1、CauseEffect Presenter: ShellDate: 1st, April第1頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Questions with why are often asked and answered.Why?第2頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Definition Words and phrasesOrganize paragraphrelationshipCause and Effect第3頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Cause & EffectTell readers why something happenedTell readers the results of somethingCause Effect 第4頁(yè)，

2、共27頁(yè)。 effectsTherefore soas a result, consequentlyaccordinglybecause of thisThus. hencefor this reasonresult in causesdue to because ofowing to as a result of on account of foron the ground ofThrough Because since ason the ground thatTransitional Words and Phrases第5頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。 therefore, consequently, a

3、s a result, and for this reason 通常后面接逗號(hào)The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window. The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat. The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf. A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed. Since, because 置于表示原因的句子

4、前，句后用逗號(hào). Because the weather outside was cold, Sally closed the window. so 前面的句子后加逗號(hào)The weather was warm, so Jim turned on the air conditioner.第6頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。There are two ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effectTo state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the ca

5、usesTo state a cause and then mention or predict the effectsExample: what are the reasons for the increasing rate of car accidents?Example: what are the results of American population getting older?第7頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。 According to official statistics, more than 10,000 people in the country were killed in car

6、accidents last year. The increasing rate of car accidents can be attributed to three general causes. Mechanical problems of cars, such as faulty brakes, bald tires, and flat tires, contribute to the high rate of car accidents. Environmental problems, such as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fog,

7、 slippery roads cause a significant number of disasters. Such errors of human problems as excessive speed and drunken driving are considered the major factor of the fatal accidents. If drivers had been careful, many needless slaughters in car accidents could have been avoided. The topic sentence ind

8、icates that the paragraph focuses on the causes.第8頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。 A recent census reported that the American population is rapidly getting older. The aging of the nation will bring about serious effects. The most obvious effect is perhaps an economic one: how will the country bear the cost of caring for too

9、 many old people? The old are considerably more expensive to maintain. They now live mainly at home and need more services, and medical costs at present are almost twice the bill for people under 65. To support the old, the social-security system already pays more than it receives, and within a matt

10、er of four years, it will not be able to help the retired. Then, to keep the system going, working Americans will simply have to work harder and receive less pay. Effect 1: taking care of the old costing more money Effect 2: the social security system losing money Effect 3: working Americans working

11、 harder but getting less pay 第9頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Four patterns of cause-effect relationshipSingle-cause-single-effect patternSingle-cause-many-effects patternMany-causes-single-effect patternCausal chain pattern第10頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。causeeffectcause1cause2cause3effect1effect2effect3第11頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。What is the cause of air pollu

12、tion?Whats the effects of smoking?第12頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Exhaust gas from carsUncontrolled factory gassesBurning of low quality coalAir pollution第13頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Smoking Do harm to peoples health Often cause firesWaste money第14頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Casual Chain第15頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Jims father has a bad temper, and he often beats Jims mother and

13、 the kids. (family violence)Jims mother leaves Jims father, taking the children with her.第16頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。With only Jims mothers income, the family has less money, so the family experiences financial problems.Jims mother moves in with her boyfriend to help the family finances.第17頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Jim feels unwanted i

14、n his new home and runs away.a homeless child第18頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。causeeffect (cause)effect (cause)effect (cause)effectCasual Chainthe most immediate effect第19頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。How to writePractice Sample & homework第20頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。LOGO How to write cause-and-effect paragraphSound Reasoning or logic When discussing causes and e

15、ffects, make sure your analysis is of logic. You must not take it for granted that event A causes event B simply because event A occurs before event B. In other words, you must explain clearly what really brings about a particular result.第21頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。LOGOPossible Shift in order In cause-and-effect writ

16、ing, it seems convenient to state the effect first and then analyze the causes. The reverse order, however, is to be preferred when one cause leads to a number of effects.第22頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Topic Sentence- It should tell what to be discussed in the paragraph;- It should also indicate whether the focus of the

17、 paragraph is on the cause or the effect. If you stay with Tom for a day, you will know why he is gaining weight. (cause)2. Although the American Civil War turned many brothers and sisters into enemies, it solved some big political and economic problems of the country. (effect)3. A lack of essential

18、 vitamins can result in serious illness. (effect)4. There are three reasons why I want to stay in a small town. (cause)第23頁(yè)，共27頁(yè)。Topic sentence: I play table tennis for three reasons.I. Sub-topic sentence: Its easy fun. 1.Have known the rules for a long time; 2.Not dangerous.II. Sub-topic sentence: It relaxes me. 1. Enjoy playing with friends; 2. A good break from studies. I