1、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略一、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)1、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的要求級(jí)別相對(duì)年級(jí)知識(shí)目標(biāo)描述二級(jí) 小學(xué)畢業(yè) 詞匯 1.學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)本級(jí)話題范圍的600-700個(gè)單詞和50個(gè)左右的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)； 2.了解單詞是由字母構(gòu)成的。 五級(jí)初中畢業(yè)詞匯1.了解英語(yǔ)單詞包括單詞、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定搭配等形式；2. 理解和領(lǐng)悟詞語(yǔ)的基本含義以及在特定語(yǔ)境中的意義；3. 運(yùn)用詞匯描述事物、行為和特征，說(shuō)明概念等；4. 學(xué)會(huì)使用1500-1600個(gè)的單詞和200-300個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)或固定搭配。 八級(jí)高中畢業(yè)詞匯1. 運(yùn)用詞匯理解和表達(dá)不同的功能、意圖和態(tài)度等；2. 運(yùn)用詞匯描述比較復(fù)雜的事物、行為和特征，說(shuō)明概念等；3. 學(xué)會(huì)使用30

2、00個(gè)單詞和400-500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)或固定搭配。 2、為什么要學(xué)習(xí)詞匯？ 其實(shí)，每個(gè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者都有不同的學(xué)習(xí)目的，同一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)者在不同的學(xué)習(xí)階段也有不同的學(xué)習(xí)目的。詞匯學(xué)習(xí)也是這樣。學(xué)習(xí)詞匯時(shí)，每個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)者都應(yīng)該問(wèn)本人一個(gè)問(wèn)題：在目前階段我為什么要學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯？對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的回答會(huì)直接影響學(xué)習(xí)者對(duì)詞匯的選擇和詞匯學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略的運(yùn)用。3、應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)哪些詞匯？普通的學(xué)習(xí)者和初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)者，中學(xué)生應(yīng)該將精神和時(shí)間投入到那些頻率更高的詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)上。那么什么是運(yùn)用頻率高的詞？什么是運(yùn)用頻率低的詞呢？總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我們可以把英語(yǔ)詞匯分為兩類： 1積極詞匯：active vocabulary又澤：自動(dòng)性詞匯 “Words

3、 which students will need to understand and also use themselves. We call this active vocabulary. In teaching active vocabulary, it is usually worth spending time giving examples and asking questions, so that students can really see how the word is used. Adrian Doff 2消極詞匯：(passive vocabulary) 又澤：應(yīng)接性詞

4、匯 “Words which we want students to understand (e.g. when reading a text), but which they will not need to use themselves. We call this passive vocabulary. To save time, it is often best to present it quite quickly, with a simple example. If it appears as part of a text or dialogue, we can often leav

5、e students to guess the word from the context. Adrian Doff In Britain, the weather is very varied;people never know what it will be like the next day.The summer is warmer than the winter, but even in summer the average temperature is only 16. Sometimes the sun shines, but at other times the sky is c

6、overed in cloud, and it often rains. In winter it is sometimes very cold, especially in the north of the country. The temperature may fall below 0, and then there is often snow and ice. The best season of the year is probably late spring. At this time of year the Weather is often . sunny and quite w

7、arm; thecountryside looks very green, and there are wild flowers everywhere.Which are active vocabulary or which are the passive vocabulary？weather varied average temperature cloud snow ice season spring sunny countryside Active Passive Active weather cloud spring sunny (snow?) (ice?) Passive varied

8、 temperature average season countryside (snow?) 4、詞匯應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)到什么程度？ 對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō)，確定目的詞匯的范圍之后，還應(yīng)該思索詞匯應(yīng)該掌握到什么程度。過(guò)去的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱把詞匯分為“掌握“和“了解兩類。所以，中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材中經(jīng)常在單詞表上標(biāo)注出“四會(huì)、“三會(huì)、“兩會(huì)等規(guī)范來(lái)決議詞匯學(xué)習(xí)和掌握的程度。 其實(shí)，這種規(guī)范只需一定的合理性，并不完全合理。教育部于2001年指定的實(shí)驗(yàn)稿曾經(jīng)不再運(yùn)用“掌握“和“了解這樣的術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)規(guī)定詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的程度了。這種鼓勵(lì)脫離語(yǔ)境地記單詞的結(jié)果是：學(xué)習(xí)者只能記憶單詞的一兩種意思，忽視了該單詞的其他意思，而且還不知道如何在不

9、同的語(yǔ)境中靈敏地運(yùn)用這些單詞。 例1：A: Can we have a meeting sometime next week?B: Well, let me check my diary. 例2：He is a five-foot-tall man.The building is 40 feet high.二、英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略1、利用語(yǔ)境我們以為教師僅僅提倡還是不夠的，教師需要引導(dǎo)、培育、訓(xùn)練學(xué)生具有從上下文中猜測(cè)單詞詞義的才干。關(guān)于從上下文猜測(cè)詞義我們建議有以下幾種做法：1根據(jù)同義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義例如：(1) In order to discover who had a natural abil

10、ity to learn languages, the students were given tests to determine their language aptitude.(2) The job applicant sat in the personnel office and filled out a vita. When she finished the resume, she gave it to the secretary.(3) Tom answered quickly. But after he thought about the matter more carefull

11、y, he regretted having made such a hasty decision. 2)根據(jù)反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義例如：(1)She has a love of rote work, but no fondness for creative jobs. Rote means _. a. creative b. mechanical c. fondness(2) It is better to be reflective about problems than to be thoughtless. Reflective means _. a. thoughtful b. uncari

12、ng c. problem(3) Todays teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their conservative grandparents. Conservative means _. a. free-thinking b. traditional c. old3)根據(jù)整個(gè)句子的意思猜測(cè)詞義例如：(1)She loves music: she can play the guitar, the piano and the cello.(2) He walked into the sitting-room and sa

13、t down on the settee.(3) Look! Theres a big fly on the window.4) 根據(jù)段落或篇章的上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義 在了解段落或篇章的大環(huán)境時(shí)，根據(jù)文章中的各種關(guān)系，讀者能夠會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)猜測(cè)詞義的另一些線索，從而推斷出生詞的大意。 Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did it become popular. What a difference it has made to our lives? It keeps people at home much more. It has

14、made the remote parts of the world more real to us. Photographs show a country, but only zip makes us feel that a foreign country is real. Also we can see scenes in the street, big occasions are zipped, such as the coronation (加冕儀式) in 1953 and the Opening of Parliament. Perhaps the sufferers from z

15、ip are the notable people, who, as they step out of an airplane, have to face the battery of zip cameras and know that every movement, every gesture will be seen by millions of people. Politicians not only have to speak well, they now have to have what is called a “zip personality. Perhaps we can sy

16、mpathize when Members of Parliament say that they do not want debates to be zipped. Zip means a. cinema. b. photography. c. television. d. telephone. 5)利用構(gòu)詞線索猜測(cè)詞義1根據(jù)前綴來(lái)猜測(cè)和推測(cè)詞義： 例如：Read the following sentences， and guess the meaning of the italicized words.1. An education enriches the mind.2. He did

17、not write his composition well and the teacher told him to rewrite it.3. Mr Smith unlocked the safe and took out five thousand dollars.4. He had been overworking and fell sick at last.5. We disapprove of middle-school students smoking cigarettes.6. At midnight, several hours after the ship had left

18、the port, she ran into bad weather.7. The country is underdeveloped and the living standard of the people is rather low.8. It is impolite to turn your back on someone who is speaking to you.9. Those old people are very active in anti-pollution activities.10. Dont let his friendly words mislead you i

19、nto believing him.2根據(jù)后綴來(lái)猜測(cè)和推測(cè)詞義后綴主要分為四大類：名詞后綴、描畫(huà)詞后綴、動(dòng)詞后綴和副詞后綴。例如：Read the following sentences, and guess the meaning of the italicized words.1.You must stop dreaming and face reality.2.Travel broadens the mind.3.My work is still in the experimental stage.4.He did too little preparation for his exami

20、nation.5.The line of waiting people seemed to be endless.6.I was very much impressed by the friendliness of the people there.7.The country is trying to popularize education.8.Our troops won a decisive victory in that battle.9.They were very friendly and even offered assistance.10. The magazine is ca

21、lled English Language Learning and is published monthly.(3)利用合成詞線索猜測(cè)詞義Compound words例如：Identify and underline the compound nouns in these sentences. (Not all the sentences have compound nouns in them and some have more than one.)1. We bought a town plan at the corner shop.2. Id like a return ticket

22、to London, please.3. Do you want to go to the sports center this evening? Theres a good tennis match on.4. He was wearing a brown coat and a pair of jeans.5. We decided to meet in the hotel bar.6. There was a small gas fire in the corner of the town.7. Theres a lovely little fruit market on Wednesda

23、ys. Its very cheap and the fruit is really nice.8. He walked in, sat down, and started reading a magazine.9. I took the film to a photo shop, but the shop assistant said it was too old to develop.10.Please do not make copies for personal use with this machine. It is for office use only.2、利用聯(lián)想聯(lián)想詞群wor

24、d association和情景聯(lián)想(situation association) table desk bed wardrobe chaircupboard stool Furniture classroom teachers office sound lab chemistry lab library clinic dining hall reading room school例3：下面的單詞都是家庭用具的稱號(hào)。請(qǐng)他把單詞填入適當(dāng)?shù)姆娇蛑腥ィ蝗缓笳?qǐng)他再畫(huà)幾個(gè)橢圓并填入類似的英語(yǔ)單詞。clock stove TV video toothpaste dressing table towel s

25、hower cupboard slippers sofa mirror washbasin 2) 情景聯(lián)想另外一種利用聯(lián)想的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)戰(zhàn)略是情景聯(lián)想(situation association)。例4：下面的是關(guān)于到飯店吃飯的相關(guān)詞匯和短語(yǔ)。這個(gè)到飯點(diǎn)吃飯的循環(huán)過(guò)程能協(xié)助他理解和記憶這些詞組或短語(yǔ)嗎？他還知道其他的有關(guān)的英語(yǔ)單詞或短語(yǔ)嗎？ Eating outfind a restaurant reserve the table go to the restaurant order the dish read the menuwaiter brings the dishesto the cust

26、omer ask for the bill pay the bill leave the restaurant 3、利用圖像或想像對(duì)于人物、動(dòng)物、物體等詳細(xì)名詞，假設(shè)可以借助圖片picture學(xué)習(xí)單詞，了解和記憶的效果會(huì)比較理想。這就是為什么很多的英語(yǔ)教材經(jīng)常用圖片來(lái)展現(xiàn)單詞的意思。 動(dòng)物：Animals 交通工具：Vehicles 衣物：Clothes任務(wù)：Jobs食品：Food英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中并不是每遇到一個(gè)生詞就能找到一幅相應(yīng)的圖片。所以，學(xué)習(xí)者要借助單詞的釋義或解釋進(jìn)展想像，在頭腦中構(gòu)成一種影像image。學(xué)習(xí)某個(gè)單詞時(shí)，假設(shè)學(xué)習(xí)者可以勝利地想像并對(duì)這個(gè)單詞代表的人或物構(gòu)成影像，未來(lái)再遇到這

27、個(gè)單詞時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)者也許不記得這個(gè)單詞的文字釋義，但卻可能記得這種影像。 如在學(xué)習(xí)building一詞時(shí)，他能夠會(huì)聽(tīng)到他的教師這樣的解釋“Houses are buildings . This school is also a building .In big cities there are many large buildings there are hotels, and offices , and cinemas. They are all buildings of different kinds. 比如在學(xué)習(xí)lazy一詞時(shí)，他的教師可以經(jīng)過(guò)舉例的方法協(xié)助他在頭腦中經(jīng)過(guò)想像構(gòu)成一種影像?！?/p>

28、Some people work hard, other people dont work hard they are lazy. For example , I have a brother. He is very lazy. He gets up late, and then he does nothing all day. I said to him,“ Dont be so lazy ! Do some work! 在學(xué)習(xí)一些籠統(tǒng)詞，比如：love, happiness, imagine, quality, impossible 等時(shí)運(yùn)用這種方法是比較有效的。4、利用分類例1：下面的單

29、詞都是有關(guān)食品的單詞。哪些是蔬菜？哪些是水果？哪些是飲料？哪些是肉類？哪些是食品？cabbage pear beef apple potato noodles carrot pie orange juice Coca Cola rice tomato eggplant mutton cucumber fish pancake tea pork chicken chips coffee hamburger VegetableFruitDrinkMeatFood例2：下面圖表中的單詞或短語(yǔ)都是可以用來(lái)描畫(huà)人的外貌的，它們可以被分為六類。請(qǐng)他根據(jù)一定的分類規(guī)范把單詞填入相應(yīng)的方框中去。 tall s

30、lim plump medium young wavy straight curly old short big blue middle-aged well-build long shining pale fair swarthy ofBuildAgeHair HeightComplexion Eyes 5利用同義詞和反義詞例1：例2：Supply a word which is the opposite of the word underlined .1) I have lent John another 10 dollars. That is the third time he has _

31、 money from me .2) I get on well with my uncle Jim, and I think I am his favourite ._.3) Mr. Brown is not married. He is still _.6、利用構(gòu)詞法1前綴和后綴 前綴意思例 詞un-remis-auto-super-oversemi- 不做相反的動(dòng)作重新鋁誤地自然超級(jí)過(guò)去半 unhappy, unable, unlucky, untrue, undress, undo unimportantretell, renew, reappear misunderstand, mi

32、sprint , mistakeautostop, automatic, autobiographysupermarket, superman, superpower, superstar oversleep, overeat, overworksemicircle, semifinished 常見(jiàn)的后綴有：后 綴意 思例 詞-er-or-ist-able-ful-less構(gòu)成名詞，表示“的人”“用于的工具”表示“者”，“物”表示“專業(yè)人員”構(gòu)成形容詞，表示“可能的”“充滿、”“有性質(zhì)”“沒(méi)有、”“無(wú)、”“不” teacher, farmer, driver, worker, waiter,

33、typewriter, bottle openerauthor, sailor, transistorpianist, scientist, dentistacceptable, eatable, changeablehelpful, useful, colourful, cheerfulhomeless, motherless, careless,useless, hopeless, meaningless 在學(xué)生有了一定的前綴和后綴知識(shí)以后，教師可以設(shè)計(jì)一些練習(xí),以穩(wěn)定他們這方面的知識(shí),使他們具有擴(kuò)展詞匯的能力。例1：Work out the meaning of the underlin

34、ed words. There is a misprint in this newspaper . I have mislaid my pipe . The politician complained that he had been misquoted . The driver misread an important signal. He was accused of misconduct and dismissed from his job 例2：A person who paints is called a .A person who swims is called a .例3. 1T

35、he research worker divided his material into different classes. He his material. 2) The police are sure of the identity of the murderer. They have him. 3)The ugly old witch filled the children with terror. she them. 4) He put the book into simple language .He the book. 5)He tried to show what he had

36、 done was just and right . He tried to what he had done.2合成詞英語(yǔ)中我們常見(jiàn)到兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞放在一同又重新組合成一個(gè)新的詞匯，這叫作合成詞(compound words)，比如:textbook教科書(shū), icy-cold冰冷的, blackboard黑板, headmaster校長(zhǎng), mother-in-law 婆婆。學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)合成詞的構(gòu)詞方法時(shí)，應(yīng)該留意以下的兩點(diǎn)：1合成詞的重音與詞組的重音不一樣，合成詞的重音，普通在詞首，如： greenhouse - green house hotdog - hot dog bluebird-

37、 blue bird redcoat - red coat2合成詞的意思有時(shí)取決于合成詞內(nèi)兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞的意思，如：type writer, bottle opener, blackboard, icy cold等。 但在許多情況下，合成詞的意思并不是組成它的每個(gè)詞意的合成，如：playground, notebook ,redcoat (英國(guó)士兵)。 Hotdog(熱狗),bluebird (蘭鳥(niǎo))，white-collar白領(lǐng)工人等。當(dāng)學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)這類合成詞時(shí)，需求在上下文中猜出它們的意思。 例如：學(xué)生經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到教師在教兩個(gè)名詞合成在一同表示一個(gè)人的詳細(xì)職業(yè)時(shí)，采用以下的方式：He drives buses he is a bus driver. He makes shoes he is a shoemaker. 也可采用：A bus driver is someone who drives a bus. A shoemaker is someone who makes shoes.How do you call someone who plays tennis?How do you call someone is the owns a shop?How do yon call someone who robs a ba