1、IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutionsFatimaGhani,MemberCOA(India),MemberIIIDAbstractThegrowingconcernwithenvironmentalandecologicalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchforenergyconscious,Ecofriendly,energyefficientbuildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironm

2、entrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerissustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatiblebuildingdesigns.Sustainablearchitecturealsoreferredasgreenarchitectureisadesignthatusesnaturalbuildingmaterialse.g.earth,wood,stoneetc(notinvolvingpollutioninitstreatment)thatareenergyefficientandthat

3、makelittleornoimpactonthenatureofasiteanditsresources.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Italsoconsiderspossiblesolutionsrelatedtotheseissues.IndexTermsSustainable,Green,Architecture,Building,Design.Efficiency.I.INTRODUCTIONThewordsGreen,EcologicalandSustainablear

4、etermsusedbyenvironmentaliststoindicatemodesofpractice.Fromglobaleconomicstohouseholdfeaturesthesepracticesminimizeourimpactontheenvironmentandgenerateahealthyplaceofliving.Inadeepersensethewordsinvolveastowhatcanbedonetohealandregeneratetheearthsabilitytobearlife1-4.A.PrinciplesofEnvironmentallyOri

5、entedDesignInArchitecturetherearemanywaysabuildingmaybegreenandrespondtothegrowingenvironmentalproblemsofourplanet.Sustainablearchitecturecanbepracticedstillmaintainingefficiency,beauty,layoutsandcosteffectiveness.Therearefivebasicareasofanenvironmentallyorienteddesign.TheyareHealthyInteriorEnvironm

6、ent,EnergyEfficiency,EcologicalBuildingMaterials,BuildingFormandGoodDesign.HealthyInteriorEnvironment:Ithastobewellinsuredthatbuildingmaterialsandsystemsuseddonotemittoxicunhealthygasesandsubstancesinthebuiltspaces.Furtherextracarsandmeasuresaretobetakentoprovidemaximumlevelsoffreshairandadequateven

7、tilationtotheinteriorenvironment.EnergyEfficiency:Ithastobewellensuredthatthebuildingsuseofenergyisminimized.ThevariousHVACsystemsandmethodsofconstructionetc.shouldbesodesignedthatenergyconsumptionisminimal.EcologicalBuildingMaterials:Asfaraspossibletheuseofbuildingmaterialsshouldbefromrenewablesour

8、ceshavingrelativelysafesourcesofproduction.BuildingForm:Thebuildingformshouldrespondtothesite,region,climateandthematerialsavailabletherebygeneratingaharmonybetweentheinhabitantsandthesurroundings.GoodDesign:Structure&MaterialandAestheticsarethebasicparametersofdefiningdesign.Theyshouldbesointegrate

9、dthatthefinaloutcomeisawellbuilt,convenientandabeautifullivingspace.TheseprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncompriseyetanothermeaningfulandenvironmentalbuildingapproachcalledGreenorSustainabledesign.Architectsshouldusetheircreativityandperceptiontocorrelatetheseprinciplestogeneratelocallyappro

10、priatestrategies,materialsandmethodskeepinginmindthateveryregionshouldemploydifferentgreenstrategies5-7.DefinitionSustainabilitymeanstoholduportosupportfrombelow.Itreferstotheabilityofasociety,ecosystemoranysuchongoingsystem,tocontinuefunctioningintotheindefinitefuture(withoutbeingforcedintodeclinet

11、hroughexhaustionofkeyresources).Sustainablearchitectureinvolvesacombinationofvalues:aesthetic,environmental,social,politicalandmoral.Itsaboutonesperceptionandtechnicalknowledgetoengageinacentralaspectofthepracticei.e.todesignandbuildinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itisthedutyofanarchitecttothinkrational

12、lyaboutacombinationofissueslikesustainability,durability,longevity,appropriatematerialsandsenseofplace8-10.Thepresentenvironmentalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchforenergyconscious,Ecofriendly,energyefficientbuildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissue

13、s,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerisasustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatible.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Themainfocusofthepaperisonsustainablearchitecture-itsneed,solutionsandimpactonthefuture.NeedsandIssuesTheecologicalcrisistodayisveryseriousand

14、tilldatemuchofthedebatestillfocusesonthesymptomsratherthanthecauses.Asaresultthereisanurgentneedtoemphasizeandworkoutthebestpossibleapproachtowardsenvironmentalprotectiontherebyminimizingfurtherdegradation.Architecturepresentsauniquechallengeinthefieldofsustainability.Constructionprojectstypicallyco

15、nsumelargeamountsofmaterials,producetonsofwaste,andofteninvolveweighingthepreservationofbuildingsthathavehistoricalsignificanceagainstthedesireforthedevelopmentofnewer,moremoderndesigns.Sustainabledevelopmentisonesuchmeasure,whichpresentsanapproachthatcanlargelycontributetoenvironmentalprotection.As

16、trikingbalancebetweenEnvironmentalprotectionandSustainabledevelopmentisadifficultanddelicatetask.Sustainabledesignisthethoughtfulintegrationofarchitecturewithelectrical,mechanical,andstructuralengineering.Inadditiontoconcernforthetraditionalaestheticsofmassing,proportion,scale,texture,shadow,andligh

17、t,thefacilitydesignteamneedstobeconcernedwithlongtermcosts:environmental,economic,andhumanasshowninFigure1.RightsofPeopleEconomicDevelopment/Fig1Sustainabledevelopmentiii.conceptandrelevanceofsustainablearchitectureInthepresentdayscenariotheideaandconceptofSustainableArchitecture/Developmentisreleva

18、ntinthelightofthefollowingtwoaspects:a)EcologicalandEnvironmentalcrisisb)ImminentdisastersandtheirmanagementSomeofthemajorcauses,whichgreatlycontributetothesetwoaspects,canbelistedas:RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization:TheconsequencesofthiscanfurtherleadtoPopulationexplosion,Geologicaldepositsofse

19、wageandgarbage,Unsustainablepatternsofliving&development,Environmentaldegradation(pollutionofair,water,soiletc,foodwebdisruption).Thussustainableurbandevelopmentiscrucialtoimprovethelivesofurbanpopulationsandtheremainderoftheplanet.Bothpeopleandecosystemsimpacteduponbytheiractivities.NaturalCalamiti

20、es:Naturalcalamitieslikevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes,flood,famineetc.whicharebeingfurtheraggravatedbymankindaddtothelistofotherilleffectslikeatomicexplosion,greenhouseeffect,ozonedepletionetc.Sustainabledesignattemptstohaveanunderstandingofthenaturalprocessesaswellastheenvironmentalimpactofthedesig

21、n.Makingnaturalcyclesandprocessesvisible,bringthedesignedenvironmentbacktolife.DepletionofNon-renewablesources:Rapiddepletionofnon-renewablesourcesisleadingtoseriousissuesrelatedtoenergy&waterconservationetc.Thustherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockcancontributet

22、osavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumptionandimprovingenvironmentalquality.IV.SOLUTIONSSustainableConstructionSustainableconstructionisdefinedasthecreationandresponsiblemanagementofahealthybuiltenvironmentbasedonresourceefficientandecologicalprinciples.Sustainabledesignedbuildingsaimtolessenth

23、eirimpactonourenvironmentthroughenergyandresourceefficiency.Sustainablebuildingmaybedefinedasbuildingpractices,whichstriveforintegralquality(includingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperformance)inaverybroadway.Thus,therationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockwillcontribu

24、tetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumption(energyconservation),andimprovingenvironmentalquality.Sustainablebuildinginvolvesconsideringtheentirelifecycleofbuildings,takingenvironmentalquality,functionalqualityandfuturevaluesintoaccountenvironmentalinitiativesoftheconstructionsectorandthedema

25、ndsofusersarekeyfactorsinthemarket.Governmentswillbeabletogiveaconsiderableimpulsetosustainablebuildingsbyencouragingthesedevelopments.FurtherthevariousenergyrelatedissuesduringthedifferentphasesintheconstructionofbuildingscanbeunderstoodwithrespecttothechartshowninFigure2.EnergyIssuesEfficiTiCyRene

26、wablePre-BuildinyPhscD$ignrDesignBuildingPhassContractorConstructanPost-BuildingPhaseUserOperation&MaintenanceMaterialsandSystemWeReduceDemolitionsteManagementReuseRecycleFi莒2.EnergyissuesinbuildingeoiistinctionEnvironmentallyFriendlyHousesFollowingthefivebasicprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesi

27、gncanleadtotheconstructionofwhatcanbecalledasEnvironmentallyFriendlyHouse.Anenvironmentallyfriendlyhouseisdesignedandbuilttobeintunewithitsoccupants,nature,environmentandecosystem.Itisdesignedandbuiltaccordingtotheregionitislocatedin,keepinginmindtheclimate,material,availabilityandbuildingpractices.

28、Thebasicareasofdesignneedtobeconsideredatthisstagecanbelistedas:OrientationReduceEnergyGainorLossLightingResponsibleLandscapingWasteManagementExternalVentilationGreenBuildingAgreenbuildingplacesahighpriorityonhealth,environmentalandresourceconservationperformanceoveritslifecycle.Thesenewprioritiesex

29、pandandcomplementtheclassicalbuildingdesignconcerns:economy,utility,durabilityanddelight.Greendesignemphasizeanumberofnewenvironmental,resourceandoccupanthealthconcerns:Reducehumanexposuretonoxiousmaterials.Conservenon-renewableenergyandscarcematerials.Minimizelifecycleecologicalimpactofenergyandmat

30、erialsused.Userenewableenergyandmaterialsthataresustainableharvested.Protectandrestorelocalair,water,soil,flora&faunaSupportpedestrian,bicycles,masstransitandotheralternativestofossil-fueledvehicles.Mostgreenbuildingsarehighqualitybuildingstheylastlonger,costlesstooperateandmaintainandprovidegreater

31、occupantsatisfactionthanstandarddevelopment.GreenRoofs&PorousPavementsAsalreadydiscussedtherapidurbanizationandindustrializationisresultinginextensivedeforestationasaresultthegreenareasarebeingcoveredwithpavementsandconcrete.Therainwaterthatnaturallyseepsthroughlandcoveredwithvegetationandtreesnowju

32、strunoff,therebyleadingtoamajorenvironmentalimbalanceintermsofgroundwater.ThisproblemcanbesolvedtoagreatextentwiththehelpoftheconstructionofGreenRoofsandPorousPavements.Greenroofs&porouspavementspresentauniquemethodofgroundwaterconservation.Vegetationtoholdwateronrooftops,andpavementthatletsitpercol

33、ateinthegroundaresomeofthelatestwaysthatcansavewatertables.Visuallywhatmightcomeacrossmaybearoofsproutedwithplantsandaparkinglotthatdrainswaterlikeasieve-probablythelatestingroundwaterconservation.BuildingMaterialsTonsofmaterialsincludingtimbergointobuildingconstruction.Therearethreeprincipalapproac

34、hestoimprovethematerialefficiencyofbuildingconstruction:Reducingtheamountofmaterialusedinconstruction.Usingrecycledmaterialsthatotherwisewouldhavebeenwaste.Reducingwastegenerationintheconstructionprocess.Furtherasfaraspossiblesustainableharvestedbuildingmaterialsandfinishesshouldbeusedwithlowtoxicit

35、yinmanufacturingandinstallation.V.CONCLUSIONSSustainabilityoftenisdefinedasmeetingtheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Agrowingnumberofpeoplearecommittedtoreachingthisgoalbymodifyingpatternsofdevelopmentandconsumptiontoreducedemandonnaturalresources

36、uppliesandhelppreserveenvironmentalquality.Achievinggreatersustainabilityinthefieldofconstructionisparticularlyimportant,becausebuildingconstructionconsumesmoreenergyandresourcesthananyothereconomicactivity.Notonlydoesahomerepresentthelargestfinancialinvestmentafamilyislikelytomake,butitalsorepresen

37、tsthemostresource-andenergy-intensivepossessionmostpeoplewilleverown.Makinghomesmoresustainable,then,hasatremendouspotentialtocontributetotheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Sustainablehousingdesignisamultifacetedconcept,embracing:AffordabilityMarketabilityAppropriatedesignResourceeffic

38、iencyEnergyefficiencyDurabilityComfortHealthAsadevelopedsocietyweshouldnotundermineourresourcebase,theassimilativecapacityofoursurroundingsorthebioticstocksonwhichourfuturedepends.Asasustainablesocietyoureffortsshouldconsistofalong-termandintegratedapproachtodevelopingandachievingahealthycommunity.W

39、eshouldrealizethattheproblemsassociatedwithsustainabledevelopmentareglobalasaresulttheissuesneedworldwideattention.Ifweworktogetherwecanbringchangefaster.REFERENCESBruntland,.OurCommonFuture:TheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment,editedbyBruntland,.,OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford.,1987 HYPERLIN

40、K /sustaindev.html /sustaindev.html HYPERLINK http:/arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/sustain.htm%231.1 http:/arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/sustain.htm#1.1 HYPERLINK Jani,V.,ArchitectureTimeSpace&People,Vol.3,Issue4,2003,pp32.Jani,V.,ArchitectureTimeSpace&People,Vol.3,Issue1,2003,pp34.Bergstrom,B.,ArchitectureT

41、imeSpace&People,Vol.3Issue1,2002,pp40.Sinha,S.B.,ArchitectureTimeSpace&People,Vol.2,Issue12,2002,pp22.Walker,S.,SustainableDesignExplorationsinTheoryandPracticeby,Earthscan,2006.Datschefski,E.,TheTotalBeautyofSustainableProducts,Rotovision,May2001.可持續(xù)建筑的問(wèn)題和可能的解決方案法蒂瑪加尼，會(huì)員COA（印度），會(huì)員IIID摘要：越來(lái)越多地關(guān)注環(huán)境和生

42、態(tài)條件已經(jīng)引起了人們對(duì)“節(jié)能意識(shí)”、“友好生態(tài)”、“高效節(jié)能”的建筑設(shè)計(jì)的討論和探索。為了未來(lái)更好的發(fā)展，同時(shí)考慮到環(huán)境問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)師的首要目標(biāo)是可持續(xù)發(fā)展即環(huán)保的建筑設(shè)計(jì)?？沙掷m(xù)建筑也被稱為綠色建筑，它是一種對(duì)天然建筑材料如土、木材、石材等（不包括處理時(shí)的污染問(wèn)題）資源的有效利用，使其對(duì)建筑地點(diǎn)的類(lèi)型及其財(cái)力影響很小或沒(méi)有的設(shè)計(jì)。本文論述了關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展/環(huán)保建筑的問(wèn)題。它還考慮了關(guān)于這些問(wèn)題的可能的解決方案。關(guān)鍵詞：可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色建筑，建筑，設(shè)計(jì)，效率。引言環(huán)保主義者使用“綠色”、“生態(tài)”和“可持續(xù)”來(lái)表明常規(guī)模式。從全球經(jīng)濟(jì)到家庭功能，這些做法使我們對(duì)環(huán)境的影響最小化，并形成一個(gè)健康的生

43、活環(huán)境。在深層意義上，這些詞語(yǔ)涉及治愈和再生地球的承受生命的能力1-4。面向環(huán)境的設(shè)計(jì)原則在建筑上有許多方法，“綠色建筑”能用來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)我們星球日益嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問(wèn)題?？沙掷m(xù)建筑能夠保持高效率、美觀、布局和成本效益。面向環(huán)境的設(shè)計(jì)有五個(gè)基本領(lǐng)域。它們是健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境，能源效率，生態(tài)建材，建筑形式和良好的設(shè)計(jì)。健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境：它是很好的保險(xiǎn)，建筑材料和系統(tǒng)的使用不會(huì)向內(nèi)置空間排放有毒不健康氣體和物質(zhì)。此外，應(yīng)解決額外的汽車(chē)并實(shí)行相應(yīng)措施來(lái)為室內(nèi)環(huán)境提供最高水平的新鮮空氣和充足的通風(fēng)。能源效率：它確保建筑物使用最少的能量。結(jié)構(gòu)上的各種HVAC系統(tǒng)和方法的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使能耗最小。生態(tài)建材：盡可能使用的建筑材料應(yīng)該

44、是能相對(duì)安全生產(chǎn)的可再生資源。建筑形式：建筑形式應(yīng)適應(yīng)地點(diǎn)、區(qū)域、氣候和材料，從而使當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈椭車(chē)h(huán)境之間和諧。良好的設(shè)計(jì)：結(jié)構(gòu)、材料和美學(xué)是基本定義的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。他們應(yīng)該被整合，最終得到一個(gè)宏偉、便捷、優(yōu)美的生活空間。這些面向環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)的原則還包括一個(gè)有意義的環(huán)保的被稱為綠色或可持續(xù)設(shè)建筑的方法。建筑師應(yīng)該用自己的創(chuàng)意和感知將這些原則關(guān)聯(lián)起來(lái)以得到適合當(dāng)?shù)氐牟呗?、材料和方法，牢記每個(gè)區(qū)域應(yīng)采用不同的環(huán)保策略5-7。B、定義可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指“保持”或“自下而上地支持”。它指的是，一個(gè)社會(huì)，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或任何正在進(jìn)行的系統(tǒng)的能力，以便繼續(xù)運(yùn)作到不確定的未來(lái)（不在關(guān)鍵資源枯竭的時(shí)候被迫走向沒(méi)落）?？沙掷m(xù)建筑

45、是美學(xué)、環(huán)境、社會(huì)、政治和道德的有機(jī)組合。它是利用一個(gè)人的感知和專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)，從事實(shí)踐的核心方面，即設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)建環(huán)境的和諧。理性地思考將諸如可持續(xù)性、耐久性、長(zhǎng)久、適當(dāng)材料和區(qū)域性相結(jié)合的問(wèn)題是一個(gè)建筑師的責(zé)任8-10。目前的環(huán)境狀況已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向“能源意識(shí)”、“生態(tài)友好”、“高效節(jié)能”的建筑設(shè)計(jì)的討論和探索。為了未來(lái)更好的發(fā)展，保持對(duì)與環(huán)境相關(guān)的問(wèn)題的關(guān)注，第一設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是可持續(xù)發(fā)展，即環(huán)境的兼容。本文討論了關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)保建筑的問(wèn)題。本文重點(diǎn)討論的是可持續(xù)建筑的必要性，解決方案和對(duì)未來(lái)的影響。二、需求和問(wèn)題當(dāng)今生態(tài)環(huán)境危機(jī)十分嚴(yán)重，直到現(xiàn)在，很多的辯論仍然集中在癥狀，而不是原因。因此，迫切需要重視并

46、找到環(huán)境保護(hù)的最好方法，從而最大限度地阻止進(jìn)一步惡化。在可持續(xù)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域，建筑提供了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的挑戰(zhàn)。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目通常需要消耗大量的材料，產(chǎn)生大量的廢物，在更新、更現(xiàn)代化設(shè)計(jì)日益增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)要保全有歷史意義的重要建筑物。可持續(xù)發(fā)展就是這樣一種在很大程度上為環(huán)保做貢獻(xiàn)的方法。在環(huán)境保護(hù)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展之間追求一個(gè)顯著的平衡是一項(xiàng)艱巨而復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)深度集合了建筑的電氣、機(jī)械和結(jié)構(gòu)工程設(shè)計(jì)。除了關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)美學(xué)的數(shù)量、比例、規(guī)模、紋理、陰影和光線，設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)還需要關(guān)注長(zhǎng)期成本、如環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和人。如圖1所示。三、可持續(xù)建筑的概念和意義在現(xiàn)今情況下，可持續(xù)建筑發(fā)展的思想和理念應(yīng)考慮到以下兩個(gè)方面：a）生態(tài)與

47、環(huán)境危機(jī)b）即將發(fā)生的災(zāi)難及其處理能力一些大大有助于這兩個(gè)方面的主要成因有：快速的城市化和工業(yè)化：這樣會(huì)進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致人口急劇增長(zhǎng)，生活污水和垃圾的地質(zhì)沉積，不可持續(xù)的生存與發(fā)展模式，環(huán)境退化（污染的空氣、水、土壤等，食物網(wǎng)破壞）的后果。因此，城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是提高城市和其他地方人們的生活環(huán)境。人和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都被他們的這些活動(dòng)所影響。自然災(zāi)害：自然災(zāi)害有火山爆發(fā)、地震、洪水、饑荒等，人類(lèi)對(duì)自然的其他不良影響如原子彈爆炸、溫室效應(yīng)、臭氧消耗等進(jìn)一步加劇了對(duì)自然環(huán)境的破壞。可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)在于理解設(shè)計(jì)的自然過(guò)程和對(duì)環(huán)境的影響?？梢暬淖匀谎h(huán)和流程將為生活帶來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境。非可再生能源的消耗：非可再生能源的快速消耗，會(huì)導(dǎo)致與能源和水資源保護(hù)等相關(guān)的嚴(yán)重