1、精品文檔閱讀題 (共 1題，共 5.0 分)1Questions 29-33READING PASSAGE 3Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphsA-G.Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphsC-G from the list ofheadings below.Write the appropriate numbersi-xin boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.THE SCIENTIFIC METHODA Hypotheses, said Medawar in 1

2、964,are imaginative andinspirationalin character ; they are adventuresof the mind.He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper inThe Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that thenatureof scientificmethod is hypothetico-deductiveand not,asis generally believed, inductive

3、.B Itis essentialthatyou, as an intendingresearcher,understandthe differencebetween these two interpretationsof the researchprocess so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer.精品文檔from a feeling of cheating or not going about it the right way.C The myth of scientificmethod isthatitis in

4、ductive:thattheformulationofscientifictheorystartswiththebasic,rawevidenceofthesenses-simple,unbiased,unprejudicedobservation. Out ofthese sensory data- commonly referred toasfacts -generalisations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevanttheoryw

5、illsomehow emerge.However,thestartingpointofinduction is an impossible one.D There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of anexperimental or exploratory nature starts

6、 with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypothesesprovide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, thatone methodology is chosen

7、and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is your naive, pure and objective researcher now?.精品文檔E Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but havingbeen formulated theycan and must be testedrigorously,usingtheappropriate methodology. If thepredicti

8、onsyou make as a resultof deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are notshown to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis.If the predictions turn out to be correct then your hypothesishas been supported and may be retained until such time as somefurther test shows it not to

9、be correct. Once you have arrivedat your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, youthen proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process, basedupondeductiveargument-hencethetermhypothetico - deductive .F So dont worry ifyou have some idea of what your resultswilltell you before you ev

10、en begin to collect data; there are noscientists in existence who really wait until they have all theevidence in frontof them before they tryto work out what itmightpossibly mean. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to for

11、mulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that,for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial infection.精品文檔G The myth of scientific method is not only that it is inductive(whichwehaveseenisincorrect)butalsothatthehypothetico-deductivemethodproceedsinastep-by-step

12、,inevitable fashion. The hypothetico-deductive method describesthe logicalapproach to much research work, but it doesnotdescribe the psychological behaviour that brings it about. Thisis muchmoreholistic-involvingguesses,reworkings,corrections,blindalleysandaboveallinspiration,inthedeductiveas well a

13、s thehypotheticcomponent -thanisimmediatelyapparent from readingthe finalthesisor publishedpapers.Thesehave been,quiteproperly, organisedintoa more serial,logicalordersothattheworthoftheoutputmaybeevaluatedindependentlyofthebehaviouralprocessesbywhichitwasobtained.Itisthedifference,forexample betwee

14、ntheacademicpaperswith which Crickand Watson demonstrated thestructureofthe DNAmoleculeand thefascinatingbook The Double HelixinwhichWatson (1968)describedhow theydidit.From thispointofview,scientific method may more usefully be thought of as a wayof writing up research rather than as a way of carry

15、ing it out.精品文檔List of Headingsi The Crick and Watson approach toresearchAntidotes to bacterial infectionThe testing of hypothesesExplaining the inductive methodAnticipating results before data is collectedviHow research isdone and , how itisreportedThe role of hypotheses in scientific researchDeducing the consequences of hypothesesKarl Popper s claim that the s