1、CONTENTS HYPERLINK l _TOC_250008 FIGURES AND BOXES 4 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250007 ABBREVIATIONS 5INTRODUCTION 7GREEN HYDROGEN: AN ENABLER FOR REACHING NET-ZERO 9 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250006 End-uses for green hydrogen 9 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250005 Looking ahead: Market projections for green hydrogen 11ACCELERATI

2、NG GREEN HYDROGEN UPTAKE 13 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250004 Government buy-in and support 13 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250003 Moving towards a global green hydrogen market 15KEY TAKEAWAYS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17CASE STUDIES 19Queensland Nitrates: Green ammonia production feasibility in Australia 20 HYPERLINK l _TOC_2

3、50002 FH2R: Green hydrogen R&D and production in Japan 23 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250001 HYBRIT: Decarbonising steel production in Sweden 26Green H2F Puertollano I: Green ammonia and fertiliser production in Spain 29Power-2-Green Hydrogen: Industrial revitalisation and island decarbonisation in Majorca 33W

4、estkste 100: Green hydrogen and sector coupling in Germany 36 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250000 REFERENCES 414DECARBONISING END-USE SECTORS: FIGURES AND BOXESFigure 1: Potential market opportunities for green hydrogen identified by IRENA Coalition for Action 10Figure 2: Global demand for renewable electricity

5、 to produce green hydrogen by 2050 11Figure 3: Policy measures to accelerate green hydrogen production 13Figure 4: Hydrogen energy vectors for trade 15Figure 5: Overview of case studies 19Box 1: Definition of green hydrogen 8Box 2: Green hydrogen market potential identified by IRENA Coalition for Ac

6、tion 12ABBREVIATIONSARENAAustralian Renewable Energy AgencyAUDAustralian dollarCCSCarbon capture and storageNDCNationally determined contributionNEDONew Energy and Industrial Technology Development OrganizationCO2Carbon dioxideNm3Normal cubic metreDRIDirect reduced ironEAFElectric arc furnaceEJExajo

7、uleESGEnvironmental, social and governanceEUEuropean UnionEUREuroFCH JUFuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint UndertakingFH2RFukushima Hydrogen Energy Research FieldGDPGross domestic productGHGGreenhouse gasGWGigawattGWhGigawatt-hourH2HydrogenNOxNitrogen oxideO2OxygenPEMPolymer electrolyte membrane PPAPower

8、purchase agreement PPPPublic-private partnershipPVPhotovoltaicQNPQueensland NitratesR&DResearch and developmentRED-IIRenewable Energy Directive II (European Union)SCADASupervisory controland data acquisitionSMRSteam methane reforming tCO2Tonne of carbon dioxide tH2Tonne of hydrogenIDAEInstituto para

9、 la DiversificacinTWhTerawatt-houry Ahorro de la EnergaUSDUnited States dollarJPYJapanese yenkWKilowattLRCLined Rock CavernMtMillion metric tonneMWMegawattMWpMegawatt-peakINTRODUCTION 01The ongoing climate crisis, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, has spurred many countries to adopt green recovery

10、 measures and policies that have the potential to drive a lasting shift in the global energy mix. As of December 2020, over 120 countries responsible for nearly two-thirds of the worlds greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have announced commitments to reach net-zero emissions (Energy and Climate Intellig

11、ence Unit, 2021).To meet these commitments, countries will need to pivot from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and pursue widespread decarbonisation of all end- use sectors. While renewable electricity generation capacity has been outpacing new installed capacity in fossil fuels for the past

12、 decade (IRENA, 2020a), not all sectors can be easily electrified.Green hydrogen hydrogen produced from renewable energy can provide the critical link between renewable electricity generation and hard-to-abate sectors such as industry and heavy transport (IRENA, 2018). It has become a versatile ener

13、gy carrier suitable for decarbonising applications without electricity grid access or as a carbon dioxide (CO2)-neutral feedstock for chemical processes. Green hydrogen can also be leveraged to provide grid balancing services in systems built on very high shares of renewable energy (IRENA, 2019).Tod

14、ay, green hydrogen makes up less than 1% of global hydrogen produced (IRENA, 2021c). However, with the production cost of green hydrogen reducing rapidly due to falling technologycosts and the availability of cost-competitive renewable power, countries are increasingly seeing green hydrogen as a sma

15、rt long-term investment.Over the last two years, at least 11 countries and the European Union (EU) have launched national hydrogen strategies, with many more countries set to follow suit. A number of national post-COVID recovery packages have also included support measures for green hydrogen.Accordi

16、ng to IRENAs 1.5C Scenario, by 2050 hydrogen and its derivatives will account for 12% of final energy use worldwide. Two-thirds of this demand will be met by green hydrogen (IRENA, 2021c). In anticipation, investors and the private sector are making strategic investments in green hydrogen and formin

17、g cross-sectoral partnerships to drive down cost curves and create greater economies of scale for this emerging technology. In addition to investments in electrolysers, the production of green hydrogen in high quantities will require significant additions of dedicated renewable generation capacity.W

18、hile the global market for green hydrogen is just beginning to develop, both public and private sectors are proceeding with demonstration and at-scale deployment of projects to build technical capacity and showcase the potential to scale up green hydrogen uptake in energy-intensive, hard- to-abate s

19、ectors. This white paper developed by the IRENA Coalition for Action showcases projects across different end-uses and offers recommendations to policy makers on how to accelerate green hydrogen development.The following chapter provides an overview of the potential of green hydrogen across different

20、 end-uses and the investments required to unlock this potential. Chapter 3 elaborates on the main actions needed to create national, regional and global markets for green hydrogen.Chapter 4 summarises key takeaways on accelerating the implementation and uptake of green hydrogen. Finally, Chapter 5 p

21、resents case studies on green hydrogen projects from around the world based on first-hand data and interviews with key project stakeholders. Box 1 Definition of green hydrogenThe IRENA Coalition for Action has agreed on the following definition for green hydrogen:Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced

22、from the electrolysis of water*, powered by 100% renewable energy sources. To verify that the origin of the energy used throughout the production process is renewable, a green hydrogen producer may: Source energy from a renewable generation facility physically linked to the electrolyser (e.g., on-si

23、te production for self-consumption); or Source energy from the grid through models that guarantee the renewable origin of the energy. Examples include procuring renewable energy through power purchase agreements (PPAs) and purchasing attribute certificates (e.g., guarantees of origin, renewable ener

24、gy certificates), ensuring that delivery of the energy is physically feasible. The transparency of renewable attribute certificates is essential and may be verified through the use of robust tracking technologies that physically match supply and demand.Additionality requirements should be imposed in

25、 principle but may present implementation challenges for the nascent green hydrogen sector. Therefore, some flexibility may need to be factored into additionality criteria in the short term.Moving forward, to provide transparency to consumers and foster market demand, the development of specific mec

26、hanisms to label and track the origin of hydrogen will also be essential. Such mechanisms should avoid the double counting of renewable energy attributes.Photo: ACCIONA*Other renewables-based solutions to produce hydrogen exist based on thermochemical, photo-catalytical and biochemical processes (IR

27、ENA, 2018). Hydrogen production from the electrolysis of water is the focus of this report due to its potential to link low-cost renewable electricity generation with hard-to-abate sectors.GREEN HYDROGEN:AN ENABLER FOR 02REACHING NET-ZEROHydrogen can be produced with multiple processes and energy so

28、urces. Natural gas and coal presently account for approximately 95% of global hydrogen production (IRENA, 2020b).As energy transitions progress, green hydrogen produced from low-cost renewable electricity will play a growing role.2.1 End-uses for green hydrogenGreen hydrogen offers a diversity of po

29、tential uses. While direct electrification via renewable energy and energy efficiency is the most efficient path to reducing emissions in easier-to-abate sectors such as buildings, low-temperature industry (e.g., agriculture, pulp and paper) as well as some transport (mainly light and short-haul fre

30、ight vehicle, but also long-haul transport in cases where charging infrastructure can be deployed), green hydrogen can play a crucial role in supporting the decarbonisation of harder-to-abate sectors where direct renewable electrification is not technically feasible or would take too long.According

31、to IRENAs World Energy Transitions Outlook, green hydrogen can contribute to significant CO2 emissions abatement as part of a 1.5C pathway particularly in the industrial sector as well as long-haul transport, shipping and aviation (IRENA, 2021c).In the short to medium term, green hydrogen is expecte

32、d to make its most substantial impact in the industrial sector. Energy use in the sector is dominated by a few industries: iron and steel, non-ferrous metals (e.g., aluminium), chemicals and petrochemicals (e.g., refineries, ammonia production), and non-metallic minerals (e.g., cement) (IRENA, 2020a

33、; IRENA Coalition for Action, 2021). For some energy uses in these industries, green hydrogen represents the only low-carbon alternative (Hydrogen Council, 2020). Moreover, green hydrogen can replace existing fossil fuel-based hydrogen feedstocks in a number of industrial processes, including refini

34、ng of petrochemicals, ammonia production for fertiliser, methanol production for a wide variety of chemical products, and even the production of zero-emission steel via direct reduction of iron.Figure 1: Potential market opportunities for green hydrogen identified by IRENA Coalition for ActionFEEDST

35、OCKAPPLICATIONS Industrial processesRefiningAmmonia and methanol synthesisDirect reduced iron (DRI) for steel productionEnergy vector for power sector Flexible power generationO-grid power supplyLarge-scale energy storageENERGYAPPLICATIONSPower-to-fuel Renewable gasesSynthetic fuelsAmmoniaHeatingInd

36、ustrial heatingResidential and commercial heatingTransportRoad transport TrainsAviationShippingIn addition to feedstock applications, green hydrogen can replace the use of fossil fuels in high-temperature heating for industrial processes such as steel and cement production (IRENA, IEA, REN21, 2020).

37、 In the buildings sector, green hydrogen also has the potential to contribute to energy transitions through direct use for heat production.Green hydrogen can also facilitate the decarbonising of key segments of the transport sector through its direct use in fuel cell electric vehicles, mostly for lo

38、ng-haul road freight transport where charging infrastructure cannot be deployed, or potentially combined with nitrogen or sustainably sourced carbon to produce ammonia, methanol and other synthetic fuels for shipping and aviation.Finally, green hydrogen can potentially play an important role in the

39、power sector. Technologies such as hydrogen-fired gas turbines and large- scale stationary fuel cells can complement other renewable sources of electricity and replace demand currently met by fossil fuels. Green hydrogen can also serve as a seasonal storage medium in energy systems with high shares

40、of variable renewable generation and low demand response providing system reliability and flexibility as an additional form of dispatchable electricity.Green hydrogen offers great potential for replacing fossil fuel use in sectors where direct electrification is difficult, making net-zero attainable

41、 (see Figure 1). With nearly 6% of global natural gas and 2% of global coal currently going to the production of hydrogen (IEA, 2019), switching to the use of renewables to produce green hydrogen will also create additional emission savings.2.2. Looking ahead: Market projections for green hydrogenTo

42、 achieve climate objectives, the scale of investment needed in green hydrogen is immense. As of 2021, green hydrogen projects totalling approximately 0.3 gigawatts (GW) of electrolysing capacity are in operation. IRENAs 1.5C Scenario forecasts nearly 5 000 GW of electrolysing capacity will be needed

43、 by 2050 to produce approximately 400 million metric tonnes (Mt) of green hydrogen per year. To reach this target, annual average investments in electrolysing capacity and associated green hydrogen transport infrastructure (which averaged less than USD 1 billion United States dollars/year from 2017-

44、19) will need to increase to an estimated USD 78 billion between now and 2050 (IRENA, 2021c).Widespread availability of abundant, low-cost renewable electricity will be crucial to realising green hydrogens market potential (see Figure 2). Under IRENAs 1.5C Scenario, 30% of the worlds electricity use

45、 will be dedicated to the production of green hydrogen and its derivatives by 2050. Meeting global demand for green hydrogen will require nearly 21 000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of renewable electricity annually to meet the needs for both the electrification of end-uses and the development of a global gr

46、een hydrogen supply chain (IRENA, 2021c).1Figure 2: Global demand for renewable electricity to produce green hydrogen by 2050Renewable electricity needed to produce green hydrogen (TWh/yr)40 00035 00030 00025 000IRENA(1.5C Scenario)Hydrogen Council (2C Scenario)ETC(supply-side decarbonisation only s

47、cenario)BNEF(NEO Climate Scenario)20 00015 00010 000Wood Mackenzie (1.5C Scenario)IEA(NZE by 2050 Scenario)5 0000100200300400500600700800900 1.5C Scenario2.0C Scenario Well below 2.0C ScenarioGreen hydrogen (Mt/yr)Sources: Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) supply-side decarbonisation only scenario

48、 (Energy Transitions Commission, 2021), IEAs Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (IEA, 2021), IRENAs 1.5C Scenario (IRENA, 2021c), BloombergNEFs New Energy Outlook Climate Scenario (BNEF, 2020), Hydrogen Councils 2C Scenario (Hydrogen Council 2017, 2021b), Wood Mackenzie Energy Transition Service.No

49、tes:The information in this figure was compiled by IRENA with the support of Coalition for Action members with a focus on the renewable electricity needed for green hydrogen production by 2050. The role given to green hydrogen in existing regional and global energy transition scenarios can differ gr

50、eatly due to a number of factors, which include GHG reduction targets, assumed set of enabling policies, assumed technology options available between scenarios, end-uses considered and cost assumptions (IRENA, 2020b). For all these reasons, the role of green hydrogen varies widely among scenarios. H

51、owever, as more scenarios are developed to reach zero or net-zero emissions, green hydrogens presence will be more prominent in scenarios and public discourse.The ETC supply-side decarbonisation only scenario is an illustrative scenario considering 2050 final energy demand without application of ene

52、rgy productivity levers. This scenario assumes green hydrogen will make up 85% of total hydrogen production in 2050.Numbers for BNEFs New Energy Outlook Climate Scenario denote a well below 2C pathway based on clean electricity and green hydrogen.Numbers for Hydrogen Councils 2C Scenario denote the

53、case where green hydrogen meets all projected hydrogen demand.By way of comparison, the worlds total electricity final consumption in 2018 reached 22 315 TWh (IEA, 2020).The private sector also sees large market potential in green hydrogen (see Box 2). Based on a survey of over 200 green hydrogen pr

54、ojects, the Hydrogen Council estimates that total investments in spending on green hydrogen will exceed USD 300 billion by 2030 (Hydrogen Council, 2021a).Over the longer term, PwC estimates the green hydrogen export market could be worth USD 300 billion yearly by 2050 (Strategy&, 2020), and Goldman

55、Sachs projects green hydrogen could become a USD 10 trillion addressable market that same year (Goldman Sachs Research, 2020).Photo: Enel Green Power Box 2 Green hydrogen market potential identified by IRENA Coalition for ActionIRENA Coalition for Action members active in the green hydrogen space ex

56、pect to collectively develop at least 5 GW of electrolysing capacity and 250 GW of renewable generation capacity by 2030. To compare, this forecasted renewable generation capacity almost equals the 261 GW net increase in global renewable generation capacity in 2020 (IRENA, 2021b).Key value drivers f

57、or Coalition members include the sale of green hydrogen to industrial off-takers, cost savings realised through the optimisation of electrolyser-renewable energy hybrid solutions, and revenues earned from providing grid ancillary services. Business opportunities along the supply chain include invest

58、ment in electrolyser production to meet projected market demand and enable technology cost reductions to accelerate competitiveness.Electrolysers installed by Enel Green Power in 2017 in the geothermal Cerro Pabelln plant. The electrolysers are part of a micro-grid solar PV facility combined with tw

59、o energy storage systems, one based on green hydrogen.ACCELERATINGGREEN HYDROGEN 03UPTAKEGovernment commitments and private sector participation are key to scaling up investments in green hydrogen, accelerating its market uptake and driving its integration into the global energy system. In addition

60、to the production costs of green hydrogen, massive investments in hydrogen transport and storage infrastructure, as well as power grid infrastructure to transmit electricity to electrolysers, will be needed.As with renewables, production costs for green hydrogen will continue to fall as large-scale