1、第 PAGE12 頁 共 NUMPAGES12 頁GRE閱讀考試解題套路GRE閱讀考試解題套路下面就是GRE閱讀考試解題套路的內(nèi)容節(jié)選，感興趣的同學就進來看看吧，相信對您備考GRE閱讀會有幫助。GRE閱讀套路簡介寫在前面：在新GRE的閱讀理解中，長文章已經(jīng)正式“失寵”。于是長文章的靈魂： 套路也就正式被打入冷宮了。但是畢竟新GRE閱讀也是有1到2篇長文章。希望我在此的一點介紹以及輔以的范文可以讓大家理解GRE閱讀的“套路”。另，該書我即將出版的新GRE閱讀的拙著(名字待定中，呵呵!)。GRE閱讀長文章可以按照套路來分類，即新老觀點比照型，問題解決型，結(jié)論解釋型，現(xiàn)象解釋型和特別套路。下面對這幾

2、種套路做簡單介紹：1 .新老觀點比照型顧名思義，此類長文章主要是比照一新一老兩個觀點，最終作者說出同意新觀點而同時反對老觀點。判斷標志：此類長文章一般會在第一段提出一個“老觀點” 。此處的“老觀點”是指過去的、傳統(tǒng)、大家一致公認的觀點。而且通常GRE提出老觀點的時候會給予一些語言的提示，例如： it was traditionally assumedit was once / usually believed Many believed thatMost have argued It was frequently assumed thatthe mon belief It was univer

3、sally accepted that以下文章一般會否認老觀點或是提出新觀點，通常會在第一段中部或第二段開頭，而且一般也會有語言提示： 例如強轉(zhuǎn)折詞匯 But， Yet， However 或用強比照1新觀點特征：對同一主體給出不同的解釋。行文形式：第一局部通常為老觀點;而第二局部通常是新觀點，文章的第三局部通常會繼續(xù)闡述新觀點閱讀重點：此類文章的重點為對老觀點的否認或是新觀點局部。范文例文節(jié)選1：It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has e to b

4、e called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: .But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated.例文點評：作者在第一段說人們通常假定，但并未得到驗證，后來被稱為“大遷移”的移民中的大局部都來自農(nóng)村11 強比照屬于邏輯關(guān)系的一種，即比照關(guān)系。如in contrast， by contrast， on the contrary，

5、 conversely， unlike， oppositely 等詞匯都屬于此類邏輯詞)。并且受兩個因素的推動。接著作者在第二段中立即給以反對，稱從來沒有人對終究是誰分開南方這一問題作過仔細的研究。然后作者提出自己不同于第一段的觀點。所以整篇長文章就是在提出一個新觀點并同時反對一個老觀點。范文例文節(jié)選2：Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960apos;s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) .Recently federal policymakers have

6、 adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the (15) minority business sector by moving away from directly.例文點評:文章在開頭就說聯(lián)邦早在二十世紀六十年代就開場幫助少數(shù)民族企業(yè)并為此成立了“SBA”這個機構(gòu)。第二段就說聯(lián)邦決策者最近采取了一個新的策略意在加速少數(shù)民族企業(yè)的開展。新觀點特征：對同一主體給出不同的解釋。范文例文節(jié)選3：Seeking a petitive advantage, some professional service firms (fo

7、r e_le, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction.。.an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the .However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts.With its impl

8、icationthat fail.范文例文點評：第一段說“無條件質(zhì)量保證很有效” 而第二段首句說“無條件質(zhì)量保證有時會阻礙營銷活動”針對同一個“無條件質(zhì)量保證”給出了截然相反的兩個觀點。補充練習1：請讀者看以下文章，試著看出文中的新老觀點并且可以通過總結(jié)段意來研究一下每一段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.Consequently, nothingseems good or normal that does not accord with th

9、e requirements of the free market.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fi_ing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “norm

10、al” and having a valuable economic function.In fact, price-fi_ing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fi_ing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size

11、.Hence, a paratively small number of large firms will be peting for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its petitors charge is monly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.Bu

12、t each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in mon with the other large firms peting for the same customers.Each large firm will thus avoid significant pricecutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the mon interest in a stable demand for products.Mo

13、st economists do not see price-fi_ing when it occurs because they e_pect it to be brought about by a number of e_plicit agreements among large firms; it is not.2Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establis

14、hing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fi_ing, usually in an overt fashion.Formal price-fi_ing by cartel and informal price-fi_ing by agreements covering the members of an industry are monplace.We

15、re there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fi_ing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development.There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a f

16、ramework of controlled prices.In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the fle_ibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market.Bu

17、t Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they e_ercise little influence than are capitalist firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fi_ prices.補充練習2：Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive subs

18、tance on Earth.” Snyder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affect behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine.Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain.It apparently does this by inhibiting th

19、e release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the ne_t.Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes.There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and

20、 A2.Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would.For many years, caffeines effects have been attributed t

21、o its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic .A number of neurotransmitters e_ert their effects by first increasing cyclic concentrations in target neurons.Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be broug

22、ht about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and,consequently, to behavioral stimulation.But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produc

23、e stimulation.Moreover, other pounds that block phosphodiesterases activity are not stimulants.To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al pared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine fr

24、om its receptors in the brains of mice.“In general,” they reported, “the ability of the pounds to pete at the receptors correlates wit their ability to stimulate lootion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate lootion.” Theophylli

25、ne, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective pounds in both regards.There were some apparent e_ceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation.One of these was a pound called 3-isobutyl-1-met

26、hyl_anthine (IBM_), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse lootion.Snyder et al suggests that this is not a major stumbling blockto their hypothesis.The problem is that the pound has mi_ed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs.Even caffeine, which is gene

27、rally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse lootion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.補充練習3：Protein synthesis begins when the gene encoding a protein is activated.The genes sequence of nucleotides is transcribed into a molecule of

28、 messenger RNA (mRNA), which reproduces the information contained in that3sequence.Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is translated into the protein it encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome, which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of el

29、ements in the mRNA molecule.Since the amount of mRNA in a cell determines the amount of the corresponding protein, factors affecting the abundance of mRNAs play a major part in the normal functioning of a cell by appropriately regulating protein synthesis.For e_le, an e_cess of certain proteins can cause cells to proliferate abnormally and bee cancerous; a lack of the protein insulin results in diabetes.Biologists once assumed that the variable rates at which cells synthesize different mRNAs determine the qua