worth reading again.此句中用well修飾worth而不是very，同時reading后不能加it，因為reading的邏輯主語就是句子的主語the book，不能重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。分詞Participle形式位置內(nèi)容時間分詞單個分詞或分詞短語均可（起形容詞作用）放在所修飾詞的前后均可分詞定語和所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于定語從句，分詞說明所修飾的詞，所修飾的人或物所做的動作或特征主動

47、語態(tài)的分詞一般表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生的動作，被動語態(tài)的分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作動名詞只以單詞的形式出現(xiàn)（起名詞作用）只能放在它所修飾詞的前面動名詞定語一般表示所修飾詞的用途，它和所修飾詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系不定式單個不定式和不定式短語放在所修飾詞的后面不定式定語和它所修飾的詞一般有邏輯的動賓關(guān)系和主謂關(guān)系，不定式表示的動作性強(qiáng)不定式的一般時態(tài)和進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示在謂語動詞之后或同時發(fā)生的動作，完成時可表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作分詞、動名詞、不定式作定語時的區(qū)別分詞作狀語和不定式作狀語的區(qū)別不定式作狀語：主要是作目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語，還有一些作原因狀語；分詞作狀語：一般表示時間、原因、條件

48、、讓步、方式、伴隨等情況。（很少用于目的和結(jié)果）表原因的不定式Im sorry to hear that./ They rejoiced to get together first.表原因的分詞短語【在句子任何位置都可以，而且要帶有逗號】The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didnt fully explain the seriousness of her condition.用作介詞或連詞的分詞supposing, 假設(shè)、假如、設(shè)想 according to, 按照considering, 認(rèn)為 including, 包括 granted

49、, 認(rèn)為獨立主格分詞短語作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是句子的主語。但有時分詞短語帶有自己的主語，（他們之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）。這個邏輯上的主語一般是由名詞擔(dān)任，在分詞短語之前，我們稱之為獨立主格。Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school.It being Sunday, you neednt go to school.After all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.All the officials having arrived, the meeting w

50、as declared open.If weather permits, well go to the Summer Palace.Weather permitting, Well go to the Summer Palace.情態(tài)動詞和助動詞Auxiliary verb & Modal auxiliary五個助動詞（be, have, do, shall, will）原形現(xiàn)在時過去時過去分詞beis, am, arewas, werebeenhavehave, hashadhaddodo, doesdiddoneshallshouldwillwould原形過去式同義詞組cancouldbe

51、 able tomaymightmustmust (had to)has/ have tohave tohad tomusthad betterhad better可以是實意動詞和情態(tài)動詞，主要用于否定、疑問詞句中，在肯定句中是實意動詞needneededdaredaredshallshouldought towillwouldought toought toshouldMay not的三個意思：作“不可以”解，表不允許（=must not）May I go? No. you may not. (=mast not)回答can？答句中的may not為“可能不”之意Can it be true

52、? It may be, or may not be.may not也表示“可以不”You may not go.May/ might的慣用語：may well + 動詞原形 （=have good reason to）理所當(dāng)然You may well say so.你說的對。may (might) as well （= had better）最好You may as well say so.may as well + 動詞原形 + as + 動詞原形You might as well throw your money away as lend it to him.Shall we carry

53、 it for you? 與 lets carry it. 意思上很相近。ought to和should的用法比較：ought to 表示“道義”上的責(zé)任，是從“義務(wù)”或“按理推斷”的角度來講的；should表示從說話人的個人看法這一角度來講的。would與used to sth.同義，都表示過去多次發(fā)生的習(xí)慣動作，但used to表較有規(guī)則的習(xí)慣，would較無規(guī)則。When I pass my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.used to的用法：【過去的習(xí)慣或某時的狀況，但現(xiàn)在已不存在】He used to

54、 smoke. （but now he never smokes.）When he was young, he would smoke a lot.（不含有和現(xiàn)在的比較，現(xiàn)在他或許還在抽煙，也許不抽了）be used to中的to是介詞，所有后面可以跟名詞、代詞或動名詞，而used to后需跟動詞不定式，to是小品詞。need和dare的用法Dare作為情態(tài)動詞，用于否定句和疑問句，可以用于表示懷疑的名次從句和條件狀語從句中。 I wonder how he dares say such things. I wonder how he dares to say such things. If

55、the enemy dare enter the village, well fight against them to the end.You dare go, so dare I.（錯）作為情態(tài)動詞不能用于肯定句中 You dare to go, so do I. （對）Dare作為實意動詞，多用于肯定句中，但在疑問句和否定句中也可運用。和實意動詞一樣dare在句子中要隨著主語的人稱和書發(fā)生變化。You dare not go. = You dont dare to go.He doesnt dare to walk at night.Need作為情態(tài)動詞和dare一樣，用于否定句和疑問句

56、，一般不用于肯定句之中，肯定句中常用must, have to, ought to, should等。作為情態(tài)動詞，他的詞形只有一個need。Need he go yesterday? =Did he need to go yesterday?動詞語氣Verbs mood從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反用過去時用過去將來時 wereIf + 主語 + did were doingif I were you. If there was no are. should/ would do主語 + might/ couldI should / would go at once.與過去事實相反過去完成過去將來完成

57、If + 主語 + had doneIf you had been there last night.If you had got there earlier. should / would have done主語 + might / couldnothing would have happened.you would have caught the bus.與將來事實相反過去時（were to）：should + V （萬一）過去將來時 wereIf + 主語 did were to doIf + 主語 + should + doif it were Sunday tomorrow.if y

58、ou were to visit the school. should / would do主語 + might / couldwe wouldnt have an exam.you would say “hello” to him.錯綜時間條件句：主句謂語動詞所表示的動作和條件從句中謂語動詞所表示的動作并不同時發(fā)生，這是動詞的形式并不完全按照上述表格來進(jìn)行，而需要按照各自的時間來調(diào)整，這樣的句子就叫錯綜時間條件句。If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be all right now. 現(xiàn)在就已經(jīng)好了。If you had fol

59、lowed the doctors advice, you would have been all right then. 當(dāng)時就好了。If I hadnt finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow. 從句表示與過去事實相反，主句表示與將來事實相反。含蓄條件句：不用條件句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。用with, without等介詞短語或分詞短語或者獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來替代條件從句。We might have died without your help. = We might have

60、died if you hadnt helped us.Having known in time, we could have stopped it. =If we had known it in time, we could have stopped it.用相當(dāng)于if的其他連詞表示虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。otherwise,否則，不然 in case,假如but that, 要不是 on condition (that), 條件是unless, 除非 suppose / supposing (that), 假如so long as, 只要 providing / provided (that), 如果I