1、 Chapter 1 General Introduction to Accounting?Objectives1. To understand the definition of accounting;2. To identify the accounting entity and its basic forms;3. To know the functions, targets, postulates and bases of accounting.Brainstorming1. Try to say these accounting terms in English.會(huì) 計(jì) 會(huì)計(jì)職能 復(fù)

2、式記賬會(huì)計(jì)假設(shè) 注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師 個(gè)人企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)主體 權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制Brainstorming2. Answer the following questions. How to describe the definition of accounting? What are the functions and targets of accounting?Can you illustrate the differences between accrual basis and cash basis of accounting?IntroductionAccounting arose in history aft

3、er the concept of numbers came into being, and developed rapidly to satisfy peoples needs for production and management. In modern society, accounting, a kind of management, is part of economic management. It has two basic functions of accounting and supervision, and the functions change in accordan

4、ce with its development. 1.1 Definition of AccountingDefinitionIn brief, accounting is a management process of recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting those business activities that can be expressed in monetary terms. A person whose profession is to keep or inspect financial accounts is

5、 known as an accountant. DefinitionThe American Institute of Certified Public Accountants“The art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results ther

6、eof.” (AICPA) DefinitionEncyclopedia Accounting is defined as the process of maintaining, auditing, and processing financial information for business purposes. Accounting is also defined as an information system that measures, processes, and communicates financial information about an identifiable e

7、conomic entity. DefinitionNew words and expressionssupervision ,supvn n. 監(jiān)督，管理double-entry bookkeeping 復(fù)式記賬renaissance rnesns n.文藝復(fù)興; 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期bankruptcy bkrptsi n.破產(chǎn)，倒閉; 徹底失敗all-round :lrand adj. 多才多藝的；全面的；多方面的DefinitionNew words and expressionssystematic sstmtk adj. 系統(tǒng)的；體系的；有系統(tǒng)的thereof adv. 其；它的；關(guān)于那；

8、由此encyclopedia nsaklpi:di n. 百科全書audit :dt n. v. 審計(jì)、查賬identifiable adentfb()l adj. 可辨認(rèn)的；可認(rèn)明的Definition1.2 Accounting EntityAccounting entityAccounting entity refers to accounting space, namely a special unit or organization, on which accounting practice and supervision are conducted. A major assumpt

9、ion in accounting is that economic activity can be identified with a particular unit of accountability. In other words, the activity of a business (enterprise) can be kept separate and distinct from its owners and any other business unit. Accounting entitySole ProprietorshipsSole proprietorshipsA bu

10、siness owned by one person is called a sole proprietorship or a single proprietorship. HandicraftsAgricultureForestryFisheryFamily workshopsIt is common for: Small retail storesService businessFarmsProfessional practice in lawMedicinePublic accountingEspecially prevalent in: Sole proprietorshipsFrom

11、 a legal viewpoint, the sole proprietorship and its owner are not regarded as separate entities. From an accounting viewpoint, a single proprietorship is regarded as an entity separate from the other affairs of its owner. Sole proprietorshipsAdvantages Disadvantages Simplicity and flexibilityUnlimit

12、ed liability and limitations on sizeSole proprietorshipsPartnershipsPartnershipsA partnership is set up by two or more owners who wish to combine capital or managerial talents for some common business purpose. In accounting, partnerships are considered as separate entities from the owners. Partnersh

13、ipsPartnershipsGeneral partnership Limited partnership Most partnerships are organized as general partnerships. PartnershipsAdvantagesBetter access to capital.Ease of formation.Members enjoy more freedom from government regulation and more flexibility of action than do the owners of a corporation.Th

14、e partners may withdraw funds and make business decisions of all type without the necessity of formal meeting or legalistic procedures.Its record-keeping and income tax filing requirements are simple.PartnershipsDisadvantagesLimited lifeUnlimited liabilityMutual agencyLess effective on raising funds

15、 than a corporationPartnershipsCorporationsCorporationsA corporation is a separate entity organized by law and independent of the owners. Usually, a corporation has its own assets and liabilities. It should take responsibility for its own profits and losses, so it is mainly organized in the form of

16、Limited Liability Company or Joint Stock Company Limited. CorporationsCash or other resources ShareStockholdersCorporationCorporationsShareholdersElect Board of directors Decide on the major business policies, authorizes contracts, determines on executive salaries and arranges major loans with banks

17、. Declaration of dividends Corporations Board of directors Several officers of the corporation and several outsiders Appoint ManagersExecute the companys policies and carry out day-to-day operations. Report the financial results to the board of directors and to the stockholders periodicallyCorporati

18、onsAdvantagesContinuous lifeSeparate legal entity Limited liability Ease of capital generation Lack of mutual agency Centralized authority and responsibility Professional management CorporationsDisadvantages High organizing costsInternal conflictsRestrictions on the sale of stock More paperwork to p

19、repareDouble taxationNegative influence of the requisition of personal guarantees from corporate officers as a condition of supplying creditCorporationsNew words and expressionsaccounting entity 會(huì)計(jì)主體accountability會(huì)計(jì)責(zé)任; 可計(jì)量性proprietor prprat n. 業(yè)主；所有者；經(jīng)營(yíng)者；proprietorship 所有權(quán)prevalent prevlnt adj.流行的，盛

20、行的general partnership 普通合伙 New words and expressionslimited partnership 有限合伙stockholder 股東；股票持有者(等同shareholder)equity ekwti 公平；公正；權(quán)益accounting personnel 會(huì)計(jì)人員authenticity :entst n. 真實(shí)性，確實(shí)性implementation mplmente()n n. 實(shí)現(xiàn)；履行1.3 Functions and Targets of AccountingFunctions and targetsFunctions and targ

21、ets Accounting Law of the Peoples Republic of ChinaFunctions of accountingare interrelated to each other and independent mutuallyaccounting practice and accounting supervisionAccountants, with money as the main measure of calculation, shall identify, measure, record and report the economic transacti

22、ons and operational matters conducted by an accounting entity based upon a series of specialized methods.Functions and targetsAccounting PracticeFunctions and targetsAccounting SupervisionAccountants should inspect whether the economic transactions and operational matters conducted by an accounting

23、entity is legal and reasonable according to certain standards and regulations. The purpose expected to achieve in accounting work is the target of accounting.Functions and targetsProvide useful information for users of accounting information;reflect the implementation of fiduciary responsibilities o

24、f the companiesmanagement.New words and expressionsfunction fkn n.功能,官能,機(jī)能,作用,目的revenue revnu （國(guó)家的）歲入，稅收，收入，收益，所得expenditure kspendt(r) 花費(fèi)，支出; 費(fèi)用; （尤指金錢的）支出額public property. 公（共財(cái)）產(chǎn); 公物fiduciary fdju:ri n.被信托者，受托人;v. 基于信用的，信托的，受信托Postulates and bases 1.4 Postulates and Bases of AccountingAccounting a

25、ssumptionsAccounting AssumptionsAccounting assumptionsAccounting Assumptions(Basic Postulates of Accounting)Accounting Entity AssumptionGoing Concern AssumptionAccounting Period AssumptionMonetary Unit AssumptionAccounting BasesAccounting basesAccounting basesThe accrual basis and the cash basis are

26、 bases and basic ways to do accounting. Accounting principles accepted generally require that a business should use the accrual basisAccounting basesIn cash-basis accounting, the accounting records a transaction only when cash is received or paid. In accrual-basis accounting, an accountant recognize

27、s the impact of a business transaction as it occurs. New words and expressionspostulate pstjlet n. 基本條件；假定 vt. 假定；要求 accounting assumption 會(huì)計(jì)假設(shè)enterprise entpraz n. 企業(yè)；事業(yè)fundamental fndment()l adj. 基本的，根本的economic entity 會(huì)計(jì)主體New words and expressionsgoing concern持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng) monetary mnt()r adj. 貨幣的；財(cái)政的peri

28、odicity ,prdst n. 周期性periodically ,prdkl adv. 定期地；周期性地distinct dst(k)t adj. 明顯的；獨(dú)特的；清楚的New words and expressionsforeseeable f:si:bl adj. 可預(yù)知的artificial :tf()l adj. 人造的；仿造的；虛偽的denominator dnmnet n. 共性;一般水準(zhǔn)；衡量的尺度bookkeeping bkki:p n. 記賬，簿記accrual basis 權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制 cash basis 收付實(shí)現(xiàn)制Chapter 2 Accounting Equati

29、ons and Debit-credit Bookkeeping Objectives1. To understand the classification of accounting elements and setup of accounting equations;2. To learn to express account titles in English as well as how to design accounts;3. To master double-entry system and trial balance.BrainstormingTry to translate

30、these words into English:會(huì)計(jì)要素會(huì)計(jì)等式會(huì)計(jì)科目試算平衡表借貸記賬法所有者權(quán)益凈利潤(rùn)營(yíng)業(yè)收入InstructionAccounting skills contain how to classify accounting elements and establish the accounting equation, how to design accounts with the double-entry system, and how to conduct accounting practice concerning transactions and costs inc

31、urred in a companys operation.Accounting elements are made up of assets, liabilities, owners equity, revenue, expenses and profits. Among them equations exist, so accounting equations express their relationships2.1 Accounting Elements 2.1 Accounting ElementsIn China, there are six accountant element

32、s in every enterprise：AssetsLiabilitiesOwners equityRevenueExpensesProfitsElements of the Balance SheetElements of the Income Statement2.1 Accounting ElementsAssets, liabilities and Owners equity are known as the elements of the balance sheet, and the relationship among them is expressed in an equat

33、ion, namely Assets = Liabilities + Equity. Income, expenses and profits are called elements of the income statement, and the relationship among them is also shown in an equation, i.e. Income Expenses = Profits. These relationships are objective and equal, so they are called accounting equations. Ass

34、etsAssets are the resources of value that are owned and will bring future economic profits to an entity.Four characteristics: They are caused by the past transactions or matters, measured by money;They are owned or controlled by an entity;They can bring the entity future benefits. Assets are always

35、divided into current (or liquid) assets and non-current (or long-term) assets. LiabilitiesUnlike the case of Assets, a liabilitys economic sacrifices mean a companys future cash outflow. It is a future sacrifice of economic benefits arising from present obligations of an entity as a result of the pa

36、st transaction or event. Features of a liability are the following: (1) It is caused by the past transactions or matters, and can be measured by currency; (2) It will result in outflow of economic profits; (3) It represents the entitys future economic obligations, which also reflects the creditors c

37、laims on the companys assets. Liabilities are usually classified into current liabilities and non-current (or long-term) liabilities. Owners equityThe amount by which business assets exceed business liabilities is called owners equity (or shareholders equity), namely a companys net assets.In China,

38、there are four sections in the owners equity. paid-in capital (or share capital): owners original investmentcapital reserves: extra nonoperating transactions surplus reserves: from the net income for specific uses, including statutory surplus reserve and other surplus reserve.unappropriated profits:

39、 RevenueRevenue is the economic resources flowing into a business as a result of rendering goods or services to customers during a given accounting period. According to the differences of their contents, revenues can be sorted into: sales revenue, service revenue and revenue from transferring the ri

40、ghts of assets.According to the differences of their importance, they can be classified into prime operating revenue (e.g. revenues from goods sales, partly-finished products or services provision) and other operating revenue (e.g. revenues from technology transfer, materials sales or wrappings leas

41、e).ExpensesExpenses also come from the general business activities. Increase in expenses will decrease assets and the owners equity. Expenses are the outflow of a businesss economic resources resulting from earning revenue or the cost of the operational activities for the business. Expenses include

42、operation costs (e.g. cost of goods sold, manufacturing costs), and period expenses (e.g. administrative expenses, selling expenses and financial expenses). ProfitsProfits are the final result of profitable operations of a business in an accounting period. Net income (or net loss) is the result of m

43、atching revenue with expenses. When revenue exceeds expenses, net income occurs. Otherwise, net loss occurs. The earning of net income (or profit) is a major goal of almost every enterprise, no matter the enterprise is large or small. Profit can be classified into operating profit, total profit and

44、net income (or profit).New words and expressionsaccounting elements 會(huì)計(jì)要素accounting equation 會(huì)計(jì)等式incur ink: vt.遭受，招致, 引起accounting titles 會(huì)計(jì)賬戶trial balance 試算平衡variation vriein n.變化, 變動(dòng)(的程度)concretely adv. 具體地New words and expressionsbalance sheet 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表income statement 利潤(rùn)表current assets 流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)non-curre

45、nt assets 非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)long-term assets長(zhǎng)期資產(chǎn)cash on hand庫存現(xiàn)金cash in bank銀行存款New words and expressionsfinancial assets measured at fair valuethrough profit of loss for the current period 以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量且其變動(dòng)計(jì)入當(dāng)期損益的金融資產(chǎn)accounts receivable應(yīng)收賬款advances to suppliers預(yù)付款項(xiàng)inventory. invntri n.存貨,詳細(xì)目錄, 存貨清單long-term equities

46、investment長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資fixed assets固定資產(chǎn)New words and expressionsconstruction in process在建工程project materials工程物資intangible assets無形資產(chǎn)goodwill商譽(yù)short-term loans短期借款notes payable應(yīng)付票據(jù)accounts payable應(yīng)付賬款New words and expressionslong-term loans長(zhǎng)期借款bonds payable應(yīng)付債券long-term payables長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)付款residual rzdu:l adj.存留下

47、來的，剩余的，殘余的paid-in capital實(shí)收資本capital reserve資本公積surplus reserve盈余公積New words and expressionsunappropriated profits未分配利潤(rùn)par value票面價(jià)值statutory sttjutri adj.依照法令的, 法定的revenue of transferring讓渡資產(chǎn)使用權(quán)收入wrappings lease包裝物出租cost of goods sold 銷售成本manufacturing cost 生產(chǎn)成本New words and expressionsperiod expen

48、ses期間費(fèi)用administrative expenses管理費(fèi)用selling expenses銷售費(fèi)用financial expenses財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用operating profit營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)2.2 Accounting EquationsAssets, liabilities and owners equity are always considered the basic accounting elements. The relationship among them is expressed in the accounting equation shown as below.Assets

49、 = Equity (Creditors Equity Owners Equity) = Liabilities Owners EquityWhen the amounts of any two of these elements are known, the third can be calculated.Assets Liabilities = Owners EquityAssets Owners Equity = LiabilitiesIn an accounting period, the total profits of a company equal the total reven

50、ues minus the total costs. The relationship is expressed in the accounting equation shown as below.Revenue Expenses = ProfitAnd before closing entries, we can establish a new equation:Assets = Liabilities Owners Equity (Revenue Expenses)New words and expressionsequal i:kwl v. 等于; 比得上; 使相等; 同樣看待; adj

51、. 相等的，平等的;minus mans prep.（表示運(yùn)算）減去;在零度以下; adj. 負(fù)的;復(fù)數(shù): minuses2.3 Accounting Titles and Accounts Accounting TitlesAccounting titles are used to name the accounting elements that are classified scientifically. An account is the tool that can record what economic transaction an account title represents

52、, so the account title is seen as the name of an account. Accordingly, there are two methods for keeping certain transacti ons in the account, which are called single-entry system and double-entry system.Debit-credit bookkeeping is a kind of double-entry system with the symbols of debit and credit.A

53、ccounting TitlesIn China, there are six groups of account titles such as assets, liabilities, common subjects, owners equity, costs, and profits and losses. The chart of accounts is uniform and applied in accounting. Generally, blocks of numbers are assigned to various groups of accounts. In most ca

54、ses, a four-digit system is used in a business. In a four-digit system, the first digit refers to the major group in which the account is located. For example, 1 stands for assets; 2 for liabilities; 3 for common subjects; 4 for owners equity; 5 for costs; 6 for profits and losses. Accounts An accou

55、nt is made up of two basic parts. (Sample 2-2) TitleIncrease(or Decrease)Decrease(or Increase)An account is made up of two basic parts. if the left side represents the increases,the right side records the decreases which forms the basic structure of an account.T-account is always used by accountants

56、 to record transactions.Account TitleDebitsIncreaseNormal BalanceCreditsDecrease(Normal Balance)Ending Balance=Beginning Balance + Increase Sum Decrease SumNew words and expressionssingle-entry system 單式記賬法debit-credit bookkeeping借貸記賬法general ledger 總分類賬numerical nju:merikl adj.數(shù)字的, 用數(shù)字表示的, 數(shù)值的desig

57、nation dezgnen n.名字, 稱號(hào), 選派, 指定designate dezineit vt.指派, 委任, 標(biāo)明, 命名supplies purchasing材料采購(gòu)New words and expressionsraw materials原材料finished goods庫存商品depreciation dpri:i:en n.(資產(chǎn)等)折舊，貨幣貶值，跌價(jià), 減值construction in process在建工程long-term deferred and prepaid expenses長(zhǎng)期待攤費(fèi)用wait-deal assets loss or income待處理財(cái)

58、產(chǎn)損溢current year profits本年利潤(rùn)New words and expressionsprofit distribution利潤(rùn)分配manufacturing overheads制造費(fèi)用prime operating revenue主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入other operating revenue其他業(yè)務(wù)收入investment income投資收益non-operating income營(yíng)業(yè)外收入operating costs主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)成本New words and expressionsother business expenses其他業(yè)務(wù)支出tax and associate c

59、harges營(yíng)業(yè)稅金及附加nonbusiness expenditure營(yíng)業(yè)外支出subsidiary ledgers 明細(xì)分類賬accrual kru:l n.獲利,利息,自然增長(zhǎng) (Sample 2-3) Rules of Debit-credit BookkeepingDebit（on the left side）AccountCredit（on the right side）increaseAssetsdecreaseincreaseCostsdecreaseincreaseExpensesdecreasedecreaseLiabilitiesincreasedecreaseOwner

60、s equityincreasedecreaseRevenueincrease Debit-credit BookkeepingDebit-credit bookkeeping obeys the basic rules that accounts contain at least one account debited and at least one account credited, and that the total debit must be equal to the credit. For example, someone started his company with 200